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考研同等学力英语语法总结

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考研同等学力英语语法总结考研同等学力英语语法总结 Grammar 语法 一、开篇 1、基本概念 1) 语法概念:Rules of language 语言的规则 ) Purposes 学习语法的目的: 2 to read sentences 读懂句子,获取信息的能力。 to make sentences 造句,传递信息的能力 e.g.: It is fine today. 今天天气很好。 e.g.: What time is it now ? 现在几点钟了, 3) How to learn English grammar ? ...

考研同等学力英语语法总结
考研同等学力英语语法 总结 初级经济法重点总结下载党员个人总结TXt高中句型全总结.doc高中句型全总结.doc理论力学知识点总结pdf Grammar 语法 一、开篇 1、基本概念 1) 语法概念:Rules of language 语言的 规则 编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf ) Purposes 学习语法的目的: 2 to read sentences 读懂句子,获取信息的能力。 to make sentences 造句,传递信息的能力 e.g.: It is fine today. 今天天气很好。 e.g.: What time is it now ? 现在几点钟了, 3) How to learn English grammar ? 如何学习英语语法, logical thinking 逻辑思维 comprehensive understanding 综合性的理解方式 4)英语语言特点:结构性、前重心、被动语态多于汉语、表达偏具体、结构偏复杂 语法知识决定我们的英语是否地道,词汇知识决定我们英语水平的高低 2、框架 1、词性 (1) Sentence models 句型 (七大句型) (2) Noun-Grammar 名词语法 (3) Verb-Grammar 动词语法 (4) Four special structures 四大特殊结构 (比较结构;强调结构;倒装结构;平行结构) 句子 1.结构 2.句型 3.三大转换(word/ phrase/ clauses) 4.时态 5.搭配 主谓宾 定状补 表语 1 二、词法、词性 (十个) 1、名词(noun.): 代表事物名称的词。 做成分:可以做主语,宾语,表语,有时候可以作定语, 例如:reception desk 待处;information room 信息室 2、动词(v.):用来形容或表示各类动作的词汇。 (1) 根据是否有意义分为;实义动词和助动词 1)实意动词:有实际意义的动词。 2)助动词:没有实际意义,帮助动词发生意义的词。 例如:be +doing; do; have; shall; will…… (2) 根据是否带宾语分为:及物动词(Vt):可带宾语 e.g.: want 不及物动词(Vi):不可带宾语 e.g.: sleep (3) 情态动词:can; may; must; should; would; had better…… 为表达情感,后直接接V原型。 注意:be 既是―是动词‖也是―助动词‖。 3、形容词(adj.): 修饰名词,作定语,起修饰限定作用, e.g.:She is a beautiful girl. 他是一个漂亮的女孩。 还可以作表语和宾语补足语,(不能做宾语) e.g.:She is very beautiful. 她很漂亮。 e.g.: This movie makes me so excited. 这部电影使我很兴奋。 4、副词(adv.):修饰动词,做状语。(介词短语、分词短语、状语从句均可做状语) 5、数词(num.):表示各种数量的词,在句中做表语,定语,主语,类似于名词的概念。 2 6、代词(pron.):代替名词的词,既可以代表人,也可以代表物。 e.g.: who’s country? Ours = Our country (1)代表人:人称代词 1)主格:I, you, she, he, they, we, it…… 宾格:me, you, her, him, them, us, it…… 2) 3)(形容词性)所有格:my, your, her, his, their, our, its…… 4)(名词性)所有格:mine, yours, hers, his, theirs, ours, its…… (2)代表物:物主代词 ---’s 属格结构,……of…… e.g.: the table of the room 房间的桌子。 7、介词(prep.): in, on, at……(in 表示的范围比较大,at 表示的范围比较小) e.g.: We take English class at six on Saturday. e.g.: at six on Saturday、in January、in 1949、 on:表达某一天、in最大时间、at最小单位 时间、地点做状语时前面要加介词,表方式、条件时需介词 8、冠词(art.): the/a/an,放在名词前面,通常称为限定词。 9、连词(conj.): 连接从句的连词叫从属连词;连接并列句的连词叫并列连词 10、感叹词:表达一种语气,感叹语气。 E.g.: how、what 3 三、句型 Sentence Models(5+2(there be(四大用法)、it句型(六大用法)) 英语属于结构性的语言,具体体现在各种句型、结构以及各种规则上面,而且规则是有限的,但是其变化是无限的,不过其变化是有规则的。 学习目的:熟悉规则,并掌握其变化规律。 基本句型:七个基本句型。 1、 主谓句型(S+V): S+V+ (状语),其特点是谓语动词均为不及物动词,句尾常带状语和状语从句。 e.g.: Tom has come. e.g.: Spring has come. e.g.: The sun rises in the east. 2、 主谓宾句型( S+V+O): e.g.: I want to study English well. e.g.:I teach myself English. (myself作宾语) 注:常用反身代词作宾语的动词有:help, behave, hurt, pride, enjoy, absent, conduct, repeat, adapt, blame, depend. 3、 主系表结构( S+V+P): e.g.: We are friends. 其特点是谓语动词一般为连系动词Be,即“是”动词,表语部分不能是副词。 e.g.: The movie was wonderful. 除了连系动词Be,下列动词常用作连系动词(半系动词) (1) 表示“变成,变得”的意思:become, come, fall, get, go, grow, run, turn (2) 表示保持着某种状态:contiune, keep, lie, remain, stand, stay (3) 表示看起来,好像的意思:appear, look, seem, look, hear, listen, watch, sound, (4) 感官动词,表示感觉:feel, smell, sound, taste 4 4、主谓宾+宾补(S+V+O+Oc): e.g.: We elect Tom our monitor. 我们选举Tom当我们班长。 e.g.: Reading makes us clever. 注:后面跟宾补的常见动词有:appoint, make, elect, call, namem catch, choose, declare, fancy, feel, find, imagine, judge, keep, know, leave, prove, suppose, believe, consider, think. 5、主谓+Oi (间接宾语)+Dd (直接宾语) (1)(S+V+Oi+Dd) 双宾语动词:award, bring, feed, give, grant, hand, lend, offer, pass, promise, read, sell, send, serve, show, teach, take, tell, write. 这些动词后面跟双宾语时,间接宾语在前面时,不用加 介词。直接宾语放前面时,后面加上介词to, (~sth. To sb.) e.g.: Please send a card to me.请寄一张明信片来。 e.g.: Tom lent me a lot of money. 汤姆借给我很多钱。 e.g.: Tom borrowed me a lot of money. 汤姆借了我很多钱。 (2)S+V+Oi+to/for+Dd) 下面这组动词表示为某人做某事,所以直接宾语放前面时,后面要加上介词for (sth.for sb.):buy, cook, find, fix, knit, order, post, book, rdseve, save, spare, make, choose, catch, keep, prepar. e.g.: Jack ordered a TV set for me yesterday. 杰克昨天帮我订购了一台电视机。 e.g.: Tom lent a lot of money to me. 汤姆借给我很多钱。 e.g.: Tom borrowed a lot of money for me. 汤姆为我借了很多钱。 PS: 如果我们要表达―从……借……‖,要用―borrow……from……‖结构。 5 6、There be 句型:表示存在,有。(四大用法) (1) There be + sb./sth. in +地点(place)(be就近原则,主谓一致) e.g.: There are many senior engineers in Beijing. 在北京有很多高级工程师。 e.g.: There are many natural and man-made disasters in the world. 世界上有很多自然的和人为的灾难。(天灾人祸) e.g.: There are many desks and chairs in the room. e.g.: There are many students and a leader in the room.(就近原则) e.g.: There is a leader and many students in the room. (就近原则) (2)There be + sb./sth. + to do /doing /done in ……(+从句或非谓语) e.g.: There are many students taking English class in the room. 教室里有很多学生在上英语课。 e.g.: There are 50 people killed in this accident. 在这起交通事故中有50人遇难。 e.g.: There are about 5 students (who are) to take part in TDXL exam of Peking University. 有五个学生准备参加北京大学的同等学力考试。 (3)There be + 变化 + 方面 e.g.: There is an obvious increase in the number of visitors travelling abroad. 出国旅游的人数有了明显上升。 (4)包装句:四个包装词(There be, to, as, it ) e.g.: There can be no doubt that …… 毫无疑问,…… e.g.: There can be no doubt that it is advisable for us to take part in the postgraduate examination. 毫无疑问,考研对我们来说是非常明智的。 e.g.: As is known to all/ As is well-known 众所周知,…… e.g.: To the fact that ……/There is no denying that…… 毋庸置疑的,…… 6 7、It 句型(6大句法功能) (1) 形式主语:结构上:为了避免头重脚轻。 语义上:表达说话者对做……的态度和评价。 It is + n. + to do 从句 It is + V-ed + that It is +adj. + ( for sb./ of sb.) + to do 其中It代主语,adj为表语 e.g.: It’s my pleasure to know you. 认识你是我的荣幸。 e.g.: It’s very kind of you to lend me so much money. 你真是太好了,借这么多钱给我。 e.g.: It’s important for us to study.我们学习英语很重要。 e.g.: It’s important that we should study English. 我们学习英语很重要。 e.g.: It’s an order to read 3 passages every day. 