法学外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 浅谈驰名商标之淡化与反淡化

法学外文翻译-浅谈驰名商标之淡化与反淡化 目 录 1 外文参考文献译文……………………………………………………………… 2 2 外文参考文献原文„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„„… 10 1 1外文参考文献译文 the well-known trademarks and dilute anti-diluted First, well-known trademarks Summary Well-known trademarks is a long-term use, in the market enjoy a high reputation, known for the relevant public and by certain procedures that the trademark. Since the "Paris Convention" was first introduced the concept of well-known trademarks, the well-known trademarks for special protection legislation has become the world trend. Paris Convention stipulates: all of the members were identified as the well-known trade marks, or registered First, the first to ban others, and the other is to prohibit the use of others with identical or similar logo. Trips further provides: 1, the Paris Convention for the special protection and extension of the services of well-known trademarks, 2, the scope of protection does not extend to prohibit similar goods or services with the well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo, 3, on how to That a well-known trademarks in principle a simple requirement. National legislation on the practice, the well-known trade marks that standards vary, often based on specific trade mark promotion of public awareness of related areas, logo merchandise sales and the scope of national interests, and other factors identified. From an international treaty to protect the well-known trademarks mind, that well-known trade marks and protection of well-known trade marks are closely linked. Second, the well-known trademarks protected mode On the protection of the main trademarks of relative and absolute protectionism two models. 2 The former refers to ban others with well-known trademarks identical or similar trademark with the trademark owner the same or similar industries in the registration or use of similar goods in non-use of the same or similar trademarks is permitted, "the Paris Convention "That is, relative to protectionism. While the latter refers to ban others in any industry, including the well-known trade mark goods with different or similar to those in the industry to register with the well-known trade marks and the use of the same or similar trademarks, TRIPS agreement that is taken by the expansion of the absolute protectionism. In simple economic form, as specified by the trade mark goods at a single, specific trade mark goods and the link between more closely. With, a valuable well-known trademarks have been more and more use of different types of commodities, which are among the types of goods on the property may be totally different, in a trademark associated with the commodity groups and the relative weakening of trade marks Commodity producers and the relative isolation. Not well-known trademarks such as cross-category protection and allow others to register, even if the goods obvious differences, the public will still be in the new goods and reputable well-known trademarks to establish a link between people that the goods may be well-known trademark, the new commodities , Or the well-known trademarks of goods and people between the existence of a legal, organizational or business association, thus leading to the misuse of consumers purchase. The rapid development of the commodity today, the relative protectionism has not improved the protection of the public and well-known trademark owner's interests. In view of this, in order to effectively prevent the reputation of well-known trademarks, and the identification of significant features and advertising value by the improper use of the damage, many countries on the implementation