英语常用修辞手法

speech (修辞)are ways of making our language figurative. When we use words in other than their ordinary or literal sense to lend force to an idea, to heighten effect, or to create suggestive imagery, we are said to be speaking or writing figuratively. Now we are going to talk about some common forms of figures of speech. 1) Simile：(明喻）It is a figure of speech which makes a comparison between two unlike elements having at least one quality or characteristic (特性)in common. To m ake the comparison, words like as, as...as, as if and like are used to transfer the quality we associate with one to the other. For example, As cold waters to a thirst y soul, so is good news from a far country. 2) Metaphor：(暗喻）It is like a simile, also makes a comparison between two unli ke elements, but unlike a simile, this comparison is implied rather than stated. For example, the world is a stage. 3) Analogy: (类比）It is also a form of comparison, but unlike simile or metaphor w hich usually uses comparison on one point of resemblance, analogy draws a parall el between two unlike things that have several common qualities or points of rese mblance. 4) Personification: (拟人）It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(赋予) to inanimate(无生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions (抽象). For example, the wind whistled through the trees. 5) Hyperbole: (夸张） It is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to a chieve emphasis. For instance, he almost died laughing. 6) Understatement: (含蓄陈述） It is the opposite of hyperbole, or overstatement. It achieves its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately(故意地) understating it, im pressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid th an by bare statement. For instance, It is no laughing matter. 7) Euphemism: (委婉） It is the substitution of an agreeable or inoffensive(无冒犯) expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. For instance, we refer to "die" as " pass away". 8) Metonymy (转喻） It is a figure of speech that has to do with the substitution of the mane of one thing for that of another. For instance, the pen (words) is mighti er than the sword (forces). 9) Synecdoche (提喻） It is involves the substitution of the part for the whole, or the whole for the part. For instance, they say there's bread and work for all. She w as dressed in silks. 10) Antonomasia (换喻）It has also to do with substitution. It is not often mentioned now, though it is still in frequent use. For example, Solomon for a wise man. Da niel for a wise and fair judge. Judas for a traitor. 11) Pun: (双关语） It is a play on words, or rather a play on the form and meaning of words. For instance, a cannon-ball took off his legs, so he laid down his arm s. (Here "arms" has two meanings: a person's body; weapons carried by a soldier.) 12) Syllepsis: (一语双叙） It has two connotations. In the first case, it is a figure by which a word, or a particular form or inflection of a word, refers to two or more words in the same sentence, while properly appl ying to or agreeing with only on of them in grammar or syntax(句法). For example, He addressed you and me, and desired us to follow him. (Here us is used to ref er to you and me.) In the second case, it a word may refer to two or more words in the same sen tence. For example, while he was fighting , and losing limb and mind, and dying, others stayed behind to pursue education and career. (Here to losing one's limbs i n literal; to lose one's mind is figurative, and means to go mad.) 13) Zeugma: (轭式搭配） It is a single word which is made to modify or to govern two or more words in the same sentence, wither properly applying in sense to only one of them, or applying to them in different senses. For example, The sun shall not burn you by day, nor the moon by night. (Here noon is not strong enough to burn) 14) Irony: (反语） It is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. For instance, we are lucky, what you said makes me feel real g ood. 15) Innuendo: (暗讽） It is a mild form of irony, hinting in a rather roundabout (曲 折)way at something disparaging(不一致) or uncomplimentary(不赞美) to the person or subject mentioned. For example, the weatherman said it would be worm. He mu st take his readings in a bathroom. 16) Sarcasm: (讽刺） It Sarcasm is a strong form of irony. It attacks in a taunting and bitter manner, and its aim is to disparage, ridicule and wound the feelings of t he subject attacked. For example, laws are like cobwebs, which may catch small fli es, but let wasps break through. 17) Paradox: (似非而是的隽语） It is a figure of speech consisting of a statement o r proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to contain a succinct point. For example more hast e, less speed. 18) Oxymoron: (矛盾修饰） It is a compressed paradox, formed by the conjoining (结合) of two contrasting, contradictory or incongruous(不协调) terms as in bitter-sw eet memories, orderly chaos(混乱) and proud humility(侮辱). 19) Antithesis: (对照） It is the deliberate arrangement of contrasting words or idea s in balanced structural forms to achieve emphasis. For example, speech is silver; silence is golden. 20) Epigram: (警句） It states a simple truth pithily(有利地) and pungently(强烈地). I t is usually terse and arouses interest and surprise by its deep insight into certain aspects of human behavior or feeling. For instance, Few, save the poor, feel for th e poor. 21) Climax: (渐进） It is derived from the Greek word for "ladder" and implies the progression of thought at a uniform or almost uniform rate of significance or intensi ty, like the steps of a ladder ascending evenly. For example, I came, I saw, I con quered. 22) Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating one's thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to wea k, from weighty to light or frivolous. For instance, But thousands die, without or thi s or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat. 23) Apostrophe： (顿呼） In this figure of speech, a thing, place, idea or person (dead or absent) is addressed as if present, listening and understanding what is bein g said. For instance, England! awake! awake! awake! 24) Transferred Epithet: (转类形容词） It is a figure of speech where an epithet (a n adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modi fy(修饰) to another to which it does not really apply or belong. For instance, I spen t sleepless nights on my project. 25) Alliteration: (头韵） It has to do with the sound rather than the sense of words for effect. It is a device that repeats the same sound at frequent intervals(间隔) and since the sound repeated is usually the initial consonant sound, it is also calle d "front rhyme". For instance, the fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, the furrow followed free. 26) Onomatopoeia: (拟声） It is a device that uses words which imitate the sounds made by an object (animate or inanimate), or which are associated with or sugg estive(提示的) of some action or movement. Selected from Figures of Speech by Feng Cuihua