会计学原理-约翰·J·怀尔德版-上海交通大学-15

Chapter15InvestmentsandInternationalOperationsChap15.InvestmentsandInternationalOperationsClassofInvestmentHeld-to-MaturityTradingUnrealizedgain/lossgoestoNetIncomeAvailable-For-SaleUnrealizedgain/lossbypassNetIncomeSignificantInfluenceControllingInfluenceClassesofandReportingforInvestmentsHeld-To-MaturityAvailable-For-SaleSignificantInfluenceControllingInfluenceConsolidateEquityMethodMarketValueMethodTradingAmortized（摊销）CostClassofInvestmentReportingC2BasicsofInvestmentsCompaniestransferexcesscashintoinvestmentstoproducehigherincome.Somecompaniesaresetuptoproduceincomefrominvestments.Companiesmakeinvestmentsforstrategicreasons.MotivationforInvestmentsC1BasicsofInvestmentsShort-TermversusLong-TermInvestmentsShort-terminvestments:aresecuritiesthatmanagementintendstoconverttocashwithoneyearortheoperatingcycle,whicheverislonger.arereadilyconvertibletocash.Long-terminvestments:arenotreadilyconvertibletocash.arenotintendedtobeconvertedtocash.arereportedinthenoncurrentsectionofthebalancesheet,ofteninitsowncategory.C1ClassesofandReportingforInvestmentsHeld-To-MaturityAvailable-For-SaleSignificantInfluenceControllingInfluenceConsolidateEquityMethodMarketValueMethodTradingAmortizedCostClassofInvestmentReportingC2BasicsofAccountingforInvestmentsAccountingBasicsforDebtSecuritiesDebtsecuritiesarerecordedatcostwhenpurchased.Interestrevenueforinvestmentsindebtsecuritiesisrecordedwhenearned.OnJanuary1,2008,Matrix,Inc.paidDebtInc.$975,000forthebonds.Thetwo-yearDebtInc.bondshaveastatedrateof6%annually.Interestispaidsemi-annuallyonJune30andDecember31.C2BasicsofAccountingforInvestmentsAccountingBasicsforDebtSecuritiesHeld-to-maturity(HTM)debtsecuritiesarerecordedatcostwhenpurchased.Interestrevenueforinvestmentsindebtsecuritiesisrecordedwhenearned.C2BasicsofAccountingforInvestmentsAccountingBasicsforDebtSecuritiesDebtsecuritiesarerecordedatcostwhenpurchased.Interestrevenueforinvestmentsindebtsecuritiesisrecordedwhenearned.ThesameentrywouldbemadeonDecember31,2008.C2BasicsofAccountingforInvestmentsAccountingBasicsforDebtSecuritiesOnJanuary1,2010,thebondsmatureandMatrixwouldmakethefollowingentry:C2AccountingBasicsforEquitySecuritiesEquitysecuritiesarerecordedatcostwhenacquired,includingcommissionsorbrokeragefeespaid.AnycashdividendsreceivedarecreditedtoDividendRevenueandreportedintheincomestatement.Whenthesecuritiesaresold,salesproceedsarecomparedwithcost,andanygainorlossisrecorded.P1AccountingBasicsforEquitySecuritiesOnMay6,2008,Matrix,Inc.purchased10,000sharesofApex,Inc.commonstockfor$250,000intheopenmarket.ThesecuritiesareclassifiedbymanagerofMatrixas“available-for-sale”(AFS).P1AccountingBasicsforEquitySecuritiesOnJune30,ApexpaysaquarterlydividendtoMatrix,Inc.of$0.50pershare.Matrixreceivesadividendcheckfor$5,000.P1AccountingBasicsforEquitySecuritiesOnDecember18,Matrix,Inc.sells1,000sharesofApex,Inc.intheopenmarketfor$30pershare.