of a well-known trademarks is protectionism, which prohibits the use of any products on the same or with the well-known trademarks Similar to the trademark. TRIPS Agreement Article 16, paragraph 3 states: Paris Convention 1967 text, in 3 principle, applicable to the well-known trademarks and logos of the commodities or services are not similar goods or services, if not similar goods or services on the use of the trademark will be Suggest that the goods or services with the well-known trademarks on a link exists, so that the interests of all well-known trademarks may be impaired. Third, the well-known trademarks diluted The protection of trademark rights, there are mainly two: one for the confusion theory, a theory for desalination. The main traditional trademark protection for trade marks the difference between functional design, and its theoretical basis for the theory of confusion. In summary, which is to ensure that the trademark can be identification, confirmation and different goods or services different from the significant features, to avoid confusion, deception and E Wu, the law gives first use of a person or persons registered with exclusive rights, which prohibits any Without the permission of the rights to use may cause confusion among consumers in the same or similar trademarks. Clearly, the traditional concept of trademark protection, to stop "the possibility of confusion" is the core of trademark protection. With the socio-economic development and commercialization of the continuous improvement of the degree, well-known trademarks by the enormous implication for the growing commercial value have attracted the attention of people. Compared with ordinary marks, bearing well-known trademarks by the significance and meaning beyond the trademark rights to the general, and further symbol of product quality and credit, contains a more valuable business assets - goodwill. Well-known trade mark rights of people to use its excellent reputation of leading the way in the purchasing power, instead of the use of trademarks to distinguish between different products and producers. When the mark beyond the role of this feature to avoid confusion, then, this factor is obviously confused and can not cover everything, and other factors become 4 as important as or more important. Thus, in theory confusion on the basis of further development of desalination theory. Trademark Dilution (dilution), also known as trademark dilution, is one of trademark infringement theory. "Watered down", according to the U.S. "anti-federal trademark law dilute" means "regardless of well-known trade mark rights and the others between the existence of competition, or existence of confusion, misunderstanding or the possibility of deception, reduce and weaken the well-known trademarks Its goods or services and the identification of significant capacity of the act. " In China, some scholars believe that "refers to dilute or weaken gradually weakened consumer or the public will be trademarks of the commercial sources with a specific link between the ability." Trademark faded and that the main theory is that many market operators have Using well-known trademarks of the desire of others, engage in well-known trademarks should be to prevent others from using its own unique identification of special protection. 