chapter6会计会计、文化差异的影响和协同效应

FinancialAccountingTheoryCraigDeeganChapter6InternationalaccountingandtheeffectsofculturaldifferencesandharmonisationeffectsSlideswrittenbyMichaelaRankinLearningObjectivesInthischapteryouwillbeintroducedtoanappreciationthattherearemanydifferencesbetweensomecountriesintheaccountingpoliciesandpracticesadoptedvariousexplanationsaboutwhycountriesadoptparticularaccountingpracticesinpreferencetootherssomeoftheargumentsthatsuggestthatitisappropriatethatthereareinternationaldifferencesinaccountingpractices2 ppt 关于艾滋病ppt课件精益管理ppt下载地图下载ppt可编辑假如ppt教学课件下载triz基础知识ppt t/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganLearningObjectiveswhatismeantbythetermharmonisationofaccountingsomeoftheperceivedbenefitsofharmonisingaccountingpracticesonaninternationalscalesomeoftheobstaclestoharmonisation,andthecriticismsthateffortstoharmoniseaccountinginternationallyhaveattracted3PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganThreewaysinternationalaccountingcanbedefineduniversalorworldaccountingconsidersissuesassociatedwiththeimplementationofauniformsetofaccountingrulesthroughouttheworldcomparativeorinternationalaccountingdifferencesinthewaysdifferentcountriesundertakethepracticeoffinancialaccountingparent–foreignsubsidiaryaccountingpracticesemployedinconsolidatingthefinancialstatementsofparententitieswithoverseassubsidiaries4PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganTwomainmodelsoffinancialaccountingAnglo-Americanmodelstronglyinfluencedbyprofessionalaccountingbodiesratherthangovernment,emphasisesimportanceofcapitalmarkets,emphasisestrueandfair,considerationsofeconomicsubstanceoverlegalformContinentalEuropeanModelrelativelysmallinputfromaccountingprofession,littlerelianceonqualitativetrueandfair,strongrelianceongovernment5PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganReasonsforinternationalaccountingdifferencesUnderlyinglawsandpoliticalsystemstaxsystemslevelofeducationlevelofeconomicdevelopmentnatureofbusinessownershipandfinancingsystemcolonialinheritancetaxationculturehistorylanguagereligion6PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganTheeffectofcultureonaccountingsystemsImpactsonlegalsystems,taxsystems,andthewaybusinessesareformedandfinancedetc.previouslyusedtoexplaindifferencesinsocialsystems‘anexpressionofnorms,valuesandcustomswhichreflecttypicalbehