法律英语课后答案

SANYGROUPsystemofficeroom【SANYUA16H-SANYHUASANYUA8Q8-SANYUA1688】法律英语课后答案法律英语核心教程(1-3单元) 练习 飞向蓝天的恐龙练习非连续性文本练习把字句和被字句的转换练习呼风唤雨的世纪练习呼风唤雨的世纪课后练习 答案Unit1IntroductiontoLawTextIComprehensionQuestionsaboutthetext1.T2.F3.T4.T5.T6.T7.T8.T9.T10.TVocabularya.5b.12c.2d.1e.9f.4g.18h.16i.14j.13k.20l.11m.6n.3o.17p.7q.15r.8s.10t.19EXERCISESBlankfilling1.sanctions2.coercion3.enacts,enforce4.induced5.implemented6.evicted7.litigation8.legitimate9.penal10.embodies11.justify12.adjudicateGrammarA.Articles1.A2.B3.B4.C5.D6.C7.A8.A9.D10.BB.Numerals1.历史已经进入了90年代。2.阅读文章的长度逐渐加大，前几单元每篇文章大约50 0字 个人自传范文3000字为中华之崛起而读书的故事100字新时代好少年事迹1500字绑架的故事5000字个人自传范文2000字 ，后几单元文章的长度已增加到前面的三倍。3.第二部分的三个章节需要重写。4.那座城市距这里大约16到20英里。5.他比你有男子汉气概得多。C.Partialtranslation1.annulledtheeconomicsanctions2.makerestitution3.theshopkeeperwasinnocent4.conjureupapicture5.LuXuncouldn’thelpconjuringup6.Stopcomplainingabouthim7.shedecidedtomakeacomplaintinthecourtoflaw8.regardlessofpastsetbacksandfailures9.bycontrastwithHarry’s10.inthatithelpsustorectifyourmistakesCloze1can2any3whenever4which5more6that7may8will9those10exceptTranslation1．双方或多方之间存在争议，或者当事人为各自已实施的行为或打算实施的行为的后果寻求指导时，就有必要把法律应用到各种具体的事实情形之中。2．在美国，行使立法和执法功能的是联邦和州政府的立法、行政、司法三个权力分支以及政府领导下的各级行政机构。3．人们对法律这一概念的理解也许包含了诸如法官、警察、法警和律师等法律从业人员，包含了诸如法庭、监狱等从业场所，也包含了诸如《布莱克法律词典》、刑法典和《美国统一商法典》等法学巨著。4．Asaruleforconduct,bothcustomsandlawsareformsofsocialideology,inseparablefrompeople’spracticalexperience.Lawisnotonlyasetofrulesforconduct,butalsoameanstospecifydutiesandpromotesocialjustice.5．Lawisaruleforconductenactedoracknowledgedbythestate,enforcedbystatecoercion,specifyingrightsandduties,andthusuniversallyapplicableinsociety.TopicsforDiscussion1.Itisdifficulttodefinetheterm“law”becauselawisrelatedtoandcloselyinterwovenwithsomanyaspectsofourlifeanditcanmeansomanydifferentthingstodifferentpeople.Lawexpertscannotagreewithoneanotherintermsoftherealsenseofthetermbecausetheyoftenapproachthisdifficultphenomenonfromessentiallydiverseperspectives.2.SeeParagraphs4&5foradetaileddistinctionbetweentheseterms.3.No.Manylawsalsoconferrightstocitizensbesidesprescribingobligations.Yes,suchastheLaborLawwhichstateslaborers’obligationsaswellastheirrights.4.Weber’sdefinitionoflaw,takingasociologicalperspective,isperhapsthemostinfluentialamongthoseprovidedbylegaltheoristssuchasHoebel,Radin,Cardozo,Holmes,SelznickandAkers,butitisnotwithoutdeficiency.Forinstance,asalreadypointedoutbysomelegaltheorists,hisdefinitionfailstoproperlyaddressthefollowingissues.Foronething,Weberplacestoomuchemphasisoncoercionandignoresotherconsiderationsthatmayinduceindividualstoobeythelaw.Foranotherthing,hisuseofaspecialstaffinthedefinitionoflawlimitstheuseofthetermlawincross-culturalandhistoricalcontexts.ItisDonaldBlackwhoseclarificationandmodificationofWeber’sconceptualizationofthetermhavemadeitmorecomprehensiveandacceptable.5.Beyondthenationallevel,therecanbemultinationalandinternationalinstitutionssuchastheEuropeanUnion(multinational)andtheUnitedNations(international).TextIIQuestions1.Iftherewerenolaw,therewouldbemuchdestructionoflifeandpropertyandtemporaryreignsofterror.Insteadofincreasingpersonalfreedom,astateofanarchyvirtuallydestroyspersonalfreedomforallbutthemostpowerfulandsavageofindividuals.Weretherenoruleoflaw,therewouldbejustdisorder,deathandchaosinoursociety.2.Abalanceshouldbestruckbetweenanarchyandtotalitarianismsothatthepositivethingsthatlawcandoforusarenotstrangulatedbythetyrannyofthe“lawandorder”offeredbythetotalitarianstate.3.Lawsolvesdisputesbybringingadisputedmatterbeforeajusticeofthepeaceandsettlesthedisputequietlybyrulesoflawonwhichallagree.4.Lawprovidespeaceandorderinsocietybycreatinganenvironmentinwhichpeoplecanworkandinvestandpursuepleasurewithareasonableexpectationthattheiractivityisworththeeffort.Withoutanorderlyenvironmentbasedonandbackedbylawthenormalactivitiesoflifewouldbelaceratedwithchaos.5.Lawsprotectusandourpropertybypunishingthosewhostealanddobodilyharmandbypermittingcrimevictimstosueformonetarydamages.Thelawhascreatedpoliceandsheriffs’departments,districtattorneys’offices,courts,jails,anddeathchamberstodeterandpunishthecriminalandtohelppeoplefeelsecure.6.Besidesthosefunctionsalreadymentioned,lawsandtheinstitutionsandprogramsmay,throughcorporateendeavors,provideforthegeneralwelfare,suchasprovidingforthecommondefense,educatingyoungpeople,puttingoutforestfires,controllingpollution,andcaringforthesickandaged.Unit2SourcesofLawTextIComprehensionQuestionsabouttheText1.ThesourcesofEnglishlaware:Communitylaw,legislation,delegatedlegislation,caselaw,legaltextbooks,andcustom.2.Communitylaw.3.Regulations,directivesanddecisions.4.PublicActsaffectthepublicgenerally;privateActsonlyaffectalimitedsectorofthepopulace,eitherparticularpeopleorpeoplewithinaparticularlocality.5.Theparliament.6.Legislationisacountry’swrittenlawmadebytheparliament;delegatedlegislationislawmadebysomepersonorbodytowhomparliamenthasdelegateditsgenerallawmakingpower.7.Judges8.TheHouseofLords9.Becausewhenthecourtisunabletolocateapreciseoranalogousprecedentitmayrefertolegaltextbooksforguidanceandassistance.10.Ithastosatisfystringenttest.Vocabularya-1b-13c-6d-14e-5f-9g-10h-12i-15j-11k-2l-3m-9n-4o-8Paraphrase1.DelegatedlegislationhastobeconsideredasasourceoflawinadditiontogeneralActsofParliament,butitissubordinatetogeneralActsofParliament.2.Whenstatutelawdoesnotcoveraparticularareaorwhenthelawissilentgenerallyitwillbenecessaryforacourtthatdecidescasesrelatingtosuchanareatodeterminewhatthelawis.Whenthecourtdeterminestheapplicablelaw,itinescapablyandunarguablycreateslaw.3.Asthehighestcourtintheland,theHouseofLordscancreateorextendthecommonlaw.Itsactivestanceisshownbyarelativelycontemporaryexampleinwhichitoverruledthelongstandingpresumptionthatamancouldnotbeguiltyofthecrimeofrapeagainsthiswife.4.Theromanticviewofthecommonlawisthatitrepresentedthosecommoncustomsthathavebeenincorporatedbythejudiciaryintothesourcesoflaw.EXERCISESBlankFilling1.legislative2.proportional3.obligatory4.establishment5.eminence6.altered7.representative8.customary9.increasingly10.distinctErrorCorrection1.isàare2.worthàworthy3.decidingàdecided4.todrive^on5.tellàtellsGrammarA.Multiplechoice1.b2.a3.c4.b5.a6.d7.d8.a9.c10.aB.Partialtranslation1.Whenthenationallawandtheinternationalareinconsistent,twoimportantprinciplescanhelptoresolvetheconflict.2.Thevariousstateconstitutionsrepresentthehighestlawoftheirstates.3.Asaresult,thereisanincreasedsignificancetounderstandnationalandinternationallaws.Cloze1.supreme2.similarly3.force4.approved5.legislatures6.power7.interest8.lacking9.left10.major11.Despite12.covered13.judges14.handling15.precedentsTranslation1.公法影响全体公众，而私法只影响有限的一部分人，他们或者是特定的人群，或者是在特定地点里的人。2.有约束力的司法判例是普通法体系的一个特征，这是基于一个总的原则：一旦法院在特定的情形中确定了法律上的立场，那么在将来案情相同的任何案例中，法院也将达成同样的判决。3.在英国的法庭上，由法学作者所编写的 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 并不常被引用，这与许多大陆国家的做法相反。