外国著名作家简介

外国著名作家简介 外国重要作家的国别及代表作 1.欧美部分 《荷马史诗》即《伊得亚特》和《奥德赛》，是古希腊最著名的两部史诗。相传是盲诗人荷马所编。它以英雄人物为中心，采用英雄格(六音步扬抑抑格)诗体，风格崇高，规模宏伟，富于戏剧性，生活气息浓厚。 《荷马史诗》是人民群众思想、智慧和艺术才能的结晶，为欧洲文学史上最优秀的作品，被誉为欧洲史诗典范，并为以后的文学艺术提供丰富素材，对欧洲文学的发展影响深远。 《伊索寓言》古代希腊寓言的汇编。相传为伊索所作。它主要反映下层平民和奴隶的思想感情，总结他们的丰富斗争经验和生活教训。它的艺术性也较高，短小精悍，比喻恰当，形象生动，语言精炼，寓意深刻，为广大群众所喜闻乐见。它是欧洲最早的寓言集，在欧洲文学史上奠定了寓言创作的基础。后代作家经常引用它。或为重新创作的题材，或为抨击暴政，讽刺敌人的武器。 希腊神话它主要包括神的故事和英雄传说两大类。神的故事包括开天辟地、神的产生、谱系以及人类起源等待。古希腊的神都自私、任性、爱享乐、爱虚荣、好争权夺利、嫉妒心和复仇心很强，可能是根据奴隶主贵族的形象来塑造的。英雄传说，内容是歌颂在同自然和社会斗争中建立过功勋的各氏族部落的英雄，他们体力过人，联盟机智，百折不挠，品德高尚，是古代劳动令人忧伤集体力量、智慧和高贵品质的化身。它为古希腊文学艺术提供了丰富的素材，对欧洲文学发展起了深远的影响。 莎士比亚(1564-1616)欧洲文艺复兴时期英国最杰出的戏剧家和诗人。马克思赞誉他是“人类最伟大的戏剧天才”。他的主要成绩 就是戏剧，其主要著作有历史剧《亨利四世》、喜剧《仲夏夜之梦》《威尼斯商人》、四大悲剧《哈姆雷特》《奥赛罗》《李尔王》《麦克白》悲剧《罗密欧与朱丽叶》。 拜伦(1788-1824)英国积极浪漫主义诗人。重要作品有长诗《恰尔德?哈洛尔德游记》《东方叙事诗》和代表作讽刺诗体小说《唐璜》。他的创作对欧洲浪漫主义文学有较大影响。 雪莱(1792-1822)英国积极浪漫主义诗人，代表作是长诗《解放了的普罗米修斯》，抒情短诗《西风颂》和《致云雀》是脍炙人口的名篇。 夏洛蒂?勃朗诗(1816-1855)英国作家，有著名长篇小说《简?爱》。 萨克雷(1811-1863)英国作家，有著名长篇小说《名利扬》。 狄更斯(1812-1870)十九世纪英国批判现实主义的杰出代表。他一生共写了十几部长篇小说，还有许多中短篇小说、杂文和戏剧等。《大卫?科波菲尔》是他的代表作。重要作品还有《艰难时世》《双城记》等。狄更斯以高度的艺术概括和生动的细节描写，真实地反映了十九世纪中叶英国的社会风貌。 笛福(1660-1731)英国小说家。他的作品有《鲁滨孙漂流记》《辛格顿船长》《大疫年日记》等。《鲁滨孙漂流记》是英国每一部现实主义长篇小说，对英国小说的发展起了很大作用。笛福被誉为“英国和欧洲小说之父”。 伏尼契(1864-1960)爱尔兰女作家。其代表作是《牛虻》。 莫里哀(1622-1673)原名约翰?巴狄斯特?波克兰，法国古典主义喜剧创建者。他一生共创作了三十七部喜剧，是世界剧作家中成就最高者之一。《伪君子》《唐璜》《悭吝人》是世界喜剧最出色的作品。 巴尔扎克(1799-1850)十九世纪法国批判现实主义文学的杰出代表。代表作《人间喜剧》包括九十六部长篇小说和中短篇小说。书中广泛而又深刻地反映了十九世纪中期的法国社会生活。形象地描绘了贵族阶级如何在资产阶级暴发户的腐蚀和逼攻下逐渐灭亡，无情地揭露和有力地批判了资产阶级的怎么贪婪、卑鄙丑恶和资本主义社会人与人之间赤裸裸的金钱关系，是世界文学规模最宏大的创作之一，也是人类思维劳动最辉煌的成果之一。革命导师马克思和恩格斯非常推崇巴尔扎克，认为他“对现实关系具有深刻的理解”称赞他是现实主义大师。作品有《高老头》《幻灭》《欧也妮?葛朗台》等。 雨果(1802-1885)十九世纪法国浪漫主义文学运动领袖人物和代表作家，最著名的作品有《巴黎圣母院》《悲惨世界》等。 都德(1840-1897)十九世纪下半叶法国现实主义作家。长篇小说的代表作是《小东西》等，短篇小说《最后一课》和《柏林之围》，以其深刻的爱国主义内容和精湛的艺术技艺而享有极高的声誉，成为世界短篇小说的杰作。 莫泊桑(1850-1893)法国著名小说家。他共写了三百五十多篇中短篇小说，六部长篇小说，三本游记，以及许多文学、政治和时事评论。其作品的基本主题是暴露资产阶级精神面貌和社会风气的腐败堕落，是举世公认的短篇小说大师。其著名作品短篇小说有《羊脂球》《项链》《我的叔叔于勒》《菲菲小姐》等，长篇小说以《一生》《漂亮朋友》为代表。 福楼拜(1821-1880)法国作家，有长篇小说《包法利夫人》《情感世界》。 大仲马(1802-1870)法国作家，有长篇小说《茶花女》等。 罗曼?罗兰(1866-1944)法国作家。十九世纪末开始文学创作，早期主要写剧本，如《丹东》《爱与死的搏斗》等。二十世纪初，陆续发表《贝多芬传》《托尔斯泰传》等传记歌颂优秀人物。十月革命后，思想受到鼓舞，从此与高尔基并肩战斗。1931年发表《向过去告别》。罗曼?罗兰成就最高的代表作是《约翰?克利斯朵夫》，是二十世纪初期世界文学创作中最伟大的收获之一。他成为二十世纪初最重要作家之一，1915年获得诺贝尔文学奖。 欧仁?鲍狄埃(1816-1887)伟大的法国工人诗人，巴黎公社的坚强战士。1865年加入第一国际，成了工人运动的活动家。巴黎公社诞生后，他被选为公社委员，公社失败后的第二天，他写下了《国际歌》，是世界上无产阶级政权历史经验的艺术总结，是无产阶级艺术的优秀典范。 司汤达(1783-1842)原名亨利?贝尔，法国批判现实主义作家，《红与黑》是批判现实主义杰作，深刻地表现了当时社会历史的本质特征。 普希金(1799-1837)杰出的俄罗斯民族诗人，十九世纪俄国积极浪漫主义文学的代表和批判现实主义文学的奠基人。他的作品富有人民性，被称为“俄罗斯生活百科全书”。他一生写了800多首抒情诗，包括著名的《自由颂》《致恰达耶夫》《致大海》《致诗人》等;叙事诗《茨冈》《青铜骑士》;长篇小说《上尉的女儿》;短篇小说集《别尔金小说集》和代表作长篇诗体小说《叶甫盖尼?奥涅金》。普希金是“俄国文学的始祖。” 果戈里(1809-1852)十九世纪上半叶俄国最优秀的讽刺作家。批判现实主义文学的奠基人。1836年发表的讽刺喜剧《钦差大臣》是一部批判现实主义的优秀剧作，是俄国现实主义喜剧史上的一座里程碑。长篇小说《死魂灵》标志着他的创作最高峰。 车尔尼雪夫斯基(1828-1889)俄国革命民主主义者，唯物主义哲学家、批评家、作家。早期著有《艺术对现实的审美关系》，著名 小说《怎么办,》是他的代表作。被列宁称作“唯一真正伟大的俄国著作家。” 列夫?托尔斯泰(1828-1910)十九世纪后半期俄国伟大的批判现实主义作家，也是举世公认的世界文学史上成绩卓著的艺术大师。他的全集达九十三卷之多，但使他登上欧洲批判现实主义文学高峰的主要还是三部里程碑式的长篇小说《战争与和平》《安娜?卡列尼娜》和《复活》。 契诃夫(1860-1904)十九世纪末期俄国杰出的批判现实主义作家，举世闻名的短篇小说巨匠和著名的剧作家，他一生致力于短篇小说创作，共创作四百七十多篇中、短篇小说和十几个剧本，是世界上最优秀的短篇小说作家之一。他的代表作短篇小说《套中人》《变色龙》《哀伤》《苦恼》《万卡》等。剧本《万尼亚舅舅》《伊凡诺夫》《海鸥》《樱桃园》等都是轰动世界的杰作。他是俄国文学史上第一个以短篇小说为主要创作体裁而登上世界文学高峰的人。 屠格涅夫(1818-1883)俄国作家，有短篇作品集《猎人笔记》，长篇小说《罗亭》《父与子》等。 高尔基(1868-1936)原名阿列克塞?马克西莫维奇?披什科夫，伟大的无产阶级作家、原苏联社会主义文学奠基人。著有《高尔基全集》六十九卷。其中著名的作品有自传体三部曲《童年》《在人间》《我的大学》等。《母亲》的他的代表作。 尼古拉?奥斯特洛夫斯基(1904-1936)原苏联作家。代表作是长篇小说《钢铁是怎样炼成的》。小说出版后受到广大青年的热烈欢迎。1935年荣获列宁勋章。另有一长篇小说《暴风雨所诞生的》第一卷。 法捷耶夫(1901-1956)原苏联作家。他的长篇小说《毁灭》和《青年近卫军》被公认属于苏联最优秀的无产阶级文学。 马雅可夫斯基(1893-1930)原苏联诗人。他的代表作是长诗《列宁》。 肖洛霍夫(1905- )原苏联当代著名作家。代表作《静静的顿河》1965年荣获诺贝尔文学奖金。 歌德(1749-1832)德国伟大的诗人和思想家，德国文学最高成就的代表，也是世界文学史上最重要的作者之一。早期重要作品历史名剧《葛兹?冯?伯利欣根》，诗歌《普罗米修斯》和书信体小说《少年维特之烦恼》，使他亨名世界。代表作《浮士德》是一部不朽的杰作，被认为十八世纪末至十九世纪初德国先进思想在艺术上的最高成就。 席勒(1759-1805)德国剧作家，有著名剧本《阴谋与爱情》。 海涅(1797-1856)十九世纪德国杰出的革命民族主义诗人和政论家。长诗《德国――一个冬天的童话》是他的代表作。《西里西亚的纺织工人》是他的著名政治诗，第一次塑造了自学埋葬旧制度的资产阶级掘墓人的形象。 惠特曼(1819-1892)十九世纪德国杰出的革命民主主义诗人。《草叶集》是他的代表作。 马克?吐温(1835-1910)美国杰出的幽默讽刺作家。长篇小说《哈克贝利?费恩历险记》，短篇小说《竞选州长》是他的代表作。晚年著有《败坏了赫德莱堡的人》等名篇。 海明威(1899-1961)美国本世纪影响最大的作家之一，1954年获得诺贝尔文学奖金。作品有《永别了，武器》《老人与海》等。 欧?亨利(1862-1910)美国短篇小说家。他一生共创作短篇小说约三百篇和一部长篇小说。《警察与赞美诗》《麦琪的礼物》《黄雀在后》《最后的腾叶》等作品，都精心构思的短篇杰作。 但丁(1265-1321)意大利文艺复兴的伟大先驱，代表作《神曲》是不朽的伟大著作。 塞万提斯(1547-1616)文艺复兴时期西班牙杰出的现实主义小说家。他的代表作是长篇小说《堂?吉诃德》，成就在于塑造了堂吉诃德这样一个脱离实际的主观主义的文学典型。它是西班牙古典艺术的高峰，也是欧洲文学史上的一座里程碑。 安徒生(1805-1875)丹麦童话作家。他一生共写童话一百六十多篇，是世界上最卓越的童话作家之一。名篇有《皇帝的新装》《夜莺》《丑小鸭》《卖火柴的小女孩》《影子》《老房子》《母亲的故事》《园丁和主人》等，都已列入世界最优秀童话之列。 易卜生(1926-1906)挪威剧作家。他1848年开始写作，一生共创作剧本二十部。著名作品有《社会问题》《玩偶之家》《群鬼》《人民公敌》等社会问题剧。 伏契克(1903-1943)捷克斯洛伐克民族英雄新闻记者作家。著有《亲爱的国家里》等作品。《绞刑架下的报告》是他在法西斯监狱秘密写下的一部长篇特写，成为鼓舞全世界革命者的战斗作品。 2.亚洲部分 泰戈尔(1861-1941)印度作家诗人和社会活动家。主要作品有《莫歌》和《晨歌》，著名的《故事诗》在印度广为流传。1921年问世的《吉檀迦利》荣获诺贝尔文学奖，他是亚洲第一个获得诺贝尔文学奖的作家。作品还有《园丁集》《飞鸟集》《新月集》。 《一千零一夜》古代阿拉伯著名的民间故事集，旧译《天方夜谭》。全书充满着奇妙瑰丽的幻想，又洋溢着现实主义的生活气息，它以题材多样和不拘一格的艺术手法，生动地反映了古代阿拉伯国家的社会制度生活方式和风土人情。有许多故事歌颂劳动人民的优秀品质，如《渔夫的故事》《阿里巴巴》等。但在长期的流传过程中，混杂了统治阶级的腐朽思想和人民群众的落后意识。它已被译成世界各种文字广泛流传，深受各国人民的赞赏，对西文的文学戏剧、音乐和绘制都有过一定的影响。 紫式部(约978-约1015)日本作家，有长篇古典小说《源氏物语》。 (一)希腊 I(宙斯(罗马神话称为朱庇特)，希腊神话中最高的天神，掌管雷电云雨，是人和神的主宰。 2(阿波罗，希腊神话中宙斯的儿子，主管光明、青春、音乐、诗歌等，常以手持弓箭的又少年形象出现。 3(雅典那，希腊神话中智慧女神，雅典城邦的保护神。 4(潘多拉，希腊神话中的第一个女人。貌美性诈，私自打开宙斯送她的一只盒子，里面装的疾病、疯狂、罪恶、嫉妒等祸患，一齐飞出，只有希望留在盒底，人间因此充满灾难。"潘多拉的盒子"成为"祸灾的来源"的同义语。 5(普罗米修斯，希腊神话中造福人间的神。盗取天火带到人间，并传授给人类多种手艺，触怒宙斯，被锁在高加索山崖，受神鹰啄食。是一个反抗强暴、不惜为人类牺牲一切的英雄。 6(斯芬克司，希腊神话中的狮身女怪。常叫过路行人猜谜，猜不出即将行人杀害;后因谜底被俄底浦斯道破，即自杀。后常喻"谜"一样的人物。埃及狮身人面像同名。 7(荷马，古希腊盲诗人。主要作品为《伊利亚特》为《伊利昂纪》《奥德赛》译为《奥德修纪》《伊》叙述十年特洛伊战争，《奥》写特洛伊战争结束后，希腊英雄奥德赛历险回乡的故事。马克思称赞它"显示出永久的魅力"。 (二)英国 8(莎士比亚，文艺复兴时期伟大的剧作家和诗人，主要作品为剧本37部，悲剧有《哈姆雷特》、《奥赛罗》《麦克白》、《李尔王》和《罗密欧与朱丽叶》等，喜剧有《威尼斯商人》《第十二夜》《皆大欢喜》等，历史剧有《理查二世》、《亨利四世》等。马克思称之为"人类最伟大的戏剧天才"。 9(笛福，著名小说家，主要作品为《鲁滨逊漂流记》，描写资产阶级上升时期的英雄。 10(拜伦，伟大诗人。代表作为诗体小说《唐璜》通过青年贵族唐璜的种种经历，抨击欧洲反动的封建势力。 11(雪菜，积极浪漫主义诗人。主要作品为诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》抒情诗《西风颂》、《云雀颂》、《自由颂》等。诗剧表达反抗专制统治的斗争必将胜利的信念。浪漫主义诗人最优秀的代表之一。欧洲文学史上最早歌颂空想社会主义的诗人之一。 12(狄更斯，作家，主要作品为长篇小说《大卫、科波菲尔》、《艰难时世》《双城记》揭露资产阶级的贪婪、伪善和司法、行政机构的腐败。是英国批判现实主义文学的重要代表。 13(柯南道尔，作家，主要作品为侦探小说《福尔摩斯探案》世界上最著名的侦探小说。 14(肖伯纳，戏剧家，主要作品为《华伦夫人的职业》、《鳏夫的房产》、《巴巴拉少校》、《苹果车》等，揭露了资本主义社会的伪善和罪恶，同情工人阶级。 (三)法国 15(莫里哀，伟大的喜剧家，是世界喜剧作家中成就最高者之一。主要作品为《伪君子》《悭吝人》等共37部喜剧。鞭挞封建制度和丑恶势力，是世界喜剧中最出色的作品。 16(雨果，伟大作家，欧洲19世纪浪漫主义文学最卓越的代表。主要作品为长篇小说《巴黎圣母院》、《悲惨世界》、《笑面人》、《九三年》等。《悲》写失业短工冉阿让因偷吃一片面包被抓迸监狱。后改名换姓，当上企业主和市长，但终不能摆脱迫害。 17(司汤达，批判现实主义作家。代表作为《红与黑》写不满封建制度的平民青年于连，千方百计向上爬，最终被送上断兴台。"红"是将军服色，指"入军界"的道路;"黑"是主教服色，指当神父、主教的道路。 18(巴尔扎克，世界文学界的伟人，现实主义大师。主要作品为《人间喜剧》包括(高老头)、《欧也妮(葛朗台》、《贝姨》、《邦斯舅舅》等。是世界文学中规模最宏伟的创作之一，也是人类思维劳动最辉煌的成果之一。马克思称它"提供了一部法国社会特别是巴黎上流社会的卓越的现实主义历史"。 19(都德，著名作家。主要作品为长篇小说代表作《小东西》等，短篇小说有《最后一课》、《柏林之围》等。与福楼拜、左拉、龚古尔、屠格涅夫组成文学社团"五人聚餐会"。 (莫泊桑，被称为"短篇小说巨匠"。主要作品为长篇小说《一生》《俊友》短篇小说(羊脂球》20 (我的叔叔于勒》、《项链》 21(欧仁(鲍狄埃，工人诗人。主要作品为《国际歌》工人作曲家比尔(狄盖特谱曲)，列宁说他是"一位最伟大的用歌作为工具的宣传家"。 22(罗曼(罗兰，作家，诺贝尔文学奖获得者。主要作品为长篇小说《约翰(克利斯朵夫》描写一个以个人奋斗来反抗社会的艺术家的悲剧人物(以贝多芬为原型)。 (四)德国、俄国(苏联) 23(歌德，德国文学最高成就的代表者。主要作品为书信体小说(少年维特之烦恼)诗剧(浮士德) 24(席勒，诗人、剧作家。主要作品为《阴谋与爱情》(剧本)《欢乐颂》(诗)。 25(海涅，诗人，政论家，马克思的朋友。主要作品为(酉里西亚的纺织工人)、《德国--- 一个冬天的童话》 26(普希金。伟大诗人。主要作品为抒情诗(自由颂》叙事诗(青铜骑士》，长篇诗体小说《叶甫盖尼(奥涅金》童话诗《渔夫和金鱼的故事》等。对19世纪俄国文学的发展起了 开创和奠基的作用，是俄罗斯文学语言的典范，享有世界声眷。"同志，相信吧:迷人的幸福的星辰就要上升，射出光芒!"代致恰达耶夫门 27(果戈理(19世纪俄国最优秀的讽刺作家，批判现实主义文学的奠基人。主要作品为讽刺喜(钦差大臣)，长篇小说《死魂灵》。 剧 28(冈察洛夫，作家。主要作品为《奥勃洛摩夫》 29(屠洛涅夫，主要作品为长篇小说《罗亭》《父与子》、(贵族之家》，散文故事集《猎人笔记》中篇小说 《木木》。(猎》的短篇描写农奴的悲惨 生活，抨击农奴制度，被誉为"一部点燃火种的书"。 30(列夫(托尔斯泰，杰出的现实主义作家，主要作品为长篇小说(战争与和平)《安娜(卡列尼娜》、(复活)等。世界现实主义文学的顶峰之一，列宁称之为"俄国革命的一面镜子"。 31(契坷夫，作家。主要作品为短篇小说《小公务员之死》〈变色龙〉、(套中人)中篇小说(第六病室)剧本(海鸥)《万尼亚舅舅》《三姊妹》是俄罗斯唯一以短篇小说创作登上世界文坛高峰的作家。 32(高尔基(无产阶级伟大作家。主要作品为自传体三部曲《童年》《在人间》《我的大学》长篇小说〈母亲》散文诗(海燕)等。列宁称之为。无产阶级艺术的最杰出代表"，称(母亲)是一部"非常及时的书"。 33(尼(奥斯特洛夫斯基。主要作品为《钢铁是怎样炼成的》 (五)其它国家 34(但丁，意大利，伟大诗人，文艺复兴的先驱。恩格斯称他是"中世纪的最后一位诗人，同时又是新时代的最初一位诗人"。主要作品为《神曲》叙事长诗，由《地狱》《净界》 《天堂》三部分组成)。以幻想形式，写但丁迷路，被人导引神游三界。在地狱中见到贪官污吏等受着惩罚，在净界中见到贪色贪财等较轻罪人，在天堂里见到殉道者等高贵的灵魂。 35(薄伽丘，意大利，文艺复兴时期重要作家，人文主义的重要代表。主要作品为短篇小说集《十日谈》10个青年为了躲避瘟疫，住到郊外一个庄园里，每天每人讲一个故事，10天共讲了100 个故事。反对等级制度和禁欲主义，要求自由解放。 36(塞万提斯，西班牙。主要作 品为《堂(吉河德》描写堂(吉词德和侍从桑乔(潘萨的冒险经历。揭露封建势力的丑恶，讽刺骑士制度和骑 士文学。是欧洲最早的优秀现实主义长篇小说。" 37，安徒生，丹麦童话作家。主要作品为《丑小鸭》《皇帝的新装》《卖火柴的小女孩》等。世界上最优秀的童话作品之一。 38(密茨凯维支(波兰杰出诗人。被誉为"飞禽之王----鹰"。主要作品为(青春颂)被誉为波兰青年的(马赛曲)。 39(裴多菲，匈牙利，十九世纪最优秀的积极浪漫主义诗人。主要作品为(民族之歌》《反对国王》等。 40(易卜生，挪威，戏剧家。"问题剧"的代表作家。主要作品为《玩偶之家》《国民公敌》20多个剧本。尖锐地揭露资本主义社会的种种矛盾，是世界戏剧作品的瑰宝。 41(惠特曼，美国伟大诗人，主要作品为诗集<草叶集》其中包括(敲呀!叔呀!敲呀这样的战斗诗篇。打破传统诗的格律，首创自由体新诗。反对蓄奴，争取自由平等。 42(马克(吐温，美国作家。主要作品为长篇讽刺小说《镀金时代》儿童文学《汤姆(索亚历险记》短篇小说(竞选州长)、(百万英镑》等;对资夺主义的现实认识不断深化(由轻松的幽默转向了辛辣的讽刺。 '43(欧(亨利，美国短篇小说家。主要作品为《麦琪的礼物)、 (警察与赞美诗》、《最后一片藤叶》等，约300篇。被誊为 "美国生活幽默的百科全书"。 