每天读三篇文章是命令。 e.g.: It’s reported that…… 据报道…… e.g.: It’s said/investigated/observed/ that…… 据说/调查/观察,…… 用“of”还是“for”,怎样区分: 当形容词修饰逻辑主语本身时用of, e.g.: It’s important for us to study. 当修饰真正的主语(不定式)的时候用for. e.g.: It’s very kind of you to lend me money. (2) 形式宾语:S+ V+ it+ Oc (宾语补足语)+O(宾语) 结构上:为了避免头重脚轻,当宾语太长的时候,而宾语补足语很短的时候。 语义上:sb./sth. 发现/认为/感觉……方便/可能/不可能…… e.g.: We find it quite possible to pass TDXL exam within 6 months. 我们认为在六个月之内通过同等学力考试是很有可能的。 e.g.: Computer can make it possible for us to finish this job within 2 hours. 计算机完全可以使我们在两个小时之内完成这份工作。 7 (3) 强调句型: It is + 强调部分(主语、宾语、状语)+that/who +其余成分 1)强调主语/宾语/补语/状语 2)去掉强调结构,不损原句意思 3)不改变原句中时态/人称/数 e.g.: I love you. 变成强调句型,可以是下面两种: e.g.: It is you who I love. 我爱的就是你。 e.g.: It is me who love you. 爱你的人是我。 (4) It is + 时间+ before 从句,还有多久就……,过多久才……. e.g.: It is only 6 months before we take part in the exam. 还有六个月我们就要参加考试了。 (5) It is + 时间+ since 从句,多久未做…… 多久了” 当从句的谓语动词是瞬间性动词时,表达肯定含义,意为“自从… 当从句的谓语动词是延续性动词时,表达否定含义,意为“多久未…..” e.g.: It is three years since he became a doctor. 他成为一名医生已经有三年了。 e.g.: It is three years since he was a doctor. 他不当医生三年了。 e.g.: It is 3 days since I smoked. 我已经有三天没抽烟了。 (6) It is time + that 从句/to do sth./for sb. to do sth. 到了该……的时间了,其中that 从句谓语动词要用过去式。因为that从句中的谓语 动词用虚拟语气,含有某事早该去做而未做,现在去做似乎都是为时已晚的意思。 e.g.: It is time that the class were over. 该下课了。 e.g.: It is time that we took a rest. 我们该休息了。 e.g.: It is time for us to take part in the postgraduate examination. 现在我们该考研了。 e.g.: It is time (for us) to have dinner. (我们)该吃饭了。 e.g.: It is about/good/high time + that ……差不多/正是/的确……的时候了。 e.g.: It is high time for the government to take actions to deal with sth. 现在的确是政府应该采取措施解决问题的时候了。 8 四、展句型 1、modifiers (三大手段) e.g.: It is quite/ extremely important for us to study English well in our modern society. / when we graduate from the university. 在现代社会中/ 在我们毕业之后,学好英语是十分/极其重要的。 对我们来说, (1) words adj.形容词、n.名词、num.数词修饰名词,adv副词修饰动词),他们一般放在修饰 词前面,只有少数以a-开头的adj.和修饰不定代词的adj.需要后置。 e.g.: People alive in this earthquake often help each other. 地震中活下来的人经常相互帮助。 e.g.: mineral water 矿泉水 purified water 纯净水 e.g.: This is a very interesting book. 这是本非常有趣的书。 e.g.: She is a clever and beautiful girl. 她是个聪明、漂亮的女孩。 (2) 五大phrases (2+3) (介词短语、<现在分词、过去分词、不定式>、形容词)五大短语=五大从句的简化方式,修饰n为定语;修饰谓语动词时为状语,(两大从句:定语从句修饰名词、状语从句修饰动词)通常放修饰词后面。 1)介词短语:介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中除了作状语,表语,补语还可做定语。 (表示时间、地点、方式、状态概念) In: 常表达 使用 时间、穿戴、用语言 方式状态 By: 常表达 用工具、随身携带 e.g.: She is the girl from Shandong province. 她是位来自山东的女孩。 e.g.: A talent in the 21st century should acquire at least one foreign language. 21世纪的人才应该至少掌握一门外语。 Talent Show 达人秀 e.g.: The man in glasses is my friend. 戴眼镜的那个人是我的朋友。 e.g.: a piece of cake 小菜一碟 9 2)非谓语的三种形式:非谓语动词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语 A:现在分词doing —表示进行 主动、 过去分词done —表示完成 被动、 不定式to do —表示将来 目的 e.g.: The girl sitting in the last row of the room is my girlfriend. 坐在最后一排的那个女孩是我的女朋友。 e.g.: I come here to study English well. 我来这儿的目的是为了学好英语。 e.g.: I am going to take some drinks after class. 下课之后我想去喝点东西。 B:语言文化特点:汉语中前修饰,后中心;英文中前中心,后修饰; 学英语要建立英文的思维习惯 个动词做谓语, 一般情况下,英文句子中出现两个动词时,只能有一 要将另一个动词做非谓语处理。 C:非谓语重要 知识点 高中化学知识点免费下载体育概论知识点下载名人传知识点免费下载线性代数知识点汇总下载高中化学知识点免费下载 : a: 任何一个非谓语都有动作的执行者和动作的承受者。 如果逻辑主语与动作构成逻辑上的主谓关系,那么表达主谓关系要用ing形式。 如果动作表达完成的概念,而且与逻辑主语有被动关系时, 就形成了动宾关系,代表被动的概念,要用过去分词的形式。 e.g.: The girl sitting in the last row of the classroom is my girlfriend. 坐在教室最后一排的那个女孩是我的女朋友。 b. 现在分词短语表示正在进行,与逻辑主语构成主谓关系 (此时修饰的是名词),修饰动词时,分词短语作状语。 e.g.: We are taking English class, listening to some excellent music. 我们在上英语课的同时也在欣赏美妙的音乐。 (listening表伴随的状态) 10 c. 过去分词短语表示完成、与逻辑主语构成动宾关系(被动)。主要用来作状语和后置定语。 e.g.: The Olympic Games held in Beijing in 2008 is an exceptional one. 2008年在北京举办的奥运会是一场无与伦比的奥运会。 d. 不定式短语表示将来、目的 e.g.: The issue to be discussed this afternoon is about vocabulary. 今天下午我们将要讨论关于词汇的话题。 e.g.: The issue to be discussed this afternoon is about how to learn vocabulary. 今天下午我们将要讨论关于如何学习词汇的话题。 3)形容词短语:形容词短语表示性质、属性、特征,可作定语也可作伴随状语。 (adj短语放被修饰n后面,只能做定语)(adj不能加宾语,若要加宾语需加介词) (被限定的n需加定冠词the) 由形容词和它的附加部分一起构成的短语来修饰名词,我们称这样的短语为形容词短 语。(新型表达方式) e.g.: Tom is a responsible man.汤姆是一个负责任的男人。 e.g.: Tom is the man (who is) responsible for this traffic accident. 汤姆就是对这起交通事故负责任的人。 accident突发性的事故 incident有预谋的事故 (3) clauses 从句 1)从句类型: A: 定语从句:主要修饰名词或代词,相当于一adj.故又叫adj.从句。 修饰, 分:限定性定从 非限定性定从:修饰n/整个句子 B: 状语从句:修饰谓语,,相当于一个adv. 共有九大类, 分别表示:时间、地点、原因、条件、结果、比较、让步、方式、目的。 C: 名词性从句:不起修饰作用 分:主语从句,做主语、宾语从句,做宾语 表语从句,做表语、同位语从句,做解释 11 2)从句的概念:以句子的身份在主句当中充当主句的某一个成分, 从属于主句的句子为从句。(一个句子只能有一个主句) e.g.: I want to drink the mineral water which is produced by WHH Company. (我想喝娃哈哈公司生产的矿泉水) e.g.: I wanted to drink the mineral water which was produced by WHH Company when I was a child. (当我小的时候,我就想喝娃哈哈公司生产的矿泉水) e.g.: I like this microphone which is made in China. 我喜欢这个中国产的麦克风。(定语从句) e.g.: I like to read the novels written by Moyan. 我喜欢读莫言写的小说。 e.g.: I decide to take part in a training class because I haven’t study English for a long time. 我决定上辅导班,因为我很久没有学习过英语了。(原因状语从句) e.g.: I decide to take part in a training class so that I can pass the examination as soon as possible. 我决定上辅导班,目的是为了尽快通过这个考试。 (目的状语从句) e.g.: We should protect environment because/so that … 我们应该保护环境,因为…… 3) 从句引导词的种类及其区别P7-10 12 2. 特殊句型 (共35个) 1、too…to 太…而不能 2、not…until 直到…才 e.g.: I am too old to memorize so many English new words in such a short time. 我年纪太大了,在短时间之内记不住那么多单词。 e.g.: English is too difficult for me to study it well in such a short time. 在这么短的时间内学好英语,对我来说太难了。 e.g.: What you said is too fast for me to understand. 你讲得太快了,我听不懂。 e.g.: The water is too hot to drink. 水太热了,不能喝。 e.g.: I don’t know how to study English until I take part in the training class. 直到我上了辅导班才知道该怎么学英语。 e.g.: I don’t know how important English is until I take part in... 直到我参加同等学力考试,才知道英语有多么重要。 13 五、英语句子的功能 Functions (四大功能) 1. 陈述句 (陈述事实、表达观点) 2. 疑问句 (一般疑问、特殊疑问、反义疑问、选择疑问句) (1) 一般疑问句: (是非判断) 常用来询问一件事情是否属实,答句通常是 ―yes‖ 或者 ―no‖ e.g.: Do you like English? 