1927, Frank • Si Kaite in the "Harvard Law reviews" wrote the first trademark dilute theory. He believes that people should not only be trademarks of others prohibit the use of the mark, he will compete in the commodity, and should prohibit the use of non-competitive goods on. He pointed out: the real role of trade marks, not distinguish between goods operators, but satisfied with the degree of difference between different commodities, so as to promote the continuous consumer purchase. From the basic function of trademarks, trade mark used in non-competitive goods, their satisfaction with regard to the distinction between the role of different commodities will be weakened and watered down. Trademarks of the more significant or unique, to the public the impression that the more deeply, that is, should be restricted to non-compete others in the use of goods or services. Since then, the Intellectual Property Rights Branch of the American Bar Association Chairman Thomas • E • Si Kaite Smith on the theory made a further elaboration and development. He said: "If the courts allow or laissez-faire 'Rolls Royce' restaurants, 'Rolls-Royce' cafeteria, 'Rolls-Royce' pants, 'Rolls-Royce' the 5 candy, then not 10 years, ' Rolls-Royce 'trademark owners will no longer have the world well-known trademarks. " Si Kaite in accordance with the theory of well-known trade marks have faded because of the effect of non-rights holders with well-known trademarks in the public mind the good image of well-known trademarks will be used in non-competitive goods, so as to gradually weaken or reduce the value of well-known trademarks, That is, by the well-known trademarks have credibility. Trademark tag is more significant or unique characteristics, which in the public mind the impression that the more deep, more is the need for increased protection, to prevent the well-known trade marks and their specific goods was the link between the weakening or disappearance. In practice, trademarks diluted share a wide range of operating methods, such as: A well-known trademarks of others will still use as a trademark, not only in the use of the same, similar to the goods or services. For example, household appliances, "Siemens" trademark as its own production of the furniture's trademark. 2. To other people's well-known trademarks as their corporate name of the component. Such as "Haier" trademark for the name of his restaurant. 3. To the well-known trademarks of others as the use of domain names. For example, watches trademark "OMEGA" registered the domain name for themselves (www.OMEGA.com). 4. To the well-known trademarks of others as a commodity and decorating use. 5. Will be others as well-known trade marks of goods or services using the common name. For example, "Kodak" interpreted as "film, is a camera with photographic material", or "film, also known as Kodak,……" This interpretation is also the mark of the water down. If the "Kodak" ignored the trademark owner, after a period of time, people will Kodak film is, the film is Kodak. In this way, the Kodak film-related goods has become the common name, it as a trademark by a significant, identifiable on limbo. The public well-known Jeep (Jeep), aspirin (Aspirin), freon 6 (Freon), and so was the registration of foreign goods are due to improper use and management and the protection of poor, evolved into similar products common name, Thus lost its trademark logo features. U.S. "anti-diluted Federal trademark law" before the implementation of the Federal Court of Appeal through the second from 1994 to 1996 case, identified the following violations including the Trademark Dilution: (1) vague, non-means as others in similar goods not on Authorized the use of a trademark so that the sales of goods and reduce the value of trademarks or weakened (2) pale, that is because of violations related to the quality, or negative, to demonize the acts described a trademark goods may be caused to others The negative effects of the situation, (3) to belittle, or improperly changed, or derogatory way to describe a trade mark case. The majority of our scholars believe