4(海明威，美国作家，诺贝尔文学奖获得者。代表作是中篇小说 《老人与海》。描写一个老渔夫与鲨鱼搏斗的故事，表现 "人的能耐可以达到什么程度，描写人的灵魂的尊严"。 45(小林多喜二，日本作家， 日本无产阶级文学的奠基者。代表作有中篇小说 (蟹工船》等。描写渔工悲惨的生活和觉醒、斗争。 46(秦戈尔，印度诗人;作家。诺贝尔文学奖获得者。诗集有《鸟集》、《新月集》，长篇小说 《沉船》等。他的 《人民的意志》一诗被定为印度国歌。 古希腊罗马: 荷马，伊索，阿里索托芬 等 欧洲中世纪: 罗兰 但丁 等 文艺复兴时期: 卜迦丘 拉伯雷 塞万提斯 乔叟 托马斯?莫尔 莎士比亚 17世纪 莫里哀 弥尔顿 十八世纪启蒙文学家 伏尔泰 狄德罗 卢梭 博马舍 笛福 斯威夫特 菲尔丁 席勒 歌德 十九世纪: 拜伦 雪莱 雨果 乔治?桑 大仲马 小仲马 海涅 乔万尼奥里 司汤达 巴尔扎克 福楼 拜 左拉 莫泊桑 都德 罗曼罗兰 狄更斯 萨克雷 哈代 肖伯纳 伏尼契 普希金 莱蒙托夫 果戈理 屠格涅夫 车尔尼雪夫斯基 奥斯特洛夫斯基 萨尔迪科夫 契 诃夫 裴多菲 安徒生 易普生 欧洲早期无产阶级文学家 鲍狄埃 苏联文学家: 高尔基 马雅可夫斯基 托尔斯泰 法捷耶夫 美国文学家: 惠特曼 斯托夫人 马克?吐温 欧?亨利 杰克?伦敦 德来赛 海明威 等等 (英文版 ) Two regulations promulgated for implementation is in the party in power for a long time and the rule of law conditions, the implementation of comprehensive strictly strategic plan, implementation in accordance with the rules and discipline to manage the party, strengthen inner-party supervision of major initiatives. The two regulations supporting each other, the < code > adhere to a positive advocate, focusing on morality is of Party members and Party leading cadres can see, enough to get a high standard; < rule > around the party discipline, disciplinary ruler requirements, listed as "negative list, focusing on vertical gauge, draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the" bottom line ". Here, the main from four square face two party rules of interpretation: the first part introduces two party Revised regulations the necessity and the revision process; the second part is the interpretation of the two fundamental principles of the revision of laws and regulations in the party; the third part introduces two party regulations modified the main changes and needs to grasp several key problems; the fourth part on how to grasp the implementation of the two regulations of the party. < code > and < Regulations > revised the necessity and revised history of the CPC Central Committee the amendment to the Chinese Communist Party members and leading cadres honest politics several guidelines > and < Chinese Communist Party discipline and Punishment Regulations > column 1 by 2015 to strengthen party laws and regulations focus. Two party regulations revision work lasted a Years, pooling the wisdom of the whole party, ideological consensus, draw historical experience, respect for the wisdom of our predecessors, which reflects the unity of inheritance and innovation; follow the correct direction, grasp the limited goals, adhere to the party's leadership, to solve the masses of the people reflect a focus on the problem. The new revision of the < code > and < rule >, reflects the party's 18 and the eighth session of the third, the spirit of the fourth plenary session, reflecting the experience of studying and implementing the General Secretary Xi Jinping series of important speech, reflects the party's eighteen years comprehensive strictly practice. (a) revised two regulations of the party need of < the ICAC guidelines > in < in 1997 Leaders as members of the Communist Party of China clean politics certain criteria (Trial) > based on revised, the promulgation and implementation of January 2010, to strengthen the construction of the contingent of leading cadres play an important role. But with the party to manage the party strictly administering the deepening, has not been able to fully meet the actual needs. Content is too complicated, "eight prohibition, 52 are not allowed to" hard to remember, and also difficult to put into practice; the second is concisely positive advocated by the lack of prohibited provisions excessive, no autonomy requirements; the third is banned terms and discipline law, both with the party discipline, disciplinary regulations repeat and Criminal law and other laws and regulations repeat; the fourth is to "clean" the theme is not prominent, not for the existing problems, and is narrow, only needle of county-level leading cadres above. < rule > is in 1997 < Chinese Communist Party disciplinary cases (Trial) > based on revision, in December 2003 the promulgation and implementation, to strengthen the construction of the party play very important role. Along with the development of the situation, which many provisions have been unable to fully meet the comprehensive strictly administering the practice needs. One is Ji law, more than half of the provisions and criminal law and other countries laws and regulations Repetition; two is the political discipline regulations is not prominent, not specific, for violation of the party constitution, damage the authority of Party Constitution of misconduct lack necessary and serious responsibility to pursue; third is the main discipline for the leading cadres, does not cover all Party members. Based on the above situation, need to < the criterion of a clean and honest administration > and < rule > the two is likely to be more relevant regulations first amendment. By revising, really put the authority of Party discipline, the seriousness in the party tree and call up the majority of Party members and cadres of the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness. (II) two party regulations revision process the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China attaches great importance to two regulations revision . Xi Jinping, general books recorded in the Fifth Plenary Session of the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, on the revised regulations < > made clear instructions. According to the central deployment, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection from 2014 under six months begin study two regulations revision. The Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection 4 review revised. Comrade Wang Qishan 14 times held a special meeting to study two regulations revision, amendment clarifies the direction, major issues of principle, path and target, respectively held a forum will listen to part of the province (area) secretary of the Party committee, Secretary of the Discipline Inspection Commission, part of the central ministries and state organs Department The first party committee is mainly responsible for people, views of experts and scholars and grassroots party organizations and Party members. Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, on 7 September 2015, the general office of the Central Committee of the Party issued a notice to solicit the provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities) Party, the central ministries and commissions, state ministries and commissions of the Party (party), the General Political Department of the military, every 3 people organization of Party of two regulations revision opinion. Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of extensive solicitation of opinions, careful study, attracting, formed a revised sent reviewers. In October 8 and October 12, Central Committee Political Bureau Standing Committee and the Political Bureau of the Central Committee After consideration of the two regulations revised draft. On October 18, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formally issued two regulations. Can say, two laws amendment concentrated the wisdom of the whole party, embodies the party. Second, < code > and < Regulations > revision of the basic principles of two party regulations revision work and implement the party's eighteen, ten eight plenary, the spirit of the Fourth Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee and General Secretary Xi Jinping important instructions on the revised < low political criterion > and < Regulations >, highlighting the ruling party characteristics, serious discipline, the discipline quite in front of the law, based on the current, a long-term, advance as a whole, with Bu Xiuding independent < rule > and < rule >. Main principle is: first, adhere to the party constitution to follow. The constitution about discipline and self-discipline required specific, awaken the party constitution of party compasses party consciousness, maintaining the authority of the constitution. General Secretary Xi Jinping pointed out that "no rules, no side round. Party constitution is the fundamental law, the party must follow the general rules. In early 2015 held the eighth session of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Xi Jinping again pointed out that constitution is the party must follow the general rules, but also the general rules." the revision of the < code > and < rule > is Method in adhere to the regulations established for the purpose of combining rule of virtue is to adhere to the party constitution as a fundamental to follow, the constitution authority set up, wake up the party constitution and party rules the sense of discipline, the party constitution about discipline and self-discipline specific requirements. 