你喜欢英语吗, e.g.: Do you have lunch? 你吃午饭了吗, (2) 特殊疑问句: 以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问 (what、when、where、why、who、how) e.g.: What do you like to drink? 你想喝什么, e.g.: Who likes to drink coffee? 谁喜欢喝咖啡, (How many/much/often/long) e.g.: How often do you go home? 你多久回家一次, e.g.: Every other month 每隔一个月回家一次。 e.g.: Every two months 每隔两个月回家一次。 (3) 选择疑问句: 选择疑问句提出两个或两个以上可能的 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 供对方选择A or B e.g.: Do you like to drink coffee or tea? 你喜欢喝咖啡还是茶, e.g.: Which one do you prefer to drink, coffee or tea? 咖啡和茶你更喜欢喝哪一个, (4) 反义疑问句: 对前面陈述的句子提出疑问,前肯后否,前否后肯。(后否必须缩写) e.g.: English is very easy, isn’t it? ——Yes it is. 英语很简单,难道不是吗,——是的,英语很简单。 PS:注意: e.g.: It is not fine today, is it? ——No, it isn’t. / Yes, it’s fine. 今天天气不好,是吗, ——是的,今天天气不好。/不是的,今天天气很好。 e.g.: Would you mind opening the door? ——Never mind. 你是否介意把门打开呢, ——不介意。 14 3. 祈使句 (表示命令、建议、请求、劝诱) 注意:祈使句为无主语结构 e.g.: Let’s have a break~我们休息一下吧! e.g.: Stand up! 起立! Sit down! 坐下! e.g.: After you, please! 您先请~ 4. 感叹句 e.g.: What a lovely girl she is! 她是个多么可爱的女孩啊~ e.g.: How lovely the girl is! 这个女孩多么可爱啊~ (1) What + a(n)+(形容词)+单数名词+主语+动词~ (有时个别祈使句可以细分为祈愿句。God bless you!) (2) What+(形容词)+复数名词+主语+动词~ (3) How +形容词或副词+主语+动词~ (4) How +形容词+a(n)+单数名词+主语+动词~ 即:what修饰n,how修饰adj. e.g.: How interesting the book is! 这本书多么有趣啊~ e.g.: How nice/ tasty/ delicious the water is! 这杯水多么可口啊~ 15 六、英语句子结构. Structures (五大句子结构) 1. Simple sentence 简单句,只有一套主谓结构 e.g.: Tom and Mary often study and play together. 汤姆和玛丽经常在一起学习和玩耍。 e.g.: I am a student. 我是个学生。 e.g.: I am from Shanghai. 我是上海人。 e.g.: I like to drink water.我喜欢喝水。 e.g.: He likes to drink coffee他喜欢喝咖啡。 2. Compound sentence 并列句 (两个句子的主语和谓语动词不一样) (1). 用并列连词连接并列分句:and、but、or、for(for表因果关系) (for连接的是并列句,because连接的是从句) e.g.: Jack likes English, but Tom hates it. 杰克喜欢英语,但是汤姆讨厌英语。 e.g.: Study hard, you will pass the exam or you will fail it. (2). 用分号连接并列分句 (―,‖不能连结句子,―adv.‖不能连结句子) e.g.: Study hard, you will pass the exam; otherwise you will fail it. 努力学习,你将会通过考试,否则你将会失败。 3. Complex sentence 复合句:从属连词连接的句子叫复合句, 即由一个主句和一个或几个从句构成的句子。 从句:从属于主句的句子,所有从句在句子当中都要充当主句的某一个成分,要有引导词(分清引导词的类型、区别,三个条件引导词可省略。) e.g.: I don’t know what are you talking about. 我不知道你在说什么。 16 I will never forget the days that we spent in XYG. 我们永远忘不了那些在新阳光所度过的日子。(that引导定语从句) I will never forget the days when we grew up in Beijing. 我们永远忘不了那些在北京成长的日子。(when引导时间状语从句) 通过从句的谓语动词是及物动词还是不及物动词来判断。如果是vi不及物动词就是作状语, 如果是vt及物动词,还要看它后面缺不缺宾语,如是缺宾语就是作宾语,如果不缺宾语就是作状语。 I will never forget the days that we spent in XYG.这句中的spend作度过(时光)来讲时,是及物动词,后面没有宾语,所以,关系代词that在这句中引导的定语从句,并且在句中充当宾语。 I will never forget the days when we grew up in Beijing. grow up是不及物动词词组,所以,用关系副词来引导,作时间状语。 (1)?S+V+从句 (宾语从句vt/ 状语从句vi) e.g.: Jack has come even if it is so hot today. 即便今天天气很热,杰克还是来了。 (2)?从句+V+O (主语从句) e.g.: What you said is very important. 你讲的内容很重要。 (3)?S+be+从句 (表语从句) e.g.: This is what I want to say today. 这就是今天我想要说的。 e.g.: My suggestion is that you should get up at 6 o’clock. 我的建议是你应该早上六点钟起床。 e.g.: My suggestion is that you had better take part in the training classes. 我的建议是你最好参加辅导班。 PS: 类似于be动词的词: 1) 表示变化:become、come、go、turn、grow 2) 表示看起来,好像:appear、look、seem 3) 感官动词:feel、smell、sound、taste 4) 表示保持:keep、remain、stay e.g.: He becomes what we expected.他变成了我们所期待的的那个人。 17 (4) ?S+V+O (定语从句、同位语从句) (5) S+V+O+从句/ 从句, S+V+O (状语从句) (6) S, 从句, V+O(状语从句、非限制性定语从句) (7) S+V+O, 从句(非限制性定语从句) e.g.: I bought a new car yesterday, which will be sent to my girlfriend. 昨天我买了一辆新车,我将把它送给我的女朋友。 4. Compound complex sentence 并列复合句 这个句子既是并列句又是复合句。 S V O if S V O, and/ but/ or/ for S V O if S V O. e.g.: You can do what you want to do if you can pass this examination as soon as possible, or you will be faced with so many difficulties if you fail the examination. 5. 分词短语/独立结构+主句(时间、条件、原因、伴随) (分词短语带了自己的逻辑主语就成了独立主格结构) (1) 分词短语+主句:分词短语此时相当一个状语从句,表达时间、条件、原因以及伴随 状态。其逻辑主语,一般是主句中的主语。 (2) 独立主格结构+主句:一旦分词短语的逻辑主语和主句中的主语不一致时,就可能带 上自己的逻辑主语,于是就成了独立主格结构。独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句 子中作状语,多用于书面语,表时间、条件、原因、目的以及伴随等。 e.g.: Finishing the class, we are going to take some drink. 下课之后我们打算去喝点东西。 e.g.: Tom’s finishing the class, his teacher is going to take some drink. 汤姆下课后,他的老师会去喝点东西。 18 七、名词语法 1. 限定词:对名词起限定作用 (4个部分:the/a、限定可数名词、限定不可数名词、限定可数或不可数名词) (1) 冠词 ,)定冠词the A: 独一无二的名词前加the e.g.: The sun rises 一般现在时所以rise加s, e.g.: in the east. 从from东方升起,但英语表方位用in e.g.: The earth is round. B: 带后置定语的名词前加the e.g.: This is the girl from Shanghai.介词短语作后置定语 e.g.: I like to drink the coffee which is especially produced by Nestle Company.从句 e.g.: The issue to be discussed this afternoon is about vocabulary.修饰issue C:. 第二次出现的名词前加the e.g.: In order to pass TDXL examination, we had better (+v即+动词原型) participate in a training class. As you know, the training class can improve / enhance / promote / develop / boost our efficiency of study. 为了通过同等学力考试,我们最好参加一个辅导班。你们都知道的,辅导班能够提高我们的学习效率。 D:节假日:国际上通行的节日前不加the,中国的传统节日前加the,但特指某一年的节日前加the New Year’s Day 元旦节 National Day 国庆节 Children’s Day 儿童节 Women’s Day 妇女节 Christmas Day 圣诞节 Thanksgiving Day 感恩节 The Spring Festival 春节 The Mid-autumn Day 中秋节 The Dragon Boat Festival 端午节 19 E: 国名:专有名词前不加the,由普通名词转换而来的国名前加the e.g.: China is the biggest developing country in the world. 中国是世界上最大的发展中国家。 e.g.: You are the best singer / dancer / player. e.g.: This is the best coffee. e.g.: The People’s Republic of China is the only legal government. 中华人民共和国是唯一的合法政府。 e.g.: The United States of America is the most powerful country in the world. (多音节词比较级加more、最高级加most) 美利坚合众国是世界上最强大的国家。 e.g.: The United Nations of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 e.g.: The United Nations is the biggest international organization. 联合国是最大的国际性组织。 e.g.: The Philippines 菲律宾 加the是指菲律宾人,如果指国家Philippines就不用加the (特殊用法:形容词最高级前加the) ,)不定冠词a (an) A. 数量 I need a hand. (hand借喻,意为:帮手,而不只真的一只手) B. 