$250,000÷10,000shares=$25persharecostP1RecordedatcostatacquisitionInterestrevenuerecordedasaccrued(debtsecurities)Dividendsrecordedasrevenue(equitysecurities)CarryingamountisadjustedtoMarketValueeachperiod.FinancialReportingAvailable-for-SaleSecuritiesDebtandequitysecuritiesthatacompanyintendstosellinthefuture,beforematurity.P3Matrix,Inc.purchased1,000sharesofApex,Inc.at$5pershareduring2008.AtDecember31,2008,theshareshadincreasedinvalueto$9.50pershare.ValuingandReportingAvailable-for-SaleSecuritiesP3{Insomecases,influenceorcontrolmayexistwithlessthan20%ownership.InvestorOwnershipofInvesteeSharesOutstanding0%20%50%100%CostorMarketValueMethodEquityMethodConsolidatedFinancialStatementsAccountingforInfluentialInvestmentsP4{Significantinfluenceisgenerallyassumedwith20%to50%ownership.InvestorOwnershipofInvesteeSharesOutstanding0%20%50%100%EquityMethodConsolidatedFinancialStatementsAccountingforInfluentialInvestmentsCostorMarketValueMethodP4Originalinvestmentisrecordedatcost.Theinvestmentaccountisincreasedbyaproportionateshareofinvestee’searnings.Theinvestmentaccountisdecreasedbydividendsreceived.InvestmentsinEquitySecuritieswithSignificantInfluenceP4InvestmentinEquitySecuritieswithSignificantInfluenceOnJanuary1,2008,Matrix,Inc.buys20%ofthevotingcommonstockofApex,Inc.for$2,000,000cash.2,000,000Long-TermInvestment-Apex2,000,000CashP4InvestmentinEquitySecuritieswithSignificantInfluenceOnDecember31,2008,Apexreportsnetincomefortheyearof$300,000,andpaystotalcashdividendsof$50,000.$300,000×20%=$60,000$50,000×20%=$10,000P4InvestmentinEquitySecuritieswithSignificantInfluenceInvestmentEarningsDividendsBalanceP4InvestmentinEquitySecuritieswithControllingInfluenceRequiredwheninvestor’sownershipexceeds50%ofinvestee.EquityMethodisused.Consolidatedfinancialstatementsshowthefinancialposition,resultsofoperations,andcashflowsofallentitiesundertheparent’scontrol.C3AccountingSummaryforInvestmentsinSecuritiesC3ComprehensiveIncomeIncludes:Revenues,gains,expenses,andlossesreportedontheincomestatement,andGainsandlossesthatbypassnetincomebutaffectequity.AccumulatedOtherComprehensiveIncomeappearsintheequitysectionofthebalancesheet.C3ComponentsofReturnonTotalAssetsReturnontotalassets=ProfitMargin×TotalassetturnoverNetincomeAveragetotalassets=×NetincomeNetsalesNetsalesAveragetotalassetsA1杜邦 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 ：总资产报酬率（ROA）总资产报酬率=净利润率总资产周转率净利润净利润销售收入总资产销售收入总资产利润管理资产管理差异化战略成本领先战略苏宁vs.国美苏宁VS国美（ROA）　2009200820072006苏宁8.3410.459.038.58国美3.9943.965.11杜邦分析总资产周转率总资产报酬率净利润率总资产报酬率=净利润/销售收入*销售收入/总资产=净利润率*总资产周转率8.34%3.99%5.13%3.34%1.63%1.19%苏宁vs.国美苏宁VS国美（ROA）　TAT　2009200820072006苏宁1.632.312.472.96国美1.191.671.491.54　PM（%）　2009200820072006苏宁5.134.533.652.9国美3.342.392.653.31苏宁vs.国美苏宁VS国美（ROE）　2009200820072006苏宁20.0224.830.3523国美12.0812.8410.9415.9ReturnonEquity(ROE)ROE=ROA*EM=PM*TAT*EMProfitmarginisameasureofthefirm’soperatingefficiency–howwelldoesitcontrolcostsTotalassetturnoverisameasureofthefirm’sassetuseefficiency–howwelldoesitmanageitsassetsEquitymultiplierisameasureofthefirm’sfinancialleverageDuPontIdentityforROEROEROAAssets/EquityProfitmarginratioTotalassetsturnover3.34%3.99%20.02%8.34%12.08%3.032.405.13%1.191.63苏宁国美VS.