4 second is to adhere to in accordance with the regulations governing the party and the party. The Party of rule of virtue "de", mainly refers to the party's ideals and beliefs, excellent traditional style. The revised the < code > closely linked to the "self-discipline", insisting on the positive initiative, for all members, highlight the "vital few", emphasized self-discipline, focusing on the morality, and the majority of Party members and the ideological and moral standards. The revised < > Ji method separately, Ji, Ji Yan to Method, as a "negative list", emphasizing the heteronomy, focusing on vertical gauge. Is this one high and one low, a positive reaction, the strict party discipline and practice results transformation for the integration of the whole party to observe moral and discipline requirements, for the majority of Party members and cadres provides benchmarking and ruler. Third, insist on to. In view of the problems existing in the party at the present stage, the main problems of Party members and cadres in the aspect of self-discipline and abide by the discipline to make clearly defined, especially the party's eighteen years strict political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline and to implement the central eight provisions of the spirit against the four winds and other requirements into Disciplinary provisions. Not one pace reachs the designated position, focusing on in line with reality, pragmatic and effective. After the revision of major changes, major changes in the < code > and < rule > modified and needs to grasp several key problems (a) < code > < code > adhere to according to regulations governing the party and party with morals in combination, for at the present stage, the leadership of the party members and cadres and Party members in existing main problems of self-discipline, put forward principles, requirements and specifications, showing Communists noble moral pursuit, reflected at all times and in all over the world ethics from high from low 5 common requirements. One is closely linked to the "self-discipline", removal and no direct relation to the provisions of . the second is adhere to a positive advocate, "eight prohibition" 52 are not allowed to "about the content of the" negative list moved into synchronization amendment < cases >. Three is for all the party members, will apply object from the leadership of the party members and cadres to expand to all Party members, fully embodies the comprehensive strictly required. The fourth is prominent key minority, seize the leadership of the party members and cadres is the key, and put forward higher requirements than the ordinary Party members. Five is to simplify, and strive to achieve concise, easy to understand, easy to remember. The revised < code > is the ruling Party since the first insists on a positive advocate forAll Party members and the self-discipline norms, moral declaration issued to all members of the party and the National People's solemn commitment. > < criterion of a clean and honest administration consists of 4 parts, 18, more than 3600 words. After the revision of the < code >, a total of eight, 281 words, including lead, specification and Party member cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms, etc. Part 3 members low-cost clean and self-discipline, the main contents can be summarized as "four must" "eight code". Lead part, reiterated on ideal and faith, fundamental purpose, the fine traditions and work style, noble sentiments, such as "four must" the principle of requirements, strong tone of self-discipline, The higher request for 6 and supervised tenet, the foothold in permanent Bao the party's advanced nature and purity, to reflect the revised standards requirements. Members of self-discipline norms around the party members how to correctly treat and deal with the "public and private", "cheap and rot" thrifty and extravagance "bitter music", put forward the "four norms". Party leader cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms for the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "vital few", around the "clean politics", from civil servant of the color, the exercise of power, moral integrity, a good family tradition and other aspects of the leadership of the party members and cadres of the "four norms" < > < norm norm. "The Party member's self-discipline norms" and "party members and leading cadre clean fingered self-discipline norms," a total of eight, collectively referred to as the "eight". "Four must" and "eight" of the content from the party constitution and Party's several generation of leaders, especially Xi Jinping, general secretary of the important discussion, refer to the "three discipline and eight points for attention" statements, and reference some embody the Chinese nation excellent traditional culture essence of epigrams. (2) the revised regulations, the main changes in the revised Regulations > to fully adapt to the strictly requirements, reflects the according to the regulations governing the law of recognition of deepening, the realization of the discipline construction and Jin Ju. < rule > is party a ruler, members of the basic line and follow. And the majority of Party members and cadres of Party organizations at all levels should adhere to the bottom line of thinking, fear discipline, hold the bottom line, as a preventive measure, to keep the party's advanced nature and purity. 1, respect for the constitution, refinement and discipline. Revised < rule > from comprehensive comb physical constitution began, the party constitution and other regulations of the Party of Party organizations and Party discipline requirements refinement, clearly defined in violation of the party constitution will be in accordance with regulations to give the corresponding disciplinary action. The original 10 categories of misconduct, integration specification for political discipline, discipline, honesty and discipline masses Ji Law and discipline and discipline and other six categories, the content of < rule > real return to Party discipline, for the majority of Party members and listed a "negative list. 7 2, highlighting the political discipline and political rules. > < Regulations according to the stage of the discipline of outstanding performance, emphasizing political discipline and political rules, organization and discipline, in opposition to the party's leadership and the party's basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, the basic requirement of behavior made prescribed punishment, increase the cliques, against the organization such as violation of the provisions, to ensure that the central government decrees and the Party of centralized and unified. 3, adhere to strict discipline in the law and discipline In front, Ji separated. Revised < Regulations > adhere to the problem oriented, do Ji separated. Any national law existing content, will not repeat the provisions, the total removal of 79 and criminal law, repeat the content of the public security management punishment law, and other laws and regulations. In the general reiterated that party organizations and Party members must conscientiously accept the party's discipline, die van comply with national laws and regulations; at the same time, to investigate violations of Party members and even criminal behavior of Party discipline and responsibility, > < Regulations distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, so as to realize the connection of Party discipline and state law. 4, reflect Wind building and anti-corruption struggle of the latest achievements. < rule > the party's eighteen years implement the spirit of the central provisions of the eight, against the requirements of the "four winds" and transformation for disciplinary provisions, reflecting the style construction is always on the road, not a gust of wind. In the fight against corruption out of new problems, increase the trading rights, the use of authority relatives profit and other disciplinary terms. Prominent discipline of the masses, the new against the interests of the masses and ignore the demands of the masses and other disciplinary terms and make provisions of the disposition and the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses. Discipline to protect the party's purpose. 