泛指类别 A student should study English well. (2) 限定可数名词 many, few, a few, a number of, a large number of (与amount意思一样,但用法不一样) e.g.: There are a few students. 教室里有一些学生。 e.g.: There are few students. 教室里没几个学生。 (3) 限定不可数名词 little (比较级less, least ), a little, much, a large amount of (money), a great deal of e.g.: There is a little water in the cup. 杯子里有一点水。 e.g.: There is little water in the cup. 杯子里没多少水了。 (4) 既可限定可数名词,又可限定不可数名词 a lot of, lots of, some, most, all, plenty of 注意:有of必须要加定冠词:some of the students (student必需是复数) are…, most of the water is… 20 2. 名词的数 (1) 三大特殊表达法(共四个表达法:一个规律的,三个特殊的) 1)古英语 foot ? feet child ? children woman ? women mouse ? mice tooth ? teeth goose ? geese 2)复合名词 A:核心词变复数 passer-by ? passers by 过路人 looker-on ? lookers on 旁观者 grown-up ? grown-ups 成年人 go-between ? go-betweens 媒人 (名词末尾加复数) B:末尾加复数 good-for-nothing ? good-for-nothings 一无是处的人 C:男女职业词,都变复数,构成复合词的每个部分都变复数 man-driver ? men drivers 男司机 woman-nurse ? women-nurses 女护士 (男女职业) 带性别的名词:waiter ? waiters 男服务员 waitress ? waitresses 女服务员 actor 男演员 actress 女演员 D:特殊名词 (背) crisis /craisis/危机 复数/craisiz/ basis 基础 analysis 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 sis ? ses diagnosis 诊断 bacterium 细菌 datum 数据 um ? a medium 媒体 criterion ? criteria 抽象的标准 standard 可量化的标准 phenomenon ? phenomena 现象 stimulus ? stimuli /stimjulai/ 刺激 21 3) 特殊复数形式的名词,注意拼写与读音 单数 复数 释义 说明 Analysis Analyses 分析 变-sis为-ses Basis Bases 基础 Crisis Crises 危机 Diagnosis Diagnoses 诊断 Bacterium Bacteria 细菌 变-um为-a Datum Data 数据,资料 Curriculum Curricula 课程 Medium Media 媒体 Criterion Criteria 标准 变-on为-a Phenomenon Phenomena 现象 Stimulus Stimuli 刺激物,刺激 变-us为-i Nucleus Nuclei 核心、原子核 Vita Vitae 个人简历 变-a为-ae Antenna Antennae 天线 Formula Formulae 公式,程式 Appendix Appendices 附录 变-ix为-ices Index Indexes/indices 索引 变-es为-ices 4) 以-o结尾的名词一般-s;但是以下五个词须加-es如: echo-echoes; hero-heroes; negro-negroes; potato-potatoes; tomato-tomatoes 22 (2) 五大特殊用法 P13-16 A: 常被误用为复数的不可数名词,谓语动词用单数 information 信息 knowledge 知识;了解 advice 建议 equipment 设备 furniture 家具 cash 现金 progress 进步 work 工作 B: 单复数相同的名词,谓语动词用视具体情况而定 sheep 羊 fish 鱼(复数表示种类)deer 鹿 means 方法 species 物种 series 系列 Many species are in danger of extinction. 很多物种面临着灭绝。 series number 序列号 TV series 电视连续剧 A series of lectures is going to be held in this room. (谓语动词的单复数取决于前面的量词) C: 形式上是复数,用法上是单数,谓语动词用单数 a:学科 economics 经济学 politics 政治学 statistics 统计学 physics 物理学 更正:chemistry化学 dynamics 动力学 mathematics 数学 b:疾病 rickets 佝偻病 measles 麻疹 mumps 腮腺炎 wide-spread 传播很快 APEC = Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亚太经济合作组织 c:常用词(报刊、国名、组织) Times 泰晤士报 New York Times 纽约时报 Times is the most authority newspaper. The United States of America、The United Nations、news、north east west south D: 单复数意义不同的名词(约50个,参考教材《英语语法》P15) minute 分钟 minutes 会议纪要 work 工作 works 作品;工厂 air 空气 put on airs 趾高气扬 water 水 waters 水域 seas 海域 humanity 人文 humanities 人文科学 force 力量 forces 军队 arm 胳膊 arms 武器 E: 单数形式表示复数意义或总用于复数的名词,谓语动词用复数。 cattle 畜牲 earnings 收入 参考教材《英语语法》P14 23 3) 主谓一致 e.g.: Both you and I are from Shanghai. 你和我都来自上海。 e.g.: Neither you nor I am from Shanghai. 你和我都不是来自上海。 A:四大原则 原则一:复数原则 both A and B, A and B (不同概念的名词) e.g.: Baseball and swimming are usually summer sports. 注意:同一概念用单数 love and hate 爱与恨 war and peace 战争与和平 law and order 法律与秩序 ham and eggs 火腿蛋 rice and eggs 蛋炒饭 原则二:单数原则 a: 表时间、距离、金钱、价值、量度的复数名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数 e.g.: Two hours is not enough. e.g.: 3, 500 kilometers is a long distance. e.g.: 10, 000 dollars is a huge sum for me. e.g.: Twenty days have passed since I met her last time. (twenty days 这里不作整体看待,故谓语V用复数) 把时间看成整体时用单数,强调个体时,用复数。如: 12 years have passed.已经过去十二年了。(12年是一年一年的过的,不能一下子度过12年,所以这里用复数) 12 years is a long time. 12年是很长一段时间。(这里把时间当成了一个小单位,相对于1年来说,12年是很长一段时间。) b: 不定式、动名词、名词性从句作主语时,谓语动词用单数 (many a、 more than one、every+名词作主语) e.g.: To read many books is very important. e.g.: Reading hundreds of books makes you write fluently. e.g.: What I said today is very important. 24 e.g.: Early to bed and early to rise makes one healthy, wealthy and wise. (指―早睡早起‖一件事) e.g.: Read three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. (注:指不同性质的两件事,谓语用复数。) PS:指不同性质的两件事,谓语用复数 e.g.: Reading three classical novels and making some social investigations are assignments for the students during the holiday. c: many a 许多, more than one 不止一个,谓语动词用单数 PS:在“more + 复数名词 + than one”结构作主语时,谓语动词用复数 e.g.: More persons than one have been involved. 卷入其中的远不止一人。 d: every、and every、each…and each…、no…and no、many a、a…and many a 等+ 名词,连 接的并列主语,谓语动词用单数 e.g.: Every girl and every boy in our class is .... e: a pair of +由两部分物体构成的名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数 如:shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trousers e.g.: My new pair of pants is being altered. f: 当主语被 one (a) and a half修饰时,谓语动词用单数。 e.g.: One and a half apples is left on the plate. g: 当主语由a series of、a portion of、a species of、a kind of、a sequence of、a chain of、 a piece of 加名词(单数或复数)构成时,谓语用单数。 e.g.: A total of ten thousand dollars were donated last month. 25 原则三:就近原则,谓语动词单复数取决于B(最靠近谓语动词的名词) neither A nor B either A or B A or B not only A but also B There be + B和A e.g. There is Tom and friends….. 原则四:就远原则,谓语动词单复数取决于A(插入语) A as well as B, A together with B, A accompanied by B, A besides B, A except B (with、along with、including、in addition to、as much as、rather than) e.g.: Mr. Zhang, together with his friends, is leaving for SZ tonight. B:四个例外 例外1: a number of 很多…… 谓语动词用复数 the number of ……的数量 谓语动词用单数 e.g.: A number of students are from Shanghai. e.g.: The number of students is 100. 同例:a total of/an average of/a variety of/a group of The total of/the average of/the variety of/the group of 26 例外2:one of 定语从句谓语动词注意与先行词保持一致,但注意the only one of…的用法。 e.g.: One of my friends is a film star. one是主语,my friends修饰one e.g.: Tom is one of my friends who are from Shanghai. 强调friends Tom是我那些来自上海的朋友之一. (one of … 后面加从句,从句谓语动词99%用复数 ) e.g.: Tom is the only one of my friends who is from Shanghai. Tom是我来自上海的唯一的朋友. (如加only则是那1%) 有only修饰,句子强调的重心是one,所以从句谓语动词用单数 e.g.: Reading many books is not necessarily useful.读很多的书未必有用。 (动名词短语做主语) 例外3: 由some, any, no, every构成的复合词如somebody, nothing, nobody, anything, everybody等代词作主语,谓语动词用单数;由each, every, one, no one, either, neither, another, the other作主语时,谓语动词用单数;由either, neither, each, every修饰名词作主语时,谓语 动词用单数。 e.g.: More than one example is necessary to make the students understand this rule clearly. e.g.: Neither is satisfactory. e.g.: Is either of the singers reading now? 例外4: the + adj./v-ed 表示一类人时,用复数谓语动词;表示抽象概念时,谓语动词用单数。 e.g.: The sick have been cured and the lost have been found. 病人得到了医治,失踪的也找回来了。 同例:the poor/dumb/innocent/guilty/unemployed/aged/oppressed/exploited… e.g.: We can do the difficult first, the impossible takes a little longer. 我们先从难题开始,不会的可能花的时间长一些。 e.g.: The best is yet to come. 好戏在后头。 27 八、动词语法 1. 时态 / 语态 Tense / Voice 1) What the state of verbs in particular time 在特定时间条件下动作的状态 2) Forms P20 时间 现在 过去 将来 过去将来 状态 一般 一般现在 一般过去 一般将来 一般过去将来 进行 现在进行 过去进行 将来进行 过去将来进行 完成 现在完成 过去完成 将来完成 过去将来完成 完成进行 现在完成进行 过去完成进行 将来完成进行 过去将来完成进行 完成进行:过去到现在完成状态并有可能继续下去的 (过去到现在一直持续并且可能从现在往后还要持续) 3) How to master tense? 如何掌握 A: Conception 概念 一般现在时:表达人或事物一般性的状态或习惯性的动作,以及客观真理和事实 一般过去时:在过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态 e.g.: I was a college student five years ago. 一般将来时:在将来某个时间里发生的动作或状态 e.g.: APEC is going to be open tomorrow. 现在完成时:动作发生在过去,但对现在仍然有影响 B: Format 构成 现在完成时:have / has + 动词ed 现在进行时:am / are / is + 动词ing 28 C:五大助动词: 现在式 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 do do / does did done doing be am / is / are was / were been being have have / has had had having shall shall should will will would 过去将来完成进行时:should / would have been doing D: 一般将来时的五种形式: a: shall / will do 客观 b: be going to do 主观 c: be about to do 不确定 d: be to do 事先计划好 e: be doing 启始 瞬间即将发生的动作 e.g.: The bus is coming. e.g.: I am leaving for SZ tonight. 注:没有时间状语,用一般现在时,其它时态基本上都有时间状语 进行时强调某个点 时态(Tense):与时间(Time)密切相关,时间状语是时态的标志。 E: 现在完成时: a: for+时间段; since+时间点 e.g.: I have loved you for 10 years. 我爱你有10年了。 I have lived in Beijing for 10 years. 我住在北京已有10年了。 I have studied English for 10 years. 我学英语已经有10年了。 Since the year 2000, I have lived in Beijing for 14 years. 自从2000 年来,我住在北京已有14年了。 (注:since+时间点还可以表示现在完成进行时) e.g.: I have been living in Beijing since 2000. 自从2000年以来,我一直都住在北京。 29 b: 时间副词及短语:nowadays (当今,时下); these days ( 这些天来); so far, until now, up to now(迄今为止,到目前为止) eg: The price of houses has become a hot topic in China nowadays. 房价已成为中国当下的热门话题。 These days I have been busy with repairing my house. 这些天我一直在忙于装修房子。 c: ―第几次做…‖从句中用现在完成时。 eg: It is my first time that I have come to China. 这是我第一次来中国。 This is the third time that I have taken Mr. Zhang’s class. (注:It was + 第几次+ that +过去完成时) d: 先行词(定语从句)被最高级限定的时候。 eg: This is the best car that I have ever seen. 这是我曾见过的最好的一部车。 Food security is the most concerning problem that Chinese people have been worried about. 食品安全是中国人民目前最担心的问题。 Corruption is the most serious problem that has been existing in the society. 腐败是我们社会现存的最严重的问题。(红色部分用ing表示一直存在) Avatar is the best movie that I have ever seen. 《阿凡达》是我看过的最好看的一部电影。 That is the best TV series that I have watched. 这是我看过的最好看的一部电视剧。 e: ―在过去的…时间里‖ in/over/during the past (last) years e.g.: In the past 30 years, great changes have taken place/happened in Beijing. 在过去30年里,北京发生了巨大的变化。 In the past 30 years, great progress has been made in science and technology. 在过去30年里,科学技术取得了巨大的进步。 在汉语中表方位、表方面、表地点的名词作主语时,在英文中作状语。 30 f: 特殊时间状语标志:(考点) by the end of +将来时间(this year)引导的状语从句,主句用将来完成时 by the end of + 过去时间(last year)引导的状语从句,主句用过去完成时 by the time +将来事件引导的状语从句,主句用将来完成时。 by the time + 过去事件引导的状语从句,主句用过去完成时。 e.g.: By the time you pass TDXL examination, I will have gotten the Doctor degree. 当你通过同等学力考试时,我已经博士毕业了。 By the time I arrived at the airport, the airplane had already taken off, 当我赶到机场时,飞机已经起飞了。 Hardly 过去 when 一般 No sooner + 完成 + than + 过去 表― 一……就……‖ Scarcely 时 when 时 表否定主句倒装 即主句是过去完成时,从句是一般过去时 e.g.: Hardly had I arrived at the room when it began to rain cats and dogs. 我一到房间,外面就下起了倾盆大雨。 F: 被动语态(Voice): ? 只有及物动词(vt)才有被动语态。 ? 容易误用为被动语态的词及短语:P25 happen, occur, take place, last, exist, belong to, last, consist of… e.g.: The class lasts for 3 hours. 这节课将持续3个小时。 Many social problems exist in our society. 我们社会上存在一些社会问题。 This cup belongs to me. 这个杯子属于我。 Our class consists of 100 students. 我们班有100个学生。 Here is belonged to you. (×) Here belongs to you. (?) 这里属于你。 31 ? 主动表被动的动词:wash, sell, lock, wear, ride. 后面常带个副词作状语。 e.g.: The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。(书被卖掉) This clothes washes easily. 这件衣服洗起来很方便。 These glasses wear comfortably. 这幅眼镜戴起来很舒服。 This bike rides comfortably. 这辆自行车骑起来很爽。 This key locks easily. 这把锁很好用。 此外,还有prove(证明),blame(指责). ? 用被动语态的情况: ?: 强调受者。 e.g.: Mr. Xi Jinping was given a welcome in the United States of America. 习近平在美国受到了巨大的欢迎。 ?: 不知道主语是谁。 e.g.: His car was stolen last night. 他的车昨晚被偷了。 ?: 无主语的句子。 e.g.: During APEC, many countries advocated that some forceful measures should be taken to deal with the haze/dirty fog in big cities. 在这次会议上,很多国家提议必须采取强有力的措施来解决雾霾问题。 ? 一些常用经典被动句型: It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…, It is expected…, It is estimated…, 这些句子一般翻译为―据说…‖,―人们认为…‖, 而―以前人们认为…‖则应该说:It was believed…, It was thought… 32 2、非谓语 (1) what:不能作谓语的动词。一个句子里出现了两个以上的动词,只有一个动词可以作谓语,其他动词要做非谓语处理。 (2) why:英语中一个句子里只有允许一个动词作谓语。(并列谓语除外) (3) Forms(形式): to do --- 表目的/将来 doing --- 表进行/主动 (分动名词与现在分词) done --- 表完成/被动 e.g.: an exhausted man 一个筋疲力尽的人 (被动) an exhausting work 一项使人感到筋疲力尽的工作 (主动) a surprised man 一个受惊讶的人 (被动) a surprising news 一个令人惊讶的消息 (主动) a confused girl 一个受困惑的女孩 a confusing event 一件令人感到困惑的事件 e.g.: I came here to study English well. 我想学好英语,所以我来到了这里。 (to study English well表目的) I want to go out to have a look to see what is happening outside. 