hnd国际实物配送

RevisedbyBLUEontheafternoonofDecember12,2020.hnd国际实物配送1TransportationmodesModeTotalmodecostCostperpalletTransittimeAdvantagesDisadvantagesSea62024.87daysCheapandlargecapacitySlowandhighrisksAir12652534hoursFastandsecureExpensiveandfinitecapacityRail1275512daysFastandlargecapacityLessflexibleandneedrailroadDirectroad135067.53daysBetterforshippedandconvenientSmallcapacityandexpensiveMulti-mode118547.47days18hoursReducehandingofcargoandquickertransittimesCostofinvestmentishighTakeseaasanexample,becausetheshippingrequires25palletsandthetotalcostis620,thecostperpalletis620/25=24.8.Inthesimilarway,otherresultalsocanbecalculated,excepttheMulti-mode.TheMulti-mode’costis1185including125,620,295,and145,thusthecostperpalletis1185/25=47.4.Airtransportationisoptimumchoice.Airtransportationcanusetheleasttimetoconveygoodsduetofasterspeed.Besides,italsoensuresthesecuritytoalargeextentrelatively.However,italsohassomedisadvantages.Airtransportationhasexpensivecost,andairportisdistantfrommunicipalcenter.Seatransportationalsocanbechosen.Thoughitistheslowestmethodandvulnerabletobadweatherinocean,itisthelowestexpensesoffreightandcarriesthelargestquantities.AngusGlenalsocanselectrail.Railhasalargecapacityandislessrefrainedbybadweather.Railhasthesedisadvantages,itisnotmuchflexibleandcannotworkwithoutrailroad.2ConsignmentdeliverytermFCAFreeCarrier(namedplaceofdelivery)Atradetermrequiringthesellertodelivergoodsnamedairport,terminal,orotherplacewherecarrieroperates.Costlosstransferbuyerandriskoflosstransfertothebuyerafterdelivertothecarriers.Thesellerfulfilshisobligationdeliverwhenhehashandedgoodsover,clearedforexport,intothechargeofthecarriernamednamedbythebuyeratthenamedplace.Whenusedtradeterms,word“free”meanssellerhasanobediencetodelivergoodsnamedplacefortransfertocarrier(store.iccwbo.org,2016).FOBFreeOnBoard(namedportofshipment)atermininternationalcommerciallawspecifyingatwhatpointthesellertransfersownershipofthegoodstothebuyer.Underthestandardpublishedbythe,FOBisonlyusedinnon-containerizedseafreight,andalsodefinesownershiptransfer.Theownerofthegoodsisresponsiblefordamageorlossduringtransport,sothepointofownershiptransferisimportant(store.iccwbo.org,2016).CIFCost,Insurance&Freight(namedportofdestination)ThistermisbroadlysimilartotheaboveCFRterm,withtheexceptionthatthesellerisrequiredtoobtaininsuranceforthegoodswhileintransittothenamedportofdestination.CIFrequiresthesellertoinsurethegoodsfor110%oftheirvalueunderatleasttheminimu)mcoveroftheInstituteCargoClausesoftheInstituteofLondonUnderwriters,oranysimilarsetofclauses.Thepolicyshouldbeinthesamecurrencyasthecontract.CIFcanbeusedbyanytransportbyseaandairnotlimitedtocontainerizedornon-containerizedcargoandincludesallchargesuptotheport/terminalofentrance.CIPcoversadditionalchargesattheport/terminalofentrance(store.iccwbo.org,2016).CPTCarriagePaidto(namedplaceofdestination)Thesellerpaysforthecarriageofthegoodsuptothenamedplaceofdestination.However,thegoodsareconsideredtobedeliveredwhenthegoodshavebeenhandedovertothefirstormaincarrier,sothattherisktransferstobuyeruponhandinggoodsovertothatcarrierattheplaceofshipmentinthecountryofExport.Thesellerisresponsiblefororigincostsincludingexportclearanceandfreightcostsforcarriagetothenamedplaceofdestination.Ifthebuyerrequiresthesellertoobtaininsurance,theIncotermCIPshouldbeconsideredinstead(store.iccwbo.org,2016).CIPCarriageandInsurancePaidto(namedplaceofdestination)CIPrequiresthesellertoinsurethegoodsfor110%ofthecontractvalueunderatleasttheminimumcoveroftheInstituteCargoClausesoftheInstituteofLondonUnderwritersoranysimilarsetofclauses.Thepolicyshouldbeinthesamecurrencyasthecontract,andshouldallowthebuyer,theseller,andanyoneelsewithaninsurableinterestinthegoodstobeabletomakeaclaim.CIPcanbeusedforallmodesoftransport,whereastheIncotermCIFshouldonlybeusedfornon-containerisedseafreight(store.iccwbo.org,2016).DATDeliveredAtTerminal(namedterminalatportorplaceofdestination)ThisIncotermrequiresthatthesellerdeliversthegoods,unloaded,atthenamedterminal.Thesellercoversallthecostsoftransport(exportfees,carriage,unloadingfrommaincarrieratdestinationportanddestinationportcharges)andassumesallriskuntilarrivalatthedestinationportorterminal.TheterminalcanbeaPort,Airport,orinlandfreightinterchange,butmustbeafacilitywiththecapabilitytoreceivetheshipment.Allchargesafterunloadingaretobebornebybuyer.However,itisimportanttonotethatanydelayordemurragechargesattheterminalwillgenerallybefortheseller'saccount(store.iccwbo.org,2016).DAPDeliveredAtPlace(namedplaceofdestination)UnderDAPterms,theriskpassesfromsellertobuyerfromthepointofdestinationmentionedinthecontractofdelivery.Oncegoodsarereadyforshipment,thenecessarypackingiscarriedoutbythesellerathisowncost,sothatthegoodsreachtheirfinaldestinationsafely.Allnecessarylegalformalitiesintheexportingcountryarecompletedbythesellerathisowncostandrisktoclearthegoodsforexport(store.iccwbo.org,2016).DDPDeliveredDutyPaid(namedplaceofdestination)Sellerisresponsiblefordeliveringthegoodstothenamedplaceinthecountryofthebuyer,andpaysallcostsinbringingthegoodstothedestinationincludingimportdutiesandtaxes.Thesellerisnotresponsibleforunloading.Thistermisoftenusedinplaceofthenon-IncotermFreeInStore.Thistermplacesthemaximumobligationsonthesellerandminimumobligationsonthebuyer.Noriskorresponsibilityistransferredtothebuyeruntildeliveryofthegoodsatthenamedplaceofdestination(store.iccwbo.org,2016).Incoterm2010Export-CustomsdeclarationCarriagetoportofexportUnloadingoftruckinportofexportLoadingchargesinportofexportCarriage(SeaFreight/AirFreight)toportofimportUnloadingchargesinportofimportLoadingontruckinportofimportCarriagetoplaceofdestinationInsuranceImportcustomsclearanceImporttaxesEXWBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerFCASellerSellerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerFOBSellerSellerSellerSellerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerBuyerCPTSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerBuyerBuyerCIFSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerBuyerBuyerSellerBuyerBuyerCIPSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerBuyerBuyerDATSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerBuyerBuyerDAPSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerBuyerBuyerDDPSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerSellerForincoterms’importance,itcanensurethattransactionsarefinishedsuccessfullyandsafely.Bynegotiating,sellersandbuyerscansigncontractcontainingrightanddutyandotherpertinentitem.Italsoexplicitlyshowsthepriceandcostbetweenbuyersandsellers.Ingeneral,buyersshouldpaycost,freightandinsurance.Itisgoodforsolvingconflict.Intheend,incotermsisbeneficialforrelevantagenciestocarryoutoperationalactivities3ConsolidationandgroupagearrangementGroupageLess-than-containerload(LCL)isashipmentthatisnotlargeenoughtofillastandardcargocontainer.TheabbreviationLCLformerlyappliedtolessthancarloadforquantitiesofmaterialfromdifferentshippersorfordeliverytodifferentdestinationscarriedinasinglerailwaycarforefficiency.LCLfreightwasoftensortedandredistributedintodifferentrailwaycarsatintermediaterailwayterminalsenroutetothefinaldestination.