8 of these regulations, a total of three series, Chapter 15, 178, more than 24000 words, after the revision of the regulations a total of 3 series, Chapter 11, 133, 17000 words, divided into "general" and "special provisions" and "Supplementary Provisions" Part 3. Among them, add, delete, modify the provisions of the proportion of up to nearly 90%. 1, the general general is divided into five chapters. The first chapter to the regulations of the guiding ideology, principles and scope of application of the provisions, highlight the strengthening of the party constitution consciousness, maintenance the authority of Party Constitution, increase the party organizations and Party members must abide by the party constitution, Yan Centralized centralized, would examine at all levels of the amended provisions implementing and maintaining Party discipline, and consciously accept the party discipline, exemplary compliance with national laws and regulations. The second chapter of discipline concept, disciplinary action types and effects of the regulations, will be a serious warning from the original a year for a year and a half; increase the Party Congress representative, by leaving the party above (including leave probation) punishment, the party organization should be terminated its representative qualification provisions. The third chapter of the disciplinary rules of use prescribed in the discipline rectifying process, non convergence, not close hand classified as severely or heavier punishment. "Discipline straighten "At least eighteen years of five years, these five years is to pay close attention to the provisions of the central eight implementation and anti -" four winds ". The fourth chapter on suspicion of illegal party disciplinary distinguish five different conditions, with special provisions were made provisions, to achieve effective convergence of Party and country 9 method. < rule > the provisions of Article 27, Party organizations in the disciplinary review found that party members have committed embezzlement, bribery, dereliction of duty dereliction of duty and other criminal law act is suspected of committing a crime shall give cancel party posts, probation or expelled from the party. The second is < Regulations > Article 28 the provisions of Party organizations in the disciplinary review But found that party members are stipulated in the criminal law, although not involved in a crime shall be investigated for Party discipline and responsibility should be depending on the specific circumstances shall be given a warning until expelled punishment. This situation and a difference is that the former regulation behavior has been suspected of a crime, the feeling is quite strict, and the latter for the behavior not involving crime, only the objective performance of the provisions of the criminal code of behavior, but the plot is a crime to slightly. < Regulations > the 29 provisions, Party organizations in the discipline review found that party members and other illegal behavior, affect the party's image, the damage to the party, the state and the people's interests, we should depend on the situation Seriousness given disciplinary action. The loss of Party members, seriously damaging the party's image of behavior, should be given expelled from the party. At this article is party member is in violation of the criminal law outside the other illegal acts, such as violates the public security administration punishment law, customs law, financial laws and regulations behavior. The fourth is < cases > Article 32 stipulates, minor party members and the circumstances of the crime, the people's Procuratorate shall make a decision not to initiate a prosecution, or the people's court shall make a conviction and exempted from criminal punishment shall be given within the party is removed from his post, probation or expelled from the party. Party members and crime, sheets were fined in accordance with For acts; the principal Ordinance amended the provisions of the preceding paragraph. This is the new content, in order to achieve Ji method effective convergence. Five is < > the thirty third article 10 of the provisions, the Party member due to an intentional crime is sentenced to criminal law (including probation) sheets or additional deprivation of political rights; due to negligence crime and was sentenced to three years or more (excluding three years) a penalty, shall give expelled punishment. Due to negligence crime is convicted and sentenced to three years (including three years) in prison or be sentenced to public surveillance, detention, shall in general be expelled from the party. For the individual may not be expelled from the party, should control Approval. This is followed and retained the original > < Regulations the provisions of punishment party authorization rules and report to a level party organizations. For is "party members with criminal acts, and by the criminal punishment, generally should be expelled from the party". The fifth chapter of probationary Party member of the discipline and discipline after missing members of the treatment and punishment decisions, such as the implementation of the provisions, clear the related party discipline and punishment decision made after, for duties, wages and other relevant alteration formalities for the longest time. 2, sub sub section will the original regulations of 10 categories of acts of violation of discipline integration revised into 6 categories, respectively, in violation of the punishments for acts of political discipline "in violation of discipline behavior of punishment" in violation of integrity of disciplinary action points "of violation punishments for acts of mass discipline" "the violation of work discipline, punishment" in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment "6 chapters. 3, annex" Supplementary Provisions "clear authority making supplementary provisions of, cases of interpretative organ, as well as regulations implementation time and retroactivity etc.. 11 (3) learning understanding > < regulations needs to grasp several key problems The first problem -- about the violation of political discipline behavior > < new ordinance chapter 6 the political discipline column for the six disciplines, that is the main opposition to Party leadership and the opposition of the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, basic requirements of misconduct made provisions of the disposition, especially the eighteen since the CPC Central Committee put forward the Yan Mingzheng treatment of discipline and political rules requirements and practical achievements transformation for Discipline article, increase the false debate central policies, cliques, against the organization review, make no discipline of the principle of harmony terms. These are the party's eighteen years in comprehensive strictly Process combined with the practice of rich content. (1) false debate the central policies and undermine the Party of centralized and unified the problem is made in accordance with the provisions of the party constitution. Constitution in general programme requirements adhere to democratic centralism is one of the requirements of the construction of the party must adhere to the four cardinal. Application of this principle is not only the party the basic organization principle and is also the mass line in party life, it requires that we must fully develop inner-party democracy, respect for the dominant position of Party members, safeguarding the Party member democratic rights, give full play to the enthusiasm and creativity of the party organizations at all levels and Party members, at the same time, also must implement the right concentration, ensure the party's mission < the chaos in unity and concerted action to ensure that the party's decision to get quickly and effectively implementing. The Party Central Committee formulated the major principles and policies, through different channels and ways, fully