我想去外面瞧瞧到底发生了什么事情。 (to go out 表将来, to have a look是go out 的目的, to see 是to have a look的目的。) (4) Key points(三大考点) 考点一:动词后面接的几种形式 1) V+ to do(不定式): A: fail to do sth. (未能完成好…) ; afford to do sth. ; hesitate to do sth.; attempt to do sth. e.g.: He often fails to keep his promise. 他总是爽约。 He failed to pass the exam. 他未能通过考试。 B: V+do sth.(不带to的不定式): 使役类动词,如:let sb. do sth.;have sb. do sth. ; make sb. do sth. 感官类动词,如:watch sb. do sth.; see sb. do sth.;hear sb. do sth; listen to sb. do sth.; 一些情态V、在某些句型中、由all,what引导的…P31 33 C: 特殊固定搭配词组: do nothing but do sth. / can’t do anything but do sth. / can’t help but do sth. 除了…外别无选择 e.g.: In order to pass the exam, I can do nothing but take part in the training class. 为了通过考试,除了上辅导班,我别无选择。 e.g.: I can’t help crying when I heard that news. 2) V+doing 接动词ing (注意有些只能接ing的词) A: 词的固定搭配: enjoy/ mind/ avoid/ escape/ delay/ risk + doing finish/ suggest/ consider/ understand/ advise /appreciate + doing e.g.: I am considering taking some drink after class. 我在考虑下课后要不要去喝杯酒。 特殊用法,(本是to take,但用taking) B: 固定用法: a: It is no use/good/sense/point + doing … 做…毫无意义。 b: It is a waste of time + doing… 但不是time后都接doing,例如have no time to do sth. e.g.: I have no time to chat/talk with you. 类似还有risk。 c: risk doing sth. = take a risk to do sth. 冒险去做… e.g.: He often takes a risk to rob the bank. 他经常冒险去抢银行。 =He often risks robbing the bank. d: have trouble/problem/pressure/difficulty + (in) doing … eg: I have many difficulties (in) learning English. 我在英语学习方面有许多困难。 e: spend time/money + (in ) doing sth. 花费(时间,精力,金钱)做… on sth. 34 f: be busy + (in) doing sth. 忙于做… with sth. eg: I am busy studying English. = I am busy with English study(n). (我正在忙于学英语。) g: be worth + it doing sth. 做…是值得的。 e.g.: This cup is worth 5 dollars. 这杯子值5美元。 This book is worth reading. 这本书值得一看。 This movie is worth seeing. 这部电影值得一看。 This TV series is worth watching. 这部电视剧值得一看。 3) V+ to do / doing sth. (但含义不同) 既可以接接不定式,又可以接动词ing (但含义不同) (注意有七个既能接ing又能接to do的词) A: stop to do sth. 停下来去做另外一件事 状语 stop doing sth. 停止正在做的事情 宾语 eg. stop to have a break. 休息一下。 stop talking. 别讲了。 B: go on to do sth. 继续去做另外一件事 go on doing sth. 继续做正在做的事情 eg. go on to do vocabulary 接下来做词汇 go on doing vocabulary 继续做词汇 C: forget/remember to do sth. 忘记/记得去做一件事(没做) forget/remember doing sth. 忘记/记得做过一件事(做过了) eg. I forget to tell you that news. 我忘记告诉你那个消息了。 I forget telling you that news. 我忘了我已经告诉你那个消息了。 35 D: mean to do sth. 打算做… mean doing sth. 意味着… e.g.: mean losing some entertainment time. 意味着失去娱乐时间 E: try to do 努力做… try doing 尝试做… e.g.: This is my final chance, so I have to try my best to pass the examination. 这是我最后一次机会,所以我要尽我最大的努力通过这次考试。 F: regret to do sth. 遗憾做… regret doing sth. 后悔做… e.g.: Regret to tell you that you are dismissed. 很遗憾地通知你,你被解雇了。 Regret telling you that news. 后悔告诉了你那个消息。 考点二:动词修饰名词 要将动词改造为形容词,变成v-ing和v-ed形式。用 现在分词还是过去分词取决于该动词与后面的修饰对象的逻辑关系,主谓关系用v-ing,动宾关系用过去分词。 例如: time-consuming housework 费时的家务;man-made satellite 人造卫星 civilian-run college 民办大学;washing machine 洗衣机 student-led movement 学生引导的运动 特别注意以下几个词组: newly-arrived(vi) student 新到的学生;(不及物V不能带宾语,修饰n时只能用过去分词) retired-worker 退休工人;escaped person 逃犯 36 考点三:分词短语和独立主格结构 1) 分词短语:SVO 主(S)谓(V)宾(O)结构,逗号不能连接两个主谓宾结构,如果要连接, 就要借助于从句,连词(and,but,if等)或者非谓语形式。 分词短语一般式:Doing+宾语, +主谓宾; Done, +主谓宾; 分词短语完成式:Having done+宾语, +主谓宾; Having been done, +主谓宾; 例句:When we finish the class, we are going to take some drink. 可以变成非谓语形式: Step1:主/被动关系取决于该分词与主句中主语的逻辑关系,主谓关系用ing形式, 动宾关系用过去分词done. Step2:用一般式还是完成式,取决于主句中的谓语,如果主句中的谓语是一般现在 /一般将来时,用一般式;如果主句中的谓语是过去时的话,而且两个动 时 词之间有先后关系时,用完成式。如果没有先后关系,就不一定用完成时,多 数用一般时。 那么这句话可以改为: e.g.: Finishing the class, we(用主动还是被动取决于这个主语的逻辑关系) are(用一般时还是用完成时取决于这个谓语V) going to take some drink. 上完课之后,我们打算喝两杯。 再如: e.g.: Having finished his work yesterday,Tom went out to play basketball. 昨天完成工作之后,Tom出去打篮球了。 e.g.: Written in a hurry, this book is full of mistakes. 因为这本书写得很匆忙,所以漏洞百出。 分词短语可以分别表达:时间,原因,条件,伴随。 (=状语从句,但状从有九个,但分词短语一般只表达四个。) e.g.: Listening to some music,we are taking English class. (表伴随) 我们一边上课,一边欣赏音乐。 37 2) 独立主格结构 一旦分词短语带上自己的逻辑主语之后,就演变成了独立主格结构。 e.g.: Tom’s having finished his work yesterday, his mother went out to play football. 汤姆昨天完成了他的工作,他的妈妈出去踢足球了。 (当分词短语带上自己的逻辑主语,且逻辑主语是名词时,要用名词所有格’s形式, 如果是代词,要用代词所有格形式)。 e.g.: All flights’ having been cancelled, (现在完成时被动概念的分词短语) the passengers had to go home by train. 所有航班都已经被取消了,乘客们不得不乘火车回家。 e.g.: When/Because all flights’ had been cancelled, the passengers had to go home by train. (航班flights和取消cancel是动宾关系,航班被取消) Doing +O Done, SVO Having done+ O Having been done, SVO e.g.: Walking on the road last night, I suddenly fell into a pit. 昨晚我在散步的时候,我突然掉进了一个坑里。 e.g.: Having finished my work, I went out to play football. (分词短语) 做完我的作业后,我出去踢足球。 e.g.: My students’ having finished class, I went out to play football.(独立主格) 我的学生结束了课程后,我出去踢球了。 38 3、虚拟语气 特点:不受时态限制,不受人称限制。虚拟语气的表达方式都是通过动词的变化来体现出 来的。 方式:虚拟语气具体有三种表达形式。 条件句分两种:真实条件句、虚拟条件句。例: 如果你努力的话,那么你就一定会顺利地通过考试。(真实条件句、可能实现)(不是虚拟语气) 如果我是姚明的话…(虚拟条件句、非真实状态)(虚拟条件句才是虚拟语气) (1) 幻想式的虚拟语气 (假想式虚拟语气) 主要通过if/wish这两种方式来表达:If从句,主句 ;Wish + that从句 1) If从句,主句 if 从句的谓语形式 主句的谓语形式 与现在事实相反 were/did would/could/should/might+ do(V原) 与将来事实相反 were to/should +do(V原型) would/could/should/might +do(V原) 与过去事实相反 had done would/could/should/might +have done(现完) 注意:前半部与过去事实相反,后半部与现在事实相反 e.g.: If I were ten years younger, I would take part in doctor degree’s examination/ doctoral examination . 如果我再年轻十岁的话,我就去参加博士生考试了。 在条件句中(既在非虚拟语气中)表达将来时只能用be to,不能使用be going to/be about to (在虚拟语气中能使用be do ,但形式要改为were to) e.g.: If it were to /should snow tomorrow, I would go swimming. 如果明天下雪的话,我就去游泳。(此句是虚拟语气的前提:在夏天、在北京) e.g.: Were it to snow tomorrow, I would go swimming. (常考:虚拟条件句省略if后,句子结构需用倒装) 与过去事实相反:(常考) 从句的谓语形式用 had done;主句的谓语形式用would/ could/ should/ might have done 39 e.g.: If I had had time yesterday, I would have attended your wedding ceremony. 如果昨天有时间的话,我就去参加你的婚礼了。 (第一个had为助动词,第二个had为have―有‖的过去分词) 幻想式的虚拟语气中 较隐蔽的考点: e.g.: If you had taken medicine, you would have felt much better. 如果你昨天吃了药的话,你就会感觉好多了。(主句与过去事实相反) e.g.: If you had taken medicine, you would feel much better now. 如果你昨天吃了药的话,你现在就会感觉好多了。(相当于虚拟语气的混合式,此句 中,前半部分内容与过去事实相反,后半部分内容与现在事实相反) 2) wish+从句 (语法同if从句) hope与wish的区别:hope表达真实的条件句; wish一般为带有虚拟的条件句, wish后面的从句一般都用虚拟语气。如: I were Mr. Yaoming. 我希望我是姚明。 e.g.: I wish that it were to snow. 我希望明天下雪。 I had had time yesterday. 我希望我昨天有时间。 (第一个had为助动词,第二个had为have―有‖的过去分词) 虚拟语气中wish后面宾语从句的表达方式与if后面的条件状语从句一样 :与现在 事实相反,用were/did;与将来事实相反,用were to/should do;与过去事实相反, 用had done。 (2) 强调性的虚拟语气 通过以下两种方式来表达: 1) V + that +S+(should) do (should可以省略,但不能用would/could代替) 只有在强调性的虚拟语气中,即V+that +S+(should) do这样的形式中should可以省略。这些动词通常为:order/ command/ suggest/ advise/ require/ demand/ ask/ insist/ persist…表命令、建议、请求、坚持等… 这个地方常常会这样考,如:Our company requires us that we should be on duty/ in the office on time.公司要求我们每天按时上班。这句中的should去掉,考查后面动词的形式,这时候我们要注意should后面用动词原形,所以要选be on duty 40 这些动词通常为:order/ command/ suggest/ advise/ require/ demand/ ask/ insist/ persist… 表命令、建议、请求、坚持等… e.g.: Our company requires us that we should be on duty/ in the office on time. 公司要求我们每天按时上班。 e.g.: Mr. Zhang suggests that we (should) read 3 passages everyday. 张老师建议我们每天要读三篇文章。 e.g.: If we want to pass the examination as soon as possible, we had better take part in a training class. 如果想要尽快通过考试,我们最好上个辅导班。 e.g.: If we want to do something in the future, we had better master one foreign language. 如果想要未来有所作为的话,我们必须掌握一门外语。 e.g.: Mr. Zhang suggests that Tom (should) get up at 6 o'clock everyday. 张老师建议汤姆每天应该早上六点钟起床。 2) It is + adj. + that S + (should) do (v原) (这里的should也可以省略) e.g.: It is important that we should study English well. 对我们来说学好英语很重要。 这些形容词通常为(八个常考的): important/ necessary/ essential/ indispensable/ advisable(明智的) 这些词后that从句中的 should一般可省略;(should在这里表―应该‖的意思) incredible/ ridiculous/ amazing 这些词后that从句中的should 一般不省略, 翻译为―竟 然‖, 表说话人的惊异,懊悔,失望等情感。(即:语气较强,表达观点较极端的情况下,不 但should不可省略,意思也有所区别) e.g.: It is advisable that we should take part in TDXL examination. 考研对我们来说是一个明智的选择。 e.g.: It is incredible that Jack should rob the bank with his mother-in-law. 拓展:在英文中,为避免头重脚轻,我们使用形式主语。 句意:杰克竟然和他的岳母一起抢银行了(这简直太令人难以置信了)。 41 (3) 含蓄虚拟语气 1) But for(要不是) +N, S+V+O Without(如果没有) +N, S+V+O e.g.: But for your help, I wouldn’t have passed TDXL examination. 要不是你的帮助,我不会顺利的通过同等学力考试。 2) If only(如果…就好了)+句子 ?可不需要主句 Otherwise (否则)+句子 ?分句结构 e.g.: If only I had studied a little harder last year. 如果我去年学习再努力点就好了。(与过去事实相反) e.g.: I went to Shanghai yesterday; otherwise I would have attended your wedding. 我昨天去上海了,否则我就会去参加你的婚礼。 (前半句叙述事实,后半句是对过去情况的虚拟) (注意分号) 3) lest that for fear that +S+ should do ―以免、以防、万一……‖ in case that e.g.: Tom is seriously punished that he should make the same mistake again. A. so B. such C. lest D. in 句意:汤姆受到了严厉的惩罚,以免他再次犯同样的错误。选C。 分析:so/such that引导结果状语从句,in that引导原因状语从句表因果关系, lest that以免,以防,题中后面用了虚拟语气,只能lest 后接虚拟语气, 4) It’s (about/good/high) time that +S+ were/did ―该是……的时候了‖ e.g.: It’s time that we had a rest. 我们该休息了。(虚拟语气) (不能用should) 用不定式来表示,可以不用虚拟语气。 e.g.: It’s time (for us) to have a rest. 我们该休息了。 e.g.: It’s time for us to take part in postgraduate examination. 我们该考研了。 PS.: It is about time….. 差不多是时候了….. It is good time….. 正是时候做…. It is high time …. 的确该做什么了….. 42 九、五大特殊结构(强调、比较、倒装、平行、省略) 1、强调结构 (中文用副词强调,英文用结构强调) (1)It is/was 主/宾/状/补(被强调部分) + that/who + 句子其它部分 1)强调部分只能强调主语、宾语、状语和补足语;(不能强调谓语) )强调部分是时间状语或地点状语时,只能用that而不能用when/where; 2 3)当被强调部分是人时,可以用who; 4)强调时不要改变原句当中的任何时态,人称和数; 5)去掉It is…that强调结构后, 原句意思不变; 6)除了被强调部分放到It is/was…that之间外,剩下部分照抄。不改变原句任何时态、人称、单复数。 e.g.: It is I who/that love you. 正是我还深深的爱着你。(口语中可将 I 换成me) e.g.: It is on Sunday that we have to take English class. 就是在星期天我们还要上英语课。 (2)do/does/did + v (强调谓语动词时用do,V为原形) 一般只用于“一般现在时、过去时”的肯定陈述句或肯定结构的祈使句。 e.g.: I do miss you.我很想你。 e.g.: Tom does study hard. 汤姆学习的确很努力。 (3)表否定意义的短语―By no means, at no time, on no account, in no way, under no circumstances, not only…but also… ‖开头的句子表示强调,并注意句子的倒装。 e.g.: Not only did we lose our money, but we were also in danger of losing our lives 我们不仅丢了钱,还险些丢了命。 e.g.: At no time and under no circumstances will China be first to use or menace to use nuclear weapons. 无论什么时候以及无论在什么情况下,中国绝不首先使用或威胁使用核武器。 43 2、比较结构 主要考用法及特殊表达法 (1) 原级比较 “和……一样” 1)表达方式: A: as + adj (做表语)/adv(做状语) 原级 + as; B: the same…as; C: not so…as (表达否定概念) e.g.: This room is as large as that one. 这个教室和那个教室一样大。 e.g.: China is not so powerful as the USA. 中国没有美国那么强大。 e.g.: He often makes the same mistake as I did two years ago. 他经常犯我两年前所犯的同样的错误。 2)特殊结构: A is to B +what/as+ X is Y; e.g.: Air is to us as water is to fish. 我们与空气的关系就像鱼和水的关系。 A + n倍/几分之几 as +adj/adv + as B e.g.: This book is twice as thick as that one. 这本书是那本书的两倍厚。 (2) 比较级“比…更…” 1)-er...than/ more...than/less…than(比…少) e.g.: Tom studies harder than Mary does. (汤姆学习比玛丽更努力。) e.g.: The USA invested far/much more money in education than China did last year. China invested far/much less money in education than the USA did last year. 去年,美国投入在教育方面的经费要比中国多得多。 比较倍数放比前面 e.g.: I am five years older than you.=I am five years senior to you.我比你大五岁。 44 2)以拉丁文-ior结尾的含有比较意义的adj.后接to而不是than senior资格老的,年长的 junior年少的,下级的 superior 高级的,优越的 inferior 下级的,次一级的 interior 朝里的 exterior 在…外面的 prior 先于…之前的 e.g.: I am senior to you. 我比你大。 I am junior to you. 我比你小。 e.g.: Socialism is superior to capitalism. 社会主义比资本主义优越。 e.g.: Associate professor is inferior to professor. 副教授比教授低一级。 (业务上的副职用associate, 行政上的副职用vice. deputy常务副职) (常务副职:副职不在时代理副职的,即副职的副职) 3)倍数比较?倍数放在比较结构前 e.g.: I am five years older than you./ senior to you. 我比你大五岁。 e.g.: This room is 2 times larger than that one. 这个教室比那个教室大两倍。 =This room is 3 times as large as that one. 这个教室是那个教室的三倍大。 4)the more…the more 越…越… More and more 越来越…. e.g.: The harder we study, the better result we will get. 我们学习越努力,考试的成绩就会越好。 e.g.: The more we talk about, the deeper understanding we will get. 