(Henry,RobertSelph(1942))LCLis"aquantityofcargolessthanthatrequiredfortheapplicationofacarloadrate.Aquantityofcargolessthanthatfillsthevisibleorratedcapacityofaninter-modalcontainer.Itcanalsobedefinedasaconsignmentofcargowhichisinefficienttofillashippingcontainer.Itisgroupedwithotherconsignmentsforthesamedestinationinacontaineratacontainerfreightstation.[2]ConsolidationPeopletakeaboveGroupage’scontainerstosamewarehousetopreservetogether.Then,carryingthemtodifferentboataccordingtothesecontainer’sdestination,forexample,thereare5containersand2boat.If2containers’destinationistheU.S,theywillbecarriedonAboat.Ifanother3containersistoUK,theywillbecarriedonBboat.CircumstanceswhentheycouldbeusedThegroupageoftenisnormallyusedbythesea,railanddirectroad.Itsnumberisnotlargeandthegoodshavenorigoroustimerequirements.Consolidationisfitforairtransportationandcarriesnecessities,thuswhensomeemergencieshappensortransportationneedlesstime,theconsolidationwillbeused.ItacknowledgesthegeneralproductsinsteadoftheexceptionalproductsCosteffectivepalletloadlevelBythepart1,thechoiceisdirectroadwhosecostis1350andtoperpalletis108soresultis1350/108=12.5.Bycalculating,theresultis12.5,so,whentheloadisequaltoorbiggerthan12.5pallets,thedirectroadmodeiseffective.However,accordingtomethod,theresultshouldberoundedtothenearestinteger,thustheresultis13finally.4LeasttotalcostRouteAModeCostKirriemuirtoCoatbridgeRoad145+28=173poundsCoatbridgetoSouthamptonRail315+15+12*2+24.5+55=433.5poundsSouthamptontoPortdemontrealCanadaSea1880+24.5+34=1938.5poundsPortdemontrealCanadatoEcosseHotelRoad420+2*18+32=488poundsHirecost32*6=192poundsInsurance80*(1+10%)=88poundsTotalcost3313poundsRouteBModeCostKirriemuirtoTillburyRoad505+32+6*15=627poundsTillburytoPortdemontrealCanadaSea2010+24.5+34=2068.5poundsPortdemontrealCanadatoEcosseHotelRoad420+2*18+32=488poundsHirecost23*6=138poundsInsurance80poundsTotalcost3401.5poundsRouteModeLeasttotalcostARoadRailSeaRoad3313poundsByabovechart,RouteA--KirriemuirBottlingPlanttoCoatbridgeRailporttoSouthamptonContainerTerminaltoPortdeMontrealCanadatoEcosseHotelisoptimumchoice.BecausethecostofRouteAislowerthanRouteB.5ProceduresanddocumentationtableAreaProcedureDocumentationTransportationForemost,companyselectsfreightforwarderandsigncontractandconveythegoodsfromUKtotheportofexports.Then,companyloadsgoodsafterchecking.Next,thepurchaserletsbearertohelpconveythegoods.Then,conveyingthemtoCanada.Next,thepurchasersemptytheship.Then,thepurchaserconveythegoodstothemanufacture’sfactory.Finally,thegoodsareinthedestination,finishingtheprocess.InsurancelistCommercialinvoice[3]GoodsclassificationPackinglistCommerceForemost,buyerconsultpriceforseller.Thenselleranswerthequestionandofferquotationandpro-formainvoice.Next,buyergoestocustomandsignCISG[5].Thensellerexportgoods.Proformainvoice[4]ExportinvoiceCISGInternationalcommercialcontractCustomsCustomstaffcheckwhetherthereareforbiddengoods.Ifgoodsallareeligible,theywillbeallowedtoenterintoCanadaandtaxgoodsCustomsinvoiceCustomsdeclarationGoodclassificationInthetransportation,thisprocedure’sflowchartperhapsiswarehouse,station,containerfreightyard,customsanddestination,whichinvolvesthesedocumentssuchasInsurancelist,commercialinvoice,goodsclassification,etc.Incommerce,theflowchart,consulting,contract,orderformandpreparationgoods,whoserelevantdocumentshaveproformainvoice,exportinvoice,CISG,internationalcommercialcontract.Incustom,thepertinentprocedureisuploading,checking,taxingandpermittingthroughanditsdocumentshavecustomsinvoice,customsdeclaration,goodclassificationandsoon.