listen to the party organizations and Party members of the opinions and suggestions, but 12 is some people face to face not to say back blather "" will not say, after the meeting said, "" Taiwan does not say, and nonsense ", in fact, not only disrupt the people thought, some causing serious consequences, the damage to the Party of the centralized and unified, hinder the central policy implementation, but also a serious violation of the democratic system of principles. There is no doubt that shall, in accordance with the Regulations > 4 Specified in Article 6 to give the appropriate punishment. For did not cause serious consequences, to give criticism and education or the corresponding tissue processing. (2) about the destruction of the party's unity < New Regulations > the forty eighth to fifty second article, to damage Party's unity unified and violation of political discipline, punishment situation made explicit provisions. Article 52 of the new "in the party get round group, gangs seek private gain, cliques, cultivate private forces or through the exchange of interests, for their own to create momentum and other activities to gain political capital, given a serious warning or withdraw from their party posts disposition; if the circumstances are serious, to give Leave a party to observation or expelled from the party. (3) on against the organization review of the provisions of the constitution, party loyalty honesty is party members must comply with the obligations. Members must obey the organization decision, shall not violate the organization decided encounters by asking questions to find organization, rely on the organization, shall not deceive the organization, against the organization. For example, after the investigation does not take the initiative to explain the situation, but to engage in offensive and defensive alliance, hiding the stolen money is against survey organization, is a violation of the behavior of political discipline. Article 24 of the original > < Regulations, although the provisions of the interference, hinder group review the behavior of the fabric can be severely or 13 Aggravated punishment, but did not put this kind of behavior alone as a discipline for qualitative amount of discipline. > < new regulations increase the Article 57, "anti organization review, one of the following acts, given a warning or serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, give expelled from the party: (a) on supply or forged, destroyed, transfer, conceal evidence; (II) to prevent others expose, providing evidence Material; (III) harboring co personnel; (4) to the organization to provide false information, to hide the fact; (5) the him against the acts of the organization review. "< rule > add this clause to the Constitution requires more specific, the previous no punishment in accordance with the definite list and put forward clear punishment in accordance with. (4) about organizing or participating in superstitious activities as < Regulations > about engage in activities of feudal superstition obstruction of social management order" violations of Article 164 the provisions, but according to the original < rule > only in disrupting production, work, social life order The case to be disciplinary treatment, in other words, alone make the feudal superstition, organize or participate in the activities of feudal superstition of, does not constitute a violation. Which is not consistent with the requirements of our party's political party. > < new regulations in this change is, superstitious activities on the political discipline, increase the Article 58, is the organization of Party members, in superstitious activities included in violation of the negative list of political discipline deserves punishment, which and Party members should adhere to the correct political principle, political standpoint and viewpoint is consistent. 14 the second question about organization and discipline violation behavior of democratic centralism is our The party's fundamental organizational system. < New Regulations > Chapter 7 "in violation of the behavior of organizational discipline punishment" mainly for violation of democratic centralism, contrary to the "four obey the discipline behavior for source classification rules. Increased not in accordance with the relevant provisions or requirements to the organization for instructions to report on major issues; do not report truthfully report about personal matters; falsify personal archives; hide before joining the party serious mistakes; leading cadres in violation of the relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of the old Xiang, Alumni Association, comrades in arms; to obtain illegal country residence abroad or foreign nationality, illegal for private frontier Documents such as discipline terms. (1) on the report truthfully report personal matters in 2010 the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China office, office of the State Council introduced < provisions on issues related to the leading cadres to report personal >, is clear about the request, deputy division level and above leading cadres should truthfully report changes in my marriage and spouse, children, moved to the country (territory), practitioners, income, real estate, investment and other matters, for failing to report, do not report, concealed and unreported, according to the seriousness of the case, giving criticism and education, and to make a correction within a time limit, shall be ordered to make a check, the commandment Jiemian conversation, informed criticism or jobs, free Post processing, constitute violations, in accordance with the relevant provisions shall be given a disciplinary sanction. But since the original < Regulations > and there is no corresponding specific terms, the violation of the regulations, do not report, as a false report about personal matters, there is no corresponding disciplinary action terms, in practice it is difficult to operate. In this regard, in order to solve is not reported, as a false report about personal matters 15 asked censure, the new < Regulations > add the Article 67 of violation of personal matters related to reporting requirements, report truthfully report the clear punishment basis, making this kind of violation behavior is no longer free drilling for Exhibition on matters of personal checks to verify and supervision of cadres, discipline review provides a powerful discipline guarantee. (2) about the illegal organization, to fellow, alumni, friends of the war will < regulations stipulated in Article 68 of >, leading cadres of the party in violation of relevant provisions of the organization, will participate in the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrade in arms to give the punishment according to the seriousness of the case. Here special needs note is three points: this provision for only the leading cadres ", reflecting the high requirements of leading cadres; second violation in 2002, the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, the central Organization Department and the The relevant provisions of the General Political Department jointly issued the < off in leading cadres not to participate in the initiative to set up "the villagers would be" alumni "" comrades in arms organization notice >. That is to say, to the spontaneous formation of fellow, Alumni Association, comrades in arms will constitute the premise of discipline is a violation of the provisions of this. The notification specified, leading cadres are not allowed to participate in the spontaneous incorporation of fellow, alumni, between comrades association would like the organization and shall not bear the sorority Human and the organizer shall not hold the corresponding position in the sorority; shall not borrow machine woven "network" and engage in kiss sparsely, round and round the gangs, but not "align" "Jieyi Gold Orchid" behavior. The third is to emphasize here that shall be organized to participate in the initiative to set up the villager, Alumni Association, comrades in arms. The so-called 16 spontaneous was established mainly means without registration. Therefore, Party members include leading cadres in the normal range of fellow, alumni, comrades in the party is not a violation of the rules of Party discipline. The three problem about