苏宁vs.国美苏宁VS国美（ROE）　TAT　2009200820072006苏宁1.632.312.472.96国美1.191.671.491.54　PM（%）　2009200820072006苏宁5.134.533.652.9国美3.342.392.653.31　EM　2009200820072006苏宁2.402.373.362.68国美3.033.212.763.11InvestmentsinInternationalOperations(1)Accountingforsalesandpurchaseslistedinaforeigncurrency.(2)Preparingconsolidatedfinancialstatementswithinternationalsubsidiaries.Twomajoraccountingchallengesarisewhencompanieshaveinternationaloperations:C4Eachcountryusesitsowncurrencyforinternaleconomictransactions.Tomaketransactionsinanothercountry,unitsofthatcountry’scurrencymustbeacquired.Thecostofthosecurrenciesiscalledtheexchangerate.ExchangeRatesBetweenCurrenciesC4Astherelativestrengthofacountry’seconomychanges......theexchangerateofthelocalcurrencyrelativetoothercurrenciesalsofluctuates.ForeignExchangeMarketsC4Chapter16ReportingtheStatementofCashFlowsChap16.ReportingtheStatementofCashFlowsThreeactivitiesOperatingactivitiesInvestingActivitiesFinancingActivitiesMethodsforSCFPreparationIndirectMethodDirectMethodCashFlowonTotalAssetsHowdoesacompanyobtainitscash?Wheredoesacompanyspenditscash?Whatexplainsthechangeinthecashbalance?PurposeoftheStatementofCashFlowsC1Howdidthebusinessfunditsoperations?Didthebusinessborrowanyfundsorrepayanyloans?Doesthebusinesshavesufficientcashtopayitsdebtsastheymature?Didthebusinessmakeanydividendpayments?ImportanceofCashFlowsC1CashCurrencyCashEquivalentsShort-term,highlyliquidinvestments.Readilyconvertibleintocash.Sufficientlyclosetomaturitysothatmarketvalueisunaffectedbyinterestratechanges.MeasurementofCashFlowsC1TheStatementofCashFlowsincludesthefollowingthreesections:OperatingActivitiesInvestingActivitiesFinancingActivitiesClassifyingCashFlowsC2OutflowsSalariesandwagesPaymentstosuppliersTaxesandfinesInterestpaidtolendersOtherInflowsReceiptsfromcustomersCashdividendsreceivedInterestfromborrowersOther.OperatingActivitiesC2OutflowsPurchasinglong-termproductiveassetsPurchasingequityinvestmentsPurchasingdebtinvestmentsOtherInflowsSellinglong-termproductiveassetsSellingequityinvestmentsCollectingprincipalonloansOtherInvestingActivitiesC2OutflowsPaydividendsPurchasingtreasurystockRepayingcashloansPayingowners’withdrawalsInflowsIssuingitsownequitysecuritiesIssuingbondsandnotesIssuingshort-andlong-termliabilitiesFinancingActivitiesC2Itemsrequiringseparatedisclosureinclude:Retirementofdebtbyissuingequitysecurities.Conversionofpreferredstocktocommonstock.Leasingofassetsinacapitalleasetransaction.NoncashInvestingandFinancingC3FormatoftheStatementofCashFlowsC4TherearetwoacceptablemethodstodetermineCashFlowsfromOperatingActivities:DirectMethodIndirectMethodFormatoftheStatementofCashFlowsC4Let’slookattheIndirectMethodforpreparingtheCashFlowsfromOperatingActivitiessection.PreparingtheStatementofCashFlowsP2NetIncomeCashFlowsfromOperatingActivities97.5%ofallcompaniesusetheindirectmethod.Changesincurrentassetsandcurrentliabilities.