以前在英国引用法学作者的书很少得到许可，而且也仅限于几个有名的权威人士。近来这个规则放宽了些，可被接受的作者也增加了。4.Atpresent,thereareover3000lawsandregulationsinChina,coveringtheareasofpolitics,economy,militaryaffairs,culture,scienceandtechnology,education,marriageandfamily.5.UndertheguidanceofbuildingsocialismwithChinesecharacteristicsdevelopedbyDengXiaoping,Chinahasembarkedontheroadofrulebylawandenteredanewcourseofdemocracyandlegalsystem.TopicsfordiscussionA.Beforeyourdiscussion,youshouldgetsomematerialsrelatedtothesourcesofChineselawafterclass.Makeacarefulcomparisontofindoutthedifferences,thendiscusswithyourclassmatestoseewhethertheresultyouhavegotisthesameasyourclassmates’.B.YoucantalkabouttheoverallpictureofthestatusofthejudicialdecisioninChina.Ifyoucannotmanageit,youmayjustlistoneortwoinstancestoshowyourawarenessofit.C.Tofacilitatethediscussionaboutthistopic,youcantalkaboutthesituationinacertaincountrythatyouaremostfamiliarwith.WritingParagraphA(1),(6),(4),(7),(3),(2),(5)ParagraphB:(3),(2),(6),(1),(4),(5)TextIIQuestions1.Internationallaw,domesticlaw2.No.Theyareclassifiedaccordingtodifferentcriteriaandmaybeoverlapping.3.Thestate.4.Civillawsystemsarecodifiedsystems,andthebasiclawisfoundincodes;commonlawresistedcodification.ItisnotbasedonActsofParliamentbutoncaselaw.5.Becausecommonlawisbasedoncaselaw,whichreliesonprecedentssetbyjudgestodecideacase.TextIIICaseReading(I)Questions1.Thefirstpartisthecitationwhichgivesustheinformationabouttheplaintiffandthedefendant,thecourtthatdecidedthiscaseandthetimewhenthejudgmentwasenteredinto,etc.Thesecondpartisthefactsandbackgroundofthecase.Thethirdpartisthejudge’sreasoningandruling.2.MegawandStephensonLJJagreedwiththeruling;LordDenningMRdissented.3.Becausetheplaintiffenjoyedtheprospectofremarriage,whichthedefendantthoughtshouldbetakenintoaccountinthejudgment.However,whenthejudgmentwasenteredon30July,thejudgeassessedtheplaintiff’sdamageswithouttakingintoconsiderationtheplaintiff’sprospectofremarriageasifthe1971Actwhichwastocomeintoeffecton1Augustwerealreadyinforce.4.BecausethejudgesthoughtParliamenthadordainedthatuptothatdate,1stAugust1971,thelawwastoremainasbefore.Inthefirstruling,thejudgeappliedthe1971Actwhichhadnotyetcomeintoforce.Thusthedecisionwaswrongandcontrarytolaw.Itorderedthedefendanttopaymoneywhich,inlaw,thedefendantcouldnotlawfullybeorderedtopaytotheplaintiff.CaseReading(II)Questions1.ThiscaseisaboutthecompatibilityofUnitedKingdomlegislationwithCommunitylaw.WhenitisnotcompatiblewithCommunitylaw,Communitylawprevails.2.Theplaintiff/theapplicantofthiscaseisEnglishcompanieswithmostoftheirdirectorsandshareholdersSpanishnationals.ThedefendantisSecretaryofStateforTransport,exparteFactortameLtd.3.UKlegislationisinconflictwithCommunitylawinthiscasebecauseitiscontrarytotheprovisionsofCommunitylawand,inparticular,toart52oftheEECTreatyforamemberstatetostipulatethefollowing(a)and(b)asconditionsfortheregistrationofafishingvesselinitsnationalregister.