that the well-known trademarks diluted There are two main forms: watered down and defaced. The so-called dilute the people will have no right to use the same or similar trademark with the well-known trademarks used in different types of commodities, thus making the mark with the goods weakened ties between the specific acts the so-called defaced is that people will have no right to use the same Or similar marks for the well-known trade marks will have to belittle good reputation, tarnished the role of different types of goods on the act. Some scholars believe that the desalination also refers to the three aspects of well-known trademarks damage. First, in a certain way to demonize the relevant well-known trademarks; Second, some way related to well-known trademark dark; Third is the indirect way so that consumers will distort trade mark goods for the general misunderstanding of the name. In general, can be diluted in the form summarized as follows: 1, weakening Weakening is a typical diluted form, also known as dark, is that others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or 7 services, thereby weakening the mark with its original logo of goods or services The link between, weakening the mark was a significant and identifiable, thus bearing the trade mark by the damage caused by acts of goodwill. Weakening the mark of recognition of the significant damage is serious, it can be the recognition of trademark dilution, was significant, or even make it completely disappeared, then to the mark by carrying the reputation of devastating combat. First, the weakening of the identification is the weakening and lower. Any unauthorized person, others will have some visibility in the use of a trademark is not the same, similar to the goods or services, will reduce its recognition of. But consumers were referred to the mark, it may no longer think of first is the original goods or services, not only is the original or goods or services, consumers simply will not even think of goods or services, but the Trademark Dilution of goods Or services. There is no doubt that this marks the recognition of, is a heavy blow. Weakening of the mark is significantly weakened and the lower. Mark is significantly different from other commercial trademark marked characteristics. A certain well-known trademarks, which in itself should be a very significant, very significant and can be quickly and other signs of its own separate. However, the Trademark Dilution of the same or similar trademarks used in different goods or services, so that was the trademark and other commercial marked difference in greatly reduced, to the detriment of its significant. Of course, regardless of the weakening of the mark was a significant or identifiable, are the ultimate impact of the mark by the bearer of goodwill. Because the trade mark is the carrier of goodwill, the mark of any major damage, the final performance for all bearing the trade mark by the goodwill of the damage. 2, tarnished Means others will have some well-known trademarks in the use of the good reputation of the trademark will have to belittle, defaced role of the goods or services on the act. Contaminate the trademarks of others, is a distortion of trade marks to 8 others, the use of the damage, not only reduced the value of the mark, even on such values were defaced. As tarnished reputation is a trademark of damage, so tarnished included in the diluted acts, is also relatively accepted view. Moreover, in the field of trademark faded, tarnished than the weakening of the danger of even greater acts, the consequences are more serious. 3, degradation Degradation is due to improper use of trademarks, trade mark goods for the evolution of the common name recognition and loss of function. Trademark Dilution degradation is the most serious kind. Degradation of the event, will completely lose their identification marks, no longer has the distinction function as the common name of the commodity. Fourth, protection against dilute Based on the well-known trademarks dilute the understanding, and accompanied by a serious weakening of well-known trademarks, all countries are gradually legislation to provide for the well-known trademarks to protect anti-diluted. There are specific models: 1, the development of special anti-dilute the protection of well-known trademarks The United States is taking this protection on behalf of the typical pattern. 1995, in order to prevent lower dilute "the only representative of the public eye, the unique image of the trademark" to protect "the trademark value of advertising," the U.S. Congress passed the National reunification of the "anti-federal trademark law watered down", so as to the well-known trademarks All provide the unified and effective national anti-dilute the protection. U.S. anti-diluted in trademark protection has been added a new basis for litigation, which is different from the traditional basis of trademark infringement litigation. Trademark infringement of the criteria is confusing, the possibility of 9 deception and misleading, and the Trademark Dilution criteria is unauthorized to others well-known trademarks of the public to reduce the use of the trademark instructions for goods and services only and in particular of Feelings. It is clear that the U.S. law is anti-diluted basis, "business reputation damage" and the possibility of well-known trade mark was a significant weakening of the possibility of providing relief. Moreover, anti-faded law does not require the application of competitive relations or the existence of possible confusion, which is more conducive to the exercise of trademark right to appeal. 2, through the Anti-Unfair Competition Law Protection Some countries apply anti-unfair competition law to protect famous trademarks from being watered down. Such as Greece, "Anti-Unfair Competition Law," the first one: "Prohibition of the Use of well-known trademarks in order to take advantage of different commodities on the well-known trademarks dilute its credibility was significant." Although some countries in the Anti-Unfair Competition Law does not explicitly prohibits trademark faded, but the Trademark Dilution proceedings, the application of unfair competition litigation. 3, through or under well-known trademark protection within the scope of trademark protection Most civil law countries is this way. 1991, "the French Intellectual Property Code," Di Qijuan trademark law section L.713-5 of the provisions that: not in similar goods or services on the use of well-known trade marks to the trademark owner or a loss caused by the improper use of trademarks , Against people should bear civil liability. Germany in 1995, "the protection of trademarks and other signs of" Article 14 also stipulates that: without the consent of the trademark rights of third parties should be banned in commercial activities, in and protected by the use of the trademark does not like similar goods or services , And the use of the trademark identical or similar to any signs. 10 4, in the judicial precedents in the application of anti-dilute the protection of In some countries there are no clear legislative provisions of the anti-dilute well-known trademarks, but in judicial practice, they are generally applicable civil law on compensation for the infringement of the debt to protect the interests of all well-known trademarks, through judicial precedents to dilute the protection of applicable anti. China's well-known trademarks in the protection of the law did not "water down" the reference, but on the substance of the relevant legal provisions, protection of anti-diluted. 