我们谈的越多,我们理解就越深刻。 e.g.: The city is becoming more and more beautiful. 45 (3) 最高级 (涉及范围地点用in,类别用of) P42-45 1)the –est(最高级)/ the most+in(范围, 三者或三者以上…)/ of(类别) e.g.: Tom is the best one of all the classmates. 汤姆在同学们当中是最棒的。(强调类别) e.g.: China is the biggest developing country in the world. 中国是世界上最大的发展中国家。 (强调范围) e.g.: America is the biggest developed country in the world. 美国是世界上最大的发达国家。 e.g.: Tom studies hardest in our class. 汤姆学习在我们班上是最努力的。 e.g.: English is the most difficult of all my subjects. 在我的所有科目当中,英语是最难的。(强调类别) e.g.: Yangtze River is the longest one of all the rivers. 在所有河流当中,长江是最长的。(强调类别) 2)用比较级表最高级的方法: more than any other e.g.: Tom studies harder than any other classmate in our class. 汤姆学习比我们班上任何其他同学都努力。(any other 后面用单数) 46 4、 倒装结构 把谓语V放在主语前称作倒装,将谓语V完成移至主语这前,称完全倒装,如果只把 助V或情态V放在主语之前,称为部分倒装。 结构上的倒装(句子表达上的需要); 语义(强调)上的倒装 正常语序:1 2 3(主谓宾) 部分倒装:2 1 3 (将谓语或者是谓语助动词提前) 全部倒装:3 2 1 (1) so、方位副词(there、here等)、介词放在句首时(主语位置),句子要全部倒装. 这些词有:there, here, up, down, out, away, now, then… e.g.: Tom likes to play football, so do I.汤姆喜欢踢足球,我也喜欢。(be 对应be) e.g.: Here comes the bus/train.公车来了、火车来了。 e.g.: There goes the bell.铃敲起来了。 e.g.: In the room are 50 students.教室里有50个学生。 e.g.: There are 50 students. There is a leader. e.g.: Out of the forest rushed a tiger.一只老虎从森林里跑出来了。 (2)only(句首)+状语+句子 e.g.: Only in this way can we resolve the traffic problem effectively. 只有通过这种方式,我们才能够有效地解决交通问题。 e.g.: Only socialism with Chinese characteristics can save China. (only后面没接状语,故没倒装,with是定语) 只有中国特色社会主义才能够救中国。 e.g.: Only by a training class can we pass the exam as easily as possible. 只有通过上辅导班,我们才能尽可能容易地通过这个考试。 (adj.不可以修饰动词,pass是动词,所以不可以用easy.) 47 (3) 否定词或短语放在句首时,部分倒装 1)否定词:little、never、nowhere等 2)否定短语:hardly…when、no sooner…than、by no means、in no way、at no time、 under no circumstances、 on no account、scarcely…when… e.g.: Nowhere in the world can you find a man like me loving you so much. 就算找遍世界的每一个角落,你也找不到一个像我这么深爱着你的人。 e.g.: At no time and under no circumstances will China be first to use or menace to use nuclear weapons. 无论在什么时候,什么样的情况下,中国绝不首先使用或威胁使用核武器。 e.g.: No matter how/what to read sentence and how to make sentence, we should acquire (get/take/make/do/have) some grammar knowledge. (4)if引导虚拟条件句-省略if时,句子需倒装 .g.: If it were to snow tomorrow, I would go swimming. e e.g.: Were it to snow tomorrow, I would go swimming. 如果明天下雪的话,我就去游泳。 (5)as引导让步状语从句,将表语或状语提前(as引导可以表时间、原因、方式、比较) e.g.: Ugly as I am, I am quite gentle. 虽然我很丑,但是我很温柔。 e.g.: Hard as he studies, Tom makes little progress. 虽然汤姆努力学习,但是他的进步不大。 (6)两个句子比较时,当后面句子主语太长时,常需倒装。 e.g.: Tom studies hard than Mary does.汤姆学习比玛丽更努力。(主语不长不倒装) e.g.: China invested less money in education last year than did the U.S.A and some European Union countries. did. (did提前) 中国去年在教育上的投入比美国和一些欧盟国家少得多。 (前四种常考,后两种较难) 48 (7) so + adj./adv. 以及 ―to such a degree, to such an extent, to such a point.‖放在句首表示程 度,句子要倒装。 e.g.: To such an extent did his health deteriorate that he was forced to retire. 他的身体每况愈下,以至于有人强迫他退休。 (8) 由as 或though 引导的让步状语从句有时也用倒装句,即把表语或部分谓语提前。 e.g.: Patient though he was, he had a good command of English. (9) 由be 引起的倒装句表示让步,并带有虚拟语气的结构特点,即be 用原形。 e.g.: The business of each day, be it selling goods of shipping them, went quite smoothly. (be is selling…= whether is may be selling…) 4、平行结构 (1)考点 考点1:搭配 e.g.:not only…but (also)…; neither…nor…; either…or… 考点2:对称性(前后连接的部分必须有一致性)---结构 e.g.: We’d like to live not only in BJ but also in SZ. 我们不仅喜欢住在北京,也喜欢住在深圳。 e.g.: I like not only you but also her/him. 我不仅喜欢你,也很喜欢她(他)。 e.g.: I take part in TDXL examination not only to get a diploma/degree, but also to improve myself. 我参加同等学力考试不仅是为了获得学位,也是为了提升自己。 e.g.: I take part in the training class not only because I have not studied English for a long time but also I want to pass the examination as soon as possible. (2) 平行结构的常见种类: 1) A and B/ both A and B / from A to B / between A and B / not only A but also B/from…to… 2) neither A nor B (前后否定) / either A or B/ A or B 3) more…than…/ less…than…/ as…as…/ not so…as… 4) not A …any more than B = not so much A…as…B 与其说是A,不如说是B。(肯定B) 49 5) more A than B 与其说是B,不如说是A. (肯定A) prefer A to B. 对比B而言,更喜欢A. A instead of B = A rather than B. 选择A,而不是B。 e.g.: He is more brave than wise. 与其说他机智,不如说他勇敢。 e.g.: I am more a manager than a professor. 与其说我是个教授,不如说我是个管理者。 e.g.: I’d like to live in BJ rather than in SZ. 我想生活在北京,而不是在深圳。 e.g.: I’d like to live in BJ instead of in SZ. (other than 除…之外…) 6) one … another… 一个……,另外一个…… one … the other … 一个……,另外一个……(强调两者中的另外一个) for one thing, … for another thing … 一方面……,另一方面…… on the one hand,… on the other hand … some… others… still others… e.g.: I have 2 brothers, one is in BJ; and the other is in SZ. 我有2个弟弟,一个在北京,一个在深圳。 7) superior /inferior/junior/senior/prior to … 8) so…that… 太……以至于…… such…that… the same as… 与……一样 such as„ such N as e.g.: The price of house in BJ is so high that I can not afford it. 北京房价太高了,以至于我买不起房。 e.g.: The traffic situation in BJ is so terrible/ serious that the governments of different levels should pay much more attention to it. 北京的交通状况太糟糕了以至于各级政府都应该引起高度关注。 e.g.: He works so hard that he makes much more progress. 他工作如此努力以至于取得了巨大成绩。 e.g.: BJ is such a beautiful city that I do not want to go anywhere. 北京是个如此美丽的城市,以至于我哪儿都不想去。 e.g.: He often makes the same mistake as I did five years ago. 他经常犯我五年前所犯的同样的错误。 50 9) whether…or…/ whether…or not/ S+V+if 10) hardly…when…/no sooner… than…/ barely… when…/ scarcely… when… 11) the reason why… is that…/the reason that… is that… but that…/ not because…but because…/ not only because…but also 12) not…but…/ not that… because… 13) It is adj. for sb. to do sht./ It is adj of sb. to do sth./ it is adj. that SVO/ It is…that 14) A and B, too/ A and B as well/ A as well asB 15) A,rather than B/ Ainstead of B/ more a than B/ prefer A to B 5、省略结构P47-50 51
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