(a)Thelegalownersandbeneficialownersandthecharterers,managersandoperatorsofthevesselmustbenationalsofthatmemberstateorcompaniesincorporatedinthatmemberstate,andthat,inthelattercase,atleast75%ofthesharesinthecompanymustbeownedbynationalsofthatmemberstateorbycompaniesfulfillingthesamerequirementsand75%ofthedirectorsofthecompanymustbenationalsofthatmemberstate;(b)Thesaidlegalownersandbeneficialowners,charterers,managers,operators,shareholdersanddirectors,asthecasemaybe,mustberesidentanddomiciledinthatmemberstate;Unit3LegalSystemsTextICOMPREHENSIONQuestionsabouttheText1.ThefourprincipallegalsystemsintheworldareRomano-Germanic(civillaw),commonlaw,socialistlaw,andIslamiclaw.2.TheRomano-GermanicsystemspredominateinEurope,inmostoftheformercoloniesofFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,Portugal,andBelgium,andincountriesthathavewesternizedtheirlegalsystemsinthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies.3.Common-lawsystemsarepredominantinEnglish-speakingcountries.4.IslamicsystemsarefoundintheMiddleEastandsomeotherpartsoftheworldtowhichIslamicreligionhasspread.5.SocialistlegalsystemsprevailinthePeople’sRepublicofChina,Vietnam,Cuba,andNorthKorea.6.TheRomano-GermaniclawhasdevelopedonthebasisofRomancivillaw.ThefoundationofthissystemisthecompilationofrulesmadeinthesixthcenturyA.D.undertheRomanemperorJustinian.TheyarecontainedintheCodeofJustinianandhaveevolvedessentiallyasprivatelaw.AfterthefalloftheRomanEmpire,theCodeofJustiniancompetedwiththecustomarylawoftheGermanictribesthathadinvadedEurope.ThecodewasreintroducedinlawschoolcurriculabetweenA.D.1100and1200innorthernEurope,thenspreadtootherpartsofthecontinent.RomanlawthuscoexistedwiththelocalsystemsthroughoutEuropeuptotheseventeenthcentury.Inthenineteenthcentury,theNapoleoniccodes,andsubsequently,thecodeofthenewGermanEmpireof1900andtheSwisscodeof1907,areexamplesoftheinstitutionalizationofthislegalsystem.7.Commonlawis“judge-made”lawwhileRomano-Germaniclawisenactedlaw.Thedivisionsofthecommonlaw,itsconcepts,substance,structure,legalculture,vocabulary,andthemethodsofthecommon-lawlawyersandjudgesareverydifferentfromthoseoftheRoman-Germanic,orcivil,lawsystems.8.Thethreeobjectivesofclassicalsocialistlaware:First,lawmustprovidefornationalsecurity.Second,lawhastheeconomictaskofdevelopingproductionanddistributionofgoodsonthebasisofsocialistprinciplessothateveryonewillbeprovidedforaccordingtohisneeds.Thethirdgoalisthatofeducation:toovercomeselfishandantisocialtendenciesthatwerebroughtaboutbyaheritageofcenturiesofpooreconomicorganization.9.Thesourceofsocialistlawislegislation.Socialistlawrejectstheideaofseparationofpowers.Thecentralnotionofsocialistlawisthenotionofownership.Socialistlawisuniquewithrespectto“socialist”ownership,ofwhichtherearetwoversions:collectiveandstate.10.Islamiclawisderivedfromfourprincipalsources.TheyincludetheKoran,thewordofGodasgiventotheProphet.ThisistheprincipalsourceofIslamiclaw.ThesecondsourceistheSunna,whicharethesayings,acts,andallowancesoftheProphetasrecordedbyreliablesourcesintheTradition(Hadith).Thethirdisjudicialconsensus;likeprecedentincommonlaw,itisbasedonhistoricalconsensusofqualifiedlegalscholars,anditlimitsthediscretionoftheindividualjudge.AnalogicalreasoningisthefourthprimarysourceofIslamiclaw.Vocabularya-9b-11c-15d-14e-17f-10g-16h-19i-1j-6k-2l-18m-3n-4o-7p-5q-12r-8s-13Paraphrase1.Today,mostEuropeancountrieshavenationalcodes,andthesecodeshavedevelopedonthebasisofbothcustomaryandRomanlaw.Asaresult,theirlegalsystemsbelongtotheRomano-Germaniclegalsystems.2.Althoughithasmanyforms,ifwelookatthehistory,wecanfindthattheoriginofthesocialistlegalsystemisthe1917BolshevikRevolution.ThisrevolutionproducedtheUnionofSovietSocialistRepublics.3.Accordingtotheirideal,theymuststrengthenandincreasethepowerofthestatesothattheycanpreventattacksonthesocialiststateandmakesurethatdifferentnationscanexistatthesametimepeacefully.4.Thethirdisjudicialagreement;likeprecedentincommonlaw,itisbasedonthecollectiveopinionsthatqualifiedlegalscholarsagreeduponinhistory,andwhentheindividualjudgemakesadecision,hehastoconsiderthoseopinions.5.Inthesameway,ifafemaleandamalehavebeenhurtinthesamecrime,thefemalewouldgethalfthecompensationamalewouldreceive,sinceamalehastherighttogetaninheritancewhichistwicethatoffemale.EXERCISESBlankFilling1.enactment2.statutes3.predominated4.inflicted5.doctrine6.consensus7.precedent8.consolidated9.discretion10.integralErrorCorrection1.dealinginàdealingwith2.likeàalike3.alternateàalternative4.risesàarises5.insistforàinsistonGrammarA.Multiplechoice1.D2.A3.D4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9.A10.AB.Partialtranslation1.onthebasisof2.intheformof3.broughtabout4.aswellas5.coexistedwithCloze1.code2.fashion----3.therefore4.subordinate5.confusingly6.compiled7.terms8.however9.basedon10.nor11.consolidate12.enact13.cases14.referredto15.orTranslation1.民法法系作为一个自成一家的法律体系，在欧洲大陆产生并发展。在这种法律的形成过程中，殖民的影响、法学运动、以及各种重要的法典尤其是十九世纪的法典，都起了作用。2.普通法系，包括几种特有的法律传统，被认为是世界上两大法律体系之一，也是两个最有影响力的法律体系之一。3.当然，东欧和前苏联传统上被看作社会主义法律体系，这反映了其马克思列宁主义的源头和意识形态。4.Generallyspeaking,thelegalsysteminnewChinadevelopsbyimitatingthatoftheformerSovietUnionandisthereforeasocialistone.However,ifwelookintohistorywecanstillfindtracesoftheRomantradition.5.InChina,courtverdict,includingthatoftheSupremePeople‘sCourt,hasnobindingpoweroverthelaterverdictofothercourts.Judgesusuallymaketheirverdictbasedonpromulgatedlaws.TopicsforDiscussionA.Firstmakeacomparisonbetween“judgemade”lawand“enacted”law,andthentellyourownpreference.B.Thereasonslieinthesimilaritybetweenthesocialistlegalsystemsandthecivillawsystem.Youcangivealistofthesimilaritiesbetweenthem.C.ThepenaltyofstoninginIslamiclawisveryparticularcomparedwiththepunishmentfoundinotherlegalsystems.Makeacomparison,andfindoutwhetherthereisabetterchoice.WritingA.Commonlawwasdevelopedinandbythecourts,givingjudgemadelawconsiderableweight.B.Civillawwascompiledandrefinedintheuniversities,latercodifiedbythelegislature.C.Incivillawsystems,thereisafundamentaldistinctiondrawnbetweenprivatelawandpubliclawwhichismorefirmlyrooted,andmoresharplydrawn,thanincommonlawsystems.D.Thenotionoflegalfamiliesisnotfreefromcriticismandhasbeenvariouslyinterpreted.TextIIQuestions1.Canadaiscomposedoftenprovinces:Alberta,BritishColumbia,Manitoba,NewBrunswick,Newfoundland,NovaScotia,Ontario,PrinceEdwardIsland,QuebecandSaskatchewanandoftwoterritories:theNorthwestTerritoriesandtheYukon.Anewterritory,namedNunavut,willbeofficiallyestablishedonApril1,1999.Canadahastwoofficiallanguages:EnglishandFrench,andtwolegalsystems:thecommonlawandthecivillaw.2.TherearesixsourcesoflawinCanada.TheyaretheCanadianConstitution,internationaltreaties,federal/provinciallaws,judicialopinionsandcustom.3.TheCanadianConstitutionisthesupremesourceoflawinCanada.Allfederalandprovinciallawsmustbeconsistentwithit.UnliketheAmericanConstitution,itisnotasingledocument.The"ConstitutionofCanada"consistsof25primarydocuments,including14actsoftheBritishParliament,sevenactsoftheCanadianParliamentandfourBritishordersincouncil.TheConstitutionAct,1867,remainsthebasicelementofCanada’swrittenconstitution.Itcreatedthefederation,theprovinces,theterritories,thenationalParliamentandtheprovinciallegislatures.ItalsosetsoutthepowersofeachlevelofgovernmentandguaranteesQuebec’sdistinctivecivillaw.4.InallCanadianprovinces,withtheexceptionofQuebec,whichhaslargelyacivillawtradition,caselawisanimportantpartoftheinterpretationoftheConstitution,statutesandregulations.Mostcourtdecisionscanbefoundintheirindividualofficialreports(SupremeCourt,FederalCourt,provincialcourtsofappeal,provincialsuperiorcourtsandprovincialcourtsaswellascertainadministrativetribunalreports)andincertaincommerciallypublishedreports.DecisionsoftheSupremeCourtofCanadaarebindingonalllowercourts.Decisionsofaprovincialcourtofappealarebindingwithintheprovinceandwillbeconsideredofpersuasivevalueinotherprovinces.CourtdecisionsfromtheUnitedKingdom,otherCommonwealthcountriesandtheUnitedStatesaresometimesreferredtobyCanadiancourts.5.ThethreeentitiesmakingupthefederalParliamentofCanada,theGovernorGeneral,theSenate,andtheHouseofCommonsmustgivetheirapprovalbeforeawrittendocumentcanbecomealaw.Publicbills(proposedstatutes)aregenerallyintroducedtotheHouseofCommonsbyoneofthefederalMinistersafterapprovalbytheCabinet.IndividualMembersofParliament(MPs)alsohavetheopportunitytopresentbills,intheformofaPrivateMember‘sBill.Senatorscanalsopresentabill(Section53oftheConstitution)aslongasitdoesnotlevyanytaxorinvolvespendingmoney.PassageofafederalstatuterequiresthreereadingsineachoftheHouseofCommonsandtheSenate.Followingthethirdreading,avoteistakenbytheHouseofCommonsorSenatetoadoptorrejectthebill,asamended.OncethefinalbillhasbeenpassedbybothhousesofParliament,itrequiresroyalassentbytheGovernorGeneral.Provincialstatutesareadoptedinsubstantiallythesamemannerasfederalones.However,onlytheLegislativeAssemblyoftheProvinceisrequiredtovote.ApprovedprovinciallegislationmustalsobegivenroyalassentbytheLieutenantGovernorbeforecomingintoeffect.6.InCanada,thereisnorequirementthatlegislativeandexecutivepowersbeexercisedbyseparateandindependentbodies.Atthefederallevel,theCabinetisthegovernment‘sprincipaldecision-makingbody,directsthegovernmentanddefinesitspositions,implementslaws,adoptsrelatedregulationsandmanagesthegovernmentadministration.TheCabinetisresponsibleformostlegislation.Ithasthesolepowertoprepareandintroducebillsprovidingfortheexpenditureofpublicmoneyorimposingtaxes.Attheprovinciallevel,theExecutiveCouncilplaysthesameroleastheCabinetatthefederallevel.7.QuebechasacivillawtraditionoriginatingfromFrance.Theprincipalcharacteristicofthecommonlawistheapplicationofpreviouscourtdecisions(caselaw)tothefactsofthecasebeforethecourt.Bycontrast,theapplicationofthecivillawinQuebecfocusesmostlyontheinterpretationofcodifiedlaws.TheQuebeccourtscanrelyonlyontheexistenceofstatutoryprovisions(eitherintheCivilCodeorinotherstatutes)inordertoimposeasanctionortopenalizeconductoranactivity.8.ThegeneralcourtofappealforCanadaistheSupremeCourtofCanada.MostcasescometotheSupremeCourtonappealfromtheprovincialcourtsofappealandtheFederalCourtofAppeal.Usually,theCourtmustgiveitspermission(called"grantingleavetoappeal")beforeanappealcanbebrought,althoughthereareexceptionstothisrule,primarilyforcertaincriminalcases.TheCourtgrantsleaveincaseswhichraisealegalissueofpublicimportance.9.Thehighestcourtintheprovincialsystemistheprovincialcourtofappeal.Thesecondlevelofjudicialauthority,oftencalledthesuperiorcourt,isacourtofordinarylawwhichhearsallcasesnotfallingwithintheexpressjurisdictionofanyothercourtorbody.Atthebaseofthejudicialhierarchyaretheso-called"lower"courts,normallyreferredtoastheprovincialcour