2001 "Trademark Law" amendment to increase the protection of well-known trademarks, in particular, it is important to the well-known trademarks have been registered to conduct cross-category protection. Article 13 stipulates: "The meeting is not the same as or similar to the trademark application for registration of goods is copied, Mofang, translation others have been registered in the well-known trademarks, misleading the public, the standard of the well-known trade mark registration may be the interests of the damage, no registration And can not be used. " But needs to be pointed out that this provision does not mean that China's laws for the well-known trademarks has provided an effective anti-dilute the protection. "Trademark Law" will prohibit only well-known trademarks and trademarks of the same or similar use, without the same or similar goods not on the behavior, but the well-known trade marks have faded in various forms, such as the well-known trademarks for names, domain names, such acts Detract from the same well-known trademarks destroyed the logo of the ability to make well-known trade mark registration of the interests of damage, this is not a legal norms. It must be pointed out that the trade mark that should be paying attention to downplay acts of the following: 1, downplay acts are specifically for the well-known registered trade marks. Perpetrators diluted one of the main purpose is the free-rider, using the credibility of well-known trademarks to sell their products, and general use of 11 trademarks do not have this value. That acts to dilute limited to well-known trademarks, can effectively protect the rights of trademark rights, have not excessively restrict the freedom of choice of logo, is right to resolve the conflict right point of balance. "Trademark Law" will be divided into well-known trademarks have been registered and unregistered, and give different protection. Anti-has been watered down to protect only against the well-known trade marks registration, and for China not only well-known trade marks registered in the same or similar ban on the registration and use of goods. This reflects the "Trademark Law" the principle of protection of registered trademarks. 2, faded in the different categories of goods and well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar logo. If this is the same or similar goods with well-known trademarks for use on the same or similar to the logo should be in accordance with the general treatment of trademark infringement. There is also a need to downplay the use of the tags are similar to a well-known trademarks and judgments. 3, not all the non-use of similar products on the well-known trade marks and logos of the same or similar circumstances are all faded. When a trademark has not yet become well-known trademarks, perhaps there are some with the same or similar trademarks used in other types of goods on. In the well-known trademarks, the original has been in existence does not constitute a trademark of those who play down. 4, acts that play down the perpetrator does not need to consider the subjective mental state. Regardless of their out of goodwill or malicious, intentional or fault, is not watered down the establishment. But the acts of subjective mental state will assume responsibility for its impact on the manner and scope. Generally speaking, if the perpetrator acts intentionally dilute the responsibility to shoulder much weight, in particular, bear a heavier responsibility for damages, if the fault is the commitment 12 will be less responsibility. If there are no mistakes, just assume the responsibility to stop infringement. 