integrity violations discipline Lian Jie discipline has been eighteen years clean government and anti The focus of the work of corruption. This Ordinance to amend, honesty and discipline this biggest adjustment, the new content, most of which prescribed by the original < criterion of a clean and honest administration > 8 ban and 52 are not allowed into the basic this part. (1) the central eight provisions of the spirit and requirements into < New > in the regulations of the party's eighteen years, central resolutely implement the provisions of the eight and pay close attention to the node and intensive briefing, on public funds, private bus, public funds tourism, gifts of public funds, the big parade and lavish weddings and festive, illegal payment allowances and subsidies, illegal construction of buildings such as the original masses reflects the relatively strong, "four winds" problem of the Resolute rectification. But original < Regulations > to eat and drink, super standard reception and no clear and specific expression, new < rule > will implement eight Central provisions of the spirit of the problem increased to "clean cheap self-discipline" chapter, clear to exceed the standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eating and drinking etc. some in violation of the provisions of the spirit of the eight central relevant persons responsible for punishment, once the violation will be according to the < rule > severely punished, binding, enhanced significantly. One is to add Article 87, about to obtain illegal, hold, and the actual use of the sports card, golf ball cards and other consumer card. Illegal access to private clubs made the punishment provisions. The second is increase the Article 97, has made provisions of the disposition of illegal self pay or 17 spamming allowances, subsidies and bonuses. The third is added to the Article 99, on violation of super standard, beyond the scope of the reception or borrow machine eat and drink to make the provisions of punishment. The fourth is to increase the Article 101, on the management of conference activities in violation of the provisions made sanctions regulations. The fifth is the increased Article 102, for violation of office space management provisions made the punishment provisions. Six is to split the original < rule > Article 78, formed article 98, Article 100 of public Models of tourism, violate the provisions on the administration of the use of discipline of the bus through the list of made a more detailed provisions, apply more operational. Seven is increased the article 96, in violation of the relevant provisions of the, to participate in public funds to pay for dinner, high consumption of entertainment, fitness activities and public funds to buy gift, send gifts to make the provisions of the disposition. On the violation of the central provisions of the spirit of the eight, in addition to > < new regulations into "violation of honesty and self-discipline" misconduct outside, is different with the original < Regulations >, revised < rule > clearly defined not only to disposition of the directly responsible persons, but also dispose of collar Guide responsibilities. (2) increased trading rights, use of authority or position influence as relatives and close to profit violation of the terms of the < New Regulations > absorption < clean politics several guidelines > the relevant provisions spirit, increase the "negative list, including trading rights, the functions and powers or duties of influence as relatives and staff around profit. Increase Article 81" mutual use of office or authority ring for each other and their spouses, children and their spouses and other relatives, around 18 personnel and other specific relationship between the people to seek benefits engage in trading rights, given a warning or serious warning Sanctions; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, shall be expelled from the party. Increase Article 82 "connivance, acquiescence to the spouse, children and spouse etc. relatives and staff around the effect of Party members and cadres personal authority or position for personal gain, if the circumstances are relatively minor, given a warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are relatively serious, giving removed from or placed on probation within the party post; if the circumstances are serious, the given Expelled from the party. Party members and cadres of the spouses, children and their spouses does the actual work and get salary or although the actual work but to receive significantly beyond the same rank salary standard, Party members and cadres informed fails to correct, in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph. "(3) about the gifts, gifts misconduct from handling practices in recent years, engaged in official cadres received gifts, gifts problems more prominent. This has seriously affected the image of Party members and cadres, damaged the relations between the party and the masses, and is a hotbed of corruption, is really necessary for this kind of behavior to be disciplined. < rule > no on accepting gifts, gifts, Card consumption behavior to engage in simple "one size fits all", but the difference between the different separately. One is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting may affect the impartial enforcement of the official gifts, gifts, consumer cards to depending on the seriousness of the case shall be given disciplinary sanctions. That is to say, for may affect the fair execution of business gifts, gifts, consumer cards are not allowed to accept. 19 is in accordance with the provisions of Article 83, accepting was significantly higher than normal ceremony is still exchanges of gifts, gifts, consumer card to disciplinary action. This is new regulations that daily life is purely reciprocity, accepting the same thing, boys , fellow friends gifts, gifts, shopping cards, although and fair execution of business has nothing to do, also want to as the case shall be dealt with, the situation is obviously beyond normal reciprocity ". The so-called" reciprocity ", one is emphasizes the reciprocal in protocol. In other words is you to me how, I to you how, not only does not go. The second is to significantly exceeded the normal local economy level, customs and habits, economic capacity of individual gifts, gift value. Specific sanctions to according to the processing of a variety of factors to consider, as appropriate. The third is the root according to the provisions of Article 84," to Engaged in public service personnel and their spouses and children, children's spouses and other relatives and other specific relationship presented Ming Xianchao normal reciprocity of gifts, gifts, consumer card, if the circumstances are relatively serious, given a warning until probation. "In accordance with the above provisions, gift giving significantly beyond the normal reciprocity, giver constitute the discipline. (4) on illegal trading of stocks or of other regulations of securities investment < > Article 88 is engaged in punishment regulation of camp and activity in violation of the relevant provisions on. Among them, 3 will" buying and selling stocks or in other securities investment "column as one of disciplinary cases Out. First need to be clear, > < regulations did not change the provisions of the Ordinance. The ordinance of the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 77 provisions "who, in violation of the provisions of the sale of stocks" is one of the violation, and at the beginning of the first paragraph of this article "violation of 20 against the relevant provisions of the" textual representation of the repeat revision. In, just from the legislative technique removed the "personal" in violation of the provisions, content and not to change the original provisions. Need to clear is, "buy or sell a stock or of other securities investment" refers to violation of the relevant provisions refers to in April 2001, the Party Central Committee, the State Council promulgated the On the work of the party and government organs staff's personal investment in securities if dry provisions >. According to the provisions of Article 3, use of work time, office facilities, the sale of stocks and securities investment fund belongs to illegal behavior. The fourth question, about the violation of the masses of the disciplinary actions < new regulations > would violate public discipline behavior of a single set of a class of restored "three rules of discipline and eight note" in the discipline of the masses of excellent traditional. < New Regulations > Chapter 9 "to violate the masses of disciplinary action", mainly the destruction of the party's close ties with the masses of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary; enrich and perfect the super standard, beyond the scope of Xiang Qun < All to raise fund and labor, in for involving the public affairs deliberately, chinakayao, in social security, policy support, disaster relief funds and materials and other matters assigned any kind and affectionate friends, obviously unfair acts against the interests of the masses of the disciplinary terms; increase the terms not in accordance with the provisions of the public party provided, government, factory and village (neighborhood) provided etc. violation of the people's right to know the behavior of the discipline. The fifth issue, on the violation of work discipline violation of work discipline added "negative list, including Party organizations carry out strictly Main responsibility for poor discipline terms. (1) the new party organization comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party does not fulfill the 21 or perform poor disciplinary terms < New Regulations > has a lead people to pay attention to the new terms, that is, in chapter ten "on the violation of work discipline behavior punishment" increase in the one hundred and fourteenth "party fail to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility of the party or to perform comprehensive strictly the main responsibility for administering the ineffective, resulting in serious damage or serious adverse effects, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership and give a warning or serious warning. The situation is serious, giving removed from their party posts or on probation Punishment. "Here the changes. For the first time, the main responsibility write < rule >. (2) new shall report does not report or false reporting discipline shall increase the 117 bar" in the higher level units to check to inspect the work or report to the parent unit, work report of shall report the matters do not report or do not report, cause serious damage or serious adverse effects of, to the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership, to give warning or a serious warning; if the circumstances are serious, giving removed from their party posts or placed on probation. "For example, during the tour visits to the region, the unit Members the obligation to the inspection teams to reflect the true situation, to conceal not reported or intentionally to the inspection teams to provide false information, causing serious damage or serious adverse effects of, the person directly responsible and the responsibility of leadership should be in accordance with the provisions of < rule > Article 117 to give the appropriate punishment. (3) the new not granted in accordance with the provisions of punishment, not according to the provisions of the implementation of disciplinary measures 22 violation of the provisions of Article 115 "Party organizations have one of the following circumstances, the direct leadership responsibility. Probation: members were sentenced punished, in accordance with the provisions give disciplinary action or in violation of state law Rules of behavior should be given disciplinary punishment and dispose of; disciplinary punishment by decision or complaint review the decision made, not in accordance with the provisions of the implementation decisions on punishment of the party, position, rank, and the treatment of the matters; Party members subject to disciplinary action, not in accordance with the cadre management authority and organizational relationships of by dispose of Party members to carry out education and supervision of daily management. "What needs to be pointed out is," cliff "demoted with cars, housing, secretary problem, implementation is not a discipline and party posts and ranks treatment by the organization department is responsible for the implementation, with cars, housing by the logistics department is responsible for the implementation of, Ji Commission responsible oversight responsibilities. The six questions, about the acts violating the discipline of life "in violation of discipline of life behavior punishment", mainly to "four winds" problems and a serious violation of social morality, family virtue acts of misconduct made provisions on disciplinary, an increase of extravagant life, contrary to the social public order and good customs disciplinary terms. Worth mentioning is, > < Regulations in Article 150 about "adultery" "mistress (Cardiff) formulation in the new < rule > is removed, to expand the scope of Article 127 provisions" and others hair improper sexual relations, let face disciplinary action Wider more strict. Four, and earnestly do a good job in the < code > and < rule > implement system of life lies in execution. < code > and < Regulations > is 23 Party organizations at all levels of a strong constraint and all Party members follow. Learning and implementing the < code > and < rule > is party committees (party), commission for discipline, discipline inspection group), the majority of Party members and cadres of the common responsibility, must party caught together, the party one execution. () Party committees (party) and play and implement comprehensive strictly the main responsibility, pays special attention to the two party regulations learning cross penetration. One is to Adhere to the party constitution is fundamental to follow, and resolutely safeguard the authority of the Party Chapter. The second is to adhere to the problem oriented, to strictly political discipline and political rule moments in the first place. The third is to adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front must not allow the bottom line to break the discipline. The fourth is to seriously organize the study of propaganda and education, in the city party members to create a disciplined, about the rules of the strong atmosphere. (II) Commission for Discipline Inspection at all levels (Discipline Inspection Group) to an important basis for the revised two party regulations as, adhere to easily blame, strengthen supervision and enforcement And early method in combining Ji, increase accountability efforts. One is to two regulations within the party important basis, adhere to the party constitution duties, with strict discipline to maintain the constitution authority. The second is to adhere to high standards and keep the bottom line, adhere to Ji Yan in law and discipline, the discipline and rules quite in front, grasping grasping small, easily blame, comprehensive use of supervision and discipline of "four kinds of form" in the discipline embodies the strict requirements and care for the discipline, tighten up, Yan. According to discipline in accordance with regulations to carry out disciplinary review. Increase the violations punishment, clues can initiate an investigation on the trial of cases According to the discipline on the provisions of the proportion of processing and control manager maintains discipline. To focus on investigating non convergence, don't accept hand serious disciplinary violations at the same time, pay more attention to the general review of discipline 24 behavior, and gradually increase the lighter punishment. Four is to illuminate two party regulations, combined with the local district of the Department of party conduct Lianzheng to relevant laws and regulations system clean, timely research proposes to establish, change, waste release opinion, avoid conflict, and the fasten system of cage, and gradually formed not rot, not rot, not want to rot system and working mechanism. (3) the leadership of the party members and cadres should play an exemplary role. The rate of higher consciousness of the front of the Ordinance to lead practice self-discipline norms, leading to maintain discipline of seriousness and authority. One is the above rate, demonstration and guidance, take the lead in learning and mastering the < code > and < > the requirements and regulations, do the