+Lossesand-Gains+Noncashexpensessuchasdepreciationandamortization.IndirectMethodP2UsethistablewhenadjustingNetIncometoOperatingCashFlows.IndirectMethodP2East,Inc.reports$125,000netincomefortheyearendedDecember31,2008.AccountsReceivableincreasedby$7,500duringtheyearandAccountsPayableincreasedby$10,000.During2008,Eastreported$12,500ofDepreciationExpense.WhatisEast,Inc.’sOperatingCashFlowfor2008?IndirectMethodExampleP2Netincome125,000$Deduct:IncreaseinaccountsreceivableCashprovidedbyoperatingactivitiesNetincome125,000$Deduct:IncreaseinaccountsreceivableCashprovidedbyoperatingactivitiesFortheindirectmethod,startwithnetincome.IndirectMethodExampleP2Netincome125,000$Add:Depreciationexpense12,500Deduct:IncreaseinaccountsreceivableCashprovidedbyoperatingactivitiesNetincome125,000$Add:Depreciationexpense12,500Deduct:IncreaseinaccountsreceivableCashprovidedbyoperatingactivitiesAddnoncashexpensessuchasdepreciation,depletion,amortization,orbaddebtexpense.IndirectMethodExampleP2Netincome125,000$Add:Depreciationexpense12,500Deduct:Increaseinaccountsreceivable(7,500)CashprovidedbyoperatingactivitiesNetincome125,000$Add:Depreciationexpense12,500Deduct:Increaseinaccountsreceivable(7,500)CashprovidedbyoperatingactivitiesIndirectMethodExampleP2Netincome125,000$Add:Depreciationexpense12,500Deduct:Increaseinaccountsreceivable(7,500)Add:Increaseinaccountspayable10,000CashprovidedbyoperatingactivitiesNetincome125,000$Add:Depreciationexpense12,500Deduct:Increaseinaccountsreceivable(7,500)Add:Increaseinaccountspayable10,000CashprovidedbyoperatingactivitiesIndirectMethodExampleP2Netincome125,000$Add:Depreciationexpense12,500Deduct:Increaseinaccountsreceivable(7,500)Add:Increaseinaccountspayable10,000Cashprovidedbyoperatingactivities140,000$Netincome125,000$Add:Depreciationexpense12,500Deduct:Increaseinaccountsreceivable(7,500)Add:Increaseinaccountspayable10,000Cashprovidedbyoperatingactivities140,000$IfweusedtheDirectMethod,wewouldgetthesame$140,000forCashProvidedbyOperatingActivities.IndirectMethodExampleP2Let’sprepareaStatementofCashFlowsforB&GCompanyusingtheIndirectMethod.IndirectMethodP2P2AdditionalInformationfor2008:Netincomewas$105,000.Cashdividendsdeclaredandpaidwere$40,000.Bondspayableof$50,000wereredeemedfor$50,000cash.Commonstockwasissuedfor$35,000cash.P2Addnoncashexpensesandlosses.Subtractnoncashrevenuesandgains.Startwithaccrual-basisnetincome.Then,analyzethechangesincurrentassetsandcurrentliabilities.P1P2Now,let’scompletetheinvestingsection.P3Now,let’scompletethefinancingsection.P3P1AnalyzingCashSourcesandUsesA1Used,alongwithincome-basedratios,toassesscompanyperformance.Cashflowontotalassets=OperatingcashflowsAveragetotalassetsCashFlowonTotalAssetsA2Let’slookattheDirectMethodforpreparingtheCashFlowsfromOperatingActivitiessection.PreparingtheStatementofCashFlowsP5AnalyzingtheCashAccountLet’susethisCashaccounttoprepareB&GCompany’sStatementofCashFlowsundertheDirectMethod.P5P5