5, due to anti-faded to protect well-known trade marks with a specific goods or services linked to well-known trademarks a long time widely used in a variety of goods, will inevitably lead to trademark the logo of a particular commodity producers play down the link, well-known trademarks A unique attraction to consumers will also be greatly reduced. So that should not be watered down to conduct a source of confusion for the conditions of goods, after all, not all the water down will cause consumers confusion. For example, a street shop's name is "Rolls-Royce fruit shop," people at this time there will be no confusion and that the shop and the famous Rolls-Royce trademark or producers of the contact. However, such acts can not be allowed, a large number of similar acts will dilute the Rolls-Royce trademark and its products linked to undermine the uniqueness of the trademark, if things continue this way when the mention of Rolls-Royce trademark, people may think of is not only Automobile, food, clothing, appliances, etc.. That faded as to cause confusion for the conditions, some will not dilute norms and suppression of acts, makes well-known trade marks are not well protected. Therefore, as long as it is a well-known trademark detract from the logo and unique ability to act on the behavior should be identified as diluted. 1. Zheng Chengsi: "Intellectual property law", legal publishers 2003 version. 2. Wu Handong editor: "Intellectual Property Law," China Politics and Law University Press 2002 edition. 3. Susan. Sela De: "The United States Federal trademark law dilute the anti-legislation and practice," Zhang Jin Yi, contained in the "Law on Foreign Translation" 1998 No. 4. 4. Kong Xiangjun: "Anti-Unfair Competition AFP theory," People's Court Press, 2001 edition. 5. Liu Ping, Qi Chang: "On the special protection of famous trademarks", in "law and 13 commercial" 1998 No. 6. 6. Well-Tao, Lu Zhou Li: "On the well-known trademarks to protect the anti-diluted", in "Law" 1998 No. 5. 2 外文参考文献原文 浅谈驰名商标之淡化与反淡化 一、驰名商标概述 驰名商标是指经过长期使用，在市场上享有较高声誉，为相关公众所熟知，并经一定程序认定的商标。自《巴黎公约》首次引入驰名商标的概念后，对驰名商标进行特殊保护已成为世界立法趋势。 巴黎公约规定:凡系被成员国认定为驰名商标的标识，一是禁止他人抢先注册，二是禁止他人使用与之相同或近似的标识。Trips更进一步规定:1，将巴黎公约的特殊保护延及驰名的服务商标;2，把保护范围扩大到禁止在不类似的商品或服务上使用与驰名商标相同或近似的标识;3，对如何认定驰名商标作了原则性的简单规定。 就各国的立法实践而言，对驰名商标的认定标准不尽相同，通常是根据具体的商标的宣传范围，相关领域公众知晓程度，标识商品促销范围和国家利益等因素综合认定。从国际条约保护驰名商标的初衷来看，驰名商标的认定与驰名商标的保护是紧密联系在一起的。 二、驰名商标的保护模式 对商标的保护主要有相对保护主义和绝对保护主义两种模式。 前者是指禁止他人将与驰名商标相同或近似的商标在与商标所有权人相同或近似的行业中注册或使用，至于在非类似商品上使用相同或近似的商标则是被允许的，《巴黎公约》采取的即是相对保护主义。 后者则是指禁止他人在任何行业，包括在与驰名商标商品不同或不相类似的行业中进行注册和使用与驰名商标相同或近似的商标，TRIPS协议采取的即是扩 14 张式的绝对保护主义。 在简单经济形式下，由于特定商标所指向的商品较为单一，因此商标与特定商品之间的联系较为紧密。随着的，一个有价值的驰名商标已被越来越多地运用到不同种类的商品上，而这些商品之间在类别属性上可能完全不同，从而发生了商标与商品类别联系的相对弱化和商标与商品生产者的相对分离。如不对驰名商标进行跨类别保护而任由他人注册，即使商品差异明显，公众仍会在新商品与信誉卓著的驰名商标权人之间建立联系，认为该商品可能是驰名商标权人的新商品，或者该商品与驰名商标权人之间存在某种法律上、组织上或业务上的关联，从而引起消费者的误购。在商品飞速发展的今天，相对保护主义已不能完善保护公众和驰名商标所有权人的利益。 有鉴于此，为了切实防止驰名商标的声誉、识别性和显著性特征及广告价值受到不当利用的损害，许多国家对驰名商标实行了绝对保护主义，即禁止在任何商品上使用与驰名商标相同或近似的商标。 TRIPS协议第16条第3款规定:巴黎公约1967年文本，原则上适用于与驰名商标所标识的商品或服务不类似的商品或服务，只要在不类似的商品或服务上使用该商标即会暗示该商品或服务与驰名商标上存在某种联系，使驰名商标所有人的利益可能因此受损。 三、驰名商标的淡化 对商标权的保护，主要有两大:一为混淆理论，一为淡化理论。 传统的商标保护主要针对商标的区别功能设计的，其理论依据为混淆理论。概言之，为确保商标所具有的可辨识、确认和区别于不同商品或服务的显著性特征，避免混淆、欺骗和讹误，法律赋予在先使用人或注册人一种独占权，即禁止任何人未经权利人许可而使用可能在消费者中造成混淆的相同或相似的商标。可见，在传统商标保护观念中，制止“混淆的可能”是商标保护的核心。 随着社会经济的发展和商业化程度的不断提高，驰名商标所蕴涵的巨大商业价值日益为人们所瞩目。与普通商标相比，驰名商标所承载的意义和内涵已超出了一般的商标权能，而更进一步象征着产品质量和信用，蕴涵了一种更具价值的 15 商业资产——商誉。驰名商标权利人利用其卓越的商誉引导着购买力，而不单是利用商标去区分不同的产品和生产者。 当商标的作用超出了避免混淆这一功能时，那么，显然混淆这个因素并不能覆盖一切，而其他一些因素就变得同等重要或更重要了。于是，在混淆理论的基础上，进而发展出淡化理论。 商标淡化(dilution)，也称商标稀释，是商标侵权理论之一。