deep understanding, learning to use. The second is to play an exemplary role in abiding by discipline rate, take the lead in practicing self-discipline norms, firmly establish before the discipline are equal, the system has no privilege, discipline is no exception, and consciously do standards, require more strict measures more practical. Third is to consciously accept supervision, conscientiously participate in the democratic life and debriefing honesty responsibility, such as Real to the party organization to report personal matters, and to accept the supervision of the work and life of the normal, habits under the supervision of the exercise of power, to carry out the work. The fourth is to set an example for the strict enforcement of discipline. Leading cadres should take the lead in the maintenance of discipline of seriousness and authority, to dare to seriously, dare to struggle, dare to offend people, for misconduct not laissez faire, but do not indulge, not tolerate to ensure the party constitution of party compasses party put in place. (4) the majority of Party members and cadres to set high standards and hold the bottom line, consciously abide by the < code > and < rule >. One is to control the < standard > and < 25 cases >, tight Close connection with their own thoughts, practical work and life, efforts to solve the problems, to enhance the study and implement of the effectiveness and pertinence. The second is to establish a high standard and hold the bottom line, consciously in the self-discipline pursuit of high standards, strictly in the party away from the red line discipline, discipline, about the rules and know fear, distrust, the formation of the honor system, comply with the system, safeguard system of good habits. Regulations and discipline regulations of < < New Revision of the Communist Party of China clean fingered self-discipline criterion > and < Chinese Communist Party Disciplinary Regulations > is the Party Central Committee in the new situation to promote the comprehensive strictly root of the lift, the regulations of the party construction of keeping pace with the times. We should study and implement the Standards > and < > as the primary political task, adhere to the party constitution duties, adhere to the discipline of, Ji Yan in law, the full implementation of supervision and discipline accountability responsibilities for coordination and promotion "four overall" strategic layout in XX District vivid practice to provide a strong guarantee. - Si Jian Wu, and effectively enhance the implementation of the implementation of the < code > < > The consciousness of General Secretary Xi pointed out that the party is in charge of the party, to manage the party; strictly, it can cure good party. Criterion > and < rule > keep pace with the times is our party to form a new potential strictly rules, to deepen understanding of the ruling law, is a comprehensive strictly, and strengthen the supervision within the party important grasper. Criterion > closely linked to the theme of self-discipline, self-discipline intensity-modulated, focusing on morality, for the majority of Party members and cadres set to see, feel the high standard, show the Communists noble moral sentiment; District Ordinance < < rule > the constitution of discipline integration into a political discipline, organization and discipline, honesty and discipline, discipline of the masses, work discipline, discipline, emphasize discipline, focusing on established rules, to draw the party organizations and Party members do not touch the bottom line. Party committees (party) to effectively strengthen the study and publicize the implementation of the < code > and < rule > the organization and leadership of criterion > and < > a full range, multi angle, deep publicity, the formation of study and publicize and implement the boom, in order to consolidate the development of good political environment to create a positive environment and atmosphere. The majority of Party members and cadres to strict requirements, the < rule > and < Ordinance cases > as a guide to action and behavior criterion, adhere to the moral standards and discipline of the bottom line, to maintain the discipline of worship and awe, learning, compliance, and maintain party discipline and rules of the model. The discipline inspection and supervision organs and cadres to the < code > and < > as the deepening of the "three", and strengthen supervision and discipline of accountability is important to follow correctly grasp the use of supervision and discipline of "four types", promote the comprehensive strictly in new roots. Strict discipline, adhere to the discipline and rules quite in front of the enterprise in the implementation of expensive to implement to execute. The discipline inspection and supervision organs to implement the < code > and < Efforts to investigate cases > as an opportunity, adhere to the party should manage the party strictly, serious performance of their duties to promote two regulations implementation. Change discipline concept. From the simple "investigation of illegal" to a comprehensive "stare at violate discipline"; from the business case to prosecute the big cases and timely solve the signs of tilt to. From the orientation to the normal supervision; from the tube "minority" to resist the "most". Guide Party members and cadres to seriously implement the < code > and < rule >, consciously abide by the political, organizational, honest people, work, life six discipline. Urge the leadership cadres sent to play an exemplary role, take the lead in strictly enforced. Relaxation and rest Strong wind is Su Ji, closely linked to the "four winds" prone to multiple, the masses reflect the strong important nodes and, glued to the four winds "new form, new trends, seriously investigate and deal with violations of the central eight provisions of the spirit, to increase the bulletin exposure intensity, the formation of Chajiu" four winds "loudly, continue to release and discipline must be strict signal. At the same time, extended supervision tentacles, through the development of the rural and fishery party conduct Lianzheng construction inspection, issued in a timely manner, Chajiu occurred in grassroots side of corruption and unhealthy, and earnestly safeguard the interests of the masses and social stability. The creativity and discipline. Grasp and make good use of the supervision and discipline of" four types ", to ensure the Promoting clues to lots of discipline and the law of the vacuum tube, strict together. Not only to the "less" and "very few" thorough investigation severely punished, but also the "most" to maintain zero tolerance trend through layers of conductive pressure, let the discipline about the rules for each party members and cadres consciously follow. At present, it is necessary to implement the "list" management, strictly follow the clues to the disposal of five standards, make the classification of disposal, dynamic cleanup. Zadok Party committees at all levels to implement the main responsibility, comprehensive use of disciplinary action and tissue processing and other means to effectively curb the commonplace, used to see do not blame the "small problem", not because of "practice" and "exception". Prominent Discipline characteristics, the problems of violation of discipline and rules into the focus of supervision and discipline and disciplinary review. At the same time, increase case double check the intensity, the serious problems of discipline violations or "four winds" ban but not absolutely, not only to be held directly responsible, but also held leadership responsibility; not only to pursue studies the main responsibility of the Party committee, and to pursue Commission for Discipline Inspection and supervision responsibilities and promote accountability to become the new norm. The implementation of supervisory responsibility. Maintain < code > and < rule > the seriousness and authority of the discipline and rules and truly become the party's ruler. Discipline as supervision within the party the specialized agency, we must strengthen the responsibility to act, adhere to the Impartial discipline accountability, earnestly will be strict discipline, discipline must be punished, and severely punish the acts in violation of rules and regulations.