“淡化”一词，依据美国《联邦商标反淡化法》，是指“不管驰名商标权利人与他人之间是否存在竞争关系，或者存在混淆、误解或欺骗的可能性，减少、削弱驰名商标对其商品或服务的识别性和显著性能力的行为”。在我国，有学者认为，“淡化是指冲淡或者逐渐减弱消费者或者公众将商标与特定的商业来源之间联系起来的能力。”并认为商标淡化的主要理论依据是，许多市场经营者都有利用他人著名商标的欲望，知名度搞的商标应当受到防止他人利用其独有识别性的特别保护。 1927年，富兰克•斯凯特在《哈佛法学评论》上撰文首次提出商标淡化理论。他认为，商标权人不仅应当禁止他人将他的商标使用于相互竞争的商品上，而且应当禁止使用在非竞争的商品上。他指出:商标的真正作用，不是区别商品经营者，而是在满意程度方面区别不同的商品，从而促进消费者的不断购买。从商标的基本功能出发，在商标被使用在非竞争商品时，其在满意程度方面对不同商品的区别作用就会受到削弱和淡化。商标越是显著或独特，给公众的印象就越深，就是应当限制他人在非竞争商品或服务上使用。 此后，美国律师协会知识产权分会主席汤姆斯•E•史密斯对斯凯特的理论作了进一步的阐述和发展。他说:“如果法院容许或者放任‘劳斯莱斯’餐馆、‘劳斯莱斯’自助餐厅、‘劳斯莱斯’裤子、‘劳斯莱斯’糖果存在的话，那么不出十年，‘劳斯莱斯’商标的所有人将不再拥有这个世界驰名商标。” 按照斯凯特的理论，驰名商标淡化效应的产生是因为非权利人借助驰名商标在公众心目中的良好形象，将驰名商标用在非竞争商品上，从而逐渐削弱或降低了该驰名商标的身价，即该驰名商标所具有的信誉。商标标记越是具有显著特点或者唯一性，它在公众心目中的印象就越深，就越是需要加倍保护，以防止该驰名商标与其特定商品之间的联系被削弱或消失。 16 在实践中，商标淡化有着多种多样的操作方式，比如: 1将他人的驰名商标仍作为商标使用，只是使用在不相同、不相似的商品或服务上。例如，将家用电器“西门子”商标作为自己生产的家具的商标。 2.将他人的驰名商标作为自己企业名称的组成部分。例如将“海尔”商标用作自己餐馆的名称。 3.将他人的驰名商标作为域名使用。例如将手 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 商标“OMEGA”抢注为自己的域名(www.OMEGA.com)。 4.将他人的驰名商标作为商品的装潢使用。 5.将他人的驰名商标作为商品或服务的通用名称使用。例如将“柯达”解释为“胶卷，是照相用的一种感光材料”，或“胶卷，又名柯达，„„”这种解释行为也是对商标的淡化。如果“柯达”商标所有人置之不理，经过一段时间后，人们就会柯达就是胶卷，胶卷就是柯达。这样，柯达就成了胶卷类商品的通用名称，它作为商标所具有的显著性、识别性就不复存在了。公众所熟知的吉普(Jeep)、阿司匹林(Aspirin)、氟利昂(Freon)等本来都是国外的注册商品，由于使用和管理不当以及保护不周，演变成了同类产品的通用名称，从而失去了商标的标识功能。 美国《联邦商标反淡化法》实施以前，联邦第二上诉法院通过1994年至1996年的案例，认定了商标淡化包括下列侵权行为:(1)模糊，即指由于他人在非类似的商品上未经授权的使用，使某一商标的商品销售力和商标价值减少或削弱;(2)失色，即由于侵权者相关的质量，或不利的、丑化的行为描述某一商标，可能对他人商品引起的负效应的情形;(3)贬低，即以不当改变，或贬损的方式来描述某商标的情形。 我国多数学者认为，驰名商标的淡化主要有两种表现形式:冲淡和污损。所谓冲淡是无权使用人将相同或相似的商标用在与驰名商标不同类的商品上，从而使该商标与其商品间的特定联系弱化的行为;所谓污损，是指无权使用人将相同或相似的商标用于对该驰名商标的良好信誉会产生贬低、玷污作用的不同类商品上的行为。 也有学者认为淡化指的是在三个方面对驰名商标的损害。一是以一定方式丑 17 化有关驰名商标;二是以一定方式暗化有关驰名商标;三是以间接的曲解方式使消费者将商标误解为有关商品普通名称。 综合而言，可以将淡化的形式概括如下: 1、弱化 弱化是一种典型的淡化形式，也称暗化，是指将他人具有一定知名度的商标使用在不相同、不相似的商品或服务上，从而削弱了该商标与它原来所标识的商品或服务之间的联系，削弱了该商标的显著性和识别性，进而对该商标所承载的商誉造成损失的行为。弱化对商标的识别性、显著性的损害是严重的，它可以稀释商标的识别性、显著性，甚至使之完全消失，进而给该商标所承载的商誉，带来毁灭性打击。 当然，不管弱化的使商标的显著性还是识别性，最终影响的都是该商标所承载的商誉。因为商标是商誉的载体，任何对商标大损害，最终都表现为对该商标所承载的商誉的损害。 2、玷污 即指将他人具有一定知名度的商标使用在对该商标的良好信誉会产生贬低、污损作用的商品或服务上的行为。玷污他人商标，是对他人商标的歪曲、损毁性使用，不仅降低了该商标的价值，甚至还对这种价值进行了污损。由于玷污也是一种损害商标商誉的行为，所以玷污包含在淡化行为内，也是比较公认的看法。而且，在商标淡化领域，玷污行为比弱化行为的危害性更大，后果也更为严重。 3、退化 退化是指由于商标使用不当，商标演变为商品的通用名称而失去识别功能。退化无疑是商标淡化中最严重的一种。退化一旦发生，商标将彻底丧失识别性，不再具有区别功能，成为了商品的通用名称。 四、反淡化保护 基于对驰名商标淡化的不断认识，且伴随着驰名商标淡化的严重，各国都逐步展开立法为驰名商标提供反淡化保护。具体有以下模式: 18 1、制定专门的反淡化法保护驰名商标 美国是采取这一保护模式的典型代表。 1995年，为了防止淡化降低“公众心目中代表唯一、独特的商标形象”，以保护“商标的广告价值”，美国国会通过了全美统一的《联邦商标反淡化法》，从而为驰名商标的所有人提供全国性的统一有效的反淡化保护。 美国反淡化法在商标保护中增加了一个新的诉讼依据，这不同于传统的商标侵权的诉讼依据。商标侵权的判定标准是混淆、欺骗和误导的可能性，而商标淡化的判定标准是，未经授权而对他人驰名商标的使用减低了公众对该商标指示商品和服务的唯一性和特别性的感受。很明显，美国的反淡化法是依据“商业信誉损害”的可能性和驰名商标显著性的淡化的可能性提供救济的。而且，由于反淡化法的适用不 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 具有竞争关系或混淆可能的存在，这更有利于商标权人行使诉权。 2、通过反不正当竞争法保护 有些国家适用反不正当竞争法来保护驰名商标免于被淡化。如希腊《反不正当竞争法》第1条规定:“禁止使用驰名商标于不同商品上以利用驰名商标信誉冲淡其显著性”。有的国家尽管在反不正当竞争法中没有明确规定禁止商标淡化行为，但有关商标淡化诉讼中，适用不正当竞争诉讼。 3、通过商标保护或归入驰名商标保护范围之内 大陆法系国家多数采用这种方式。1991年《法国知识产权法典》第七卷商标法部分第L.713-5条中即规定:在不类似的商品或服务上使用驰名商标给商标所有人造成损失或者构成对该商标不当使用的，侵害人应当承担民事责任。 德国1995年《商标和其他标志保护法》第14条中也规定:未经商标权利人同意应禁止第三方在商业活动中，在与受保护的商标所使用的不相近似的商品或服务上，使用与该商标相同或近似的任何标志。 4、在司法判例中适用反淡化保护 有些国家在立法上没有明确规定驰名商标的反淡化，但是在司法实践中，他 19 们一般是适用民法上的侵权赔偿之债来保护驰名商标所有人的利益的，即通过司法判例来适用反淡化保护。 我国对驰名商标保护的法律中没有“淡化”的提法，但就相关法律规定的实质来说，属于反淡化保护。2001年《商标法》修订后增加了对驰名商标保护的规定，尤其重要的是对已注册的驰名商标进行跨类别的保护。第13条规定:“就不相同或者补相类似商品申请注册的商标是复制、摹仿、翻译他人已经在注册的驰名商标，误导公众，制式该驰名商标注册人的利益可能受到损害的，不予注册并不能使用。” 但需要指出的是，这一规定并不意味着我国法律已经为驰名商标提供了有效的反淡化保护。《商标法》只禁止将与驰名商标相同或相似的商标使用在不相同或不相似的商品上的行为，然而对驰名商标的淡化有多种形式，如将驰名商标用作名称、域名，这些行为同样毁减损驰名商标的标识能力，使驰名商标注册人的利益受到损害，法律对此则没有进行规范。 1(郑成思著:《知识产权法》，法律出版社2003年版。 2(吴汉东主编:《知识产权法》，中国政法大学出版社2002年版。 3(苏珊.瑟拉德:《美国联邦商标反淡化法的立法与实践》，张今译，载于《外国法评译》1998年第4期。 4(孔祥俊著:《反不正当竞争法新论》，人民法院出版社，2001年版。 5(刘平、戚昌文:《论驰名商标的特殊保护》，载于《法商》1998年第6期。 6(井涛、陆周莉:《论驰名商标的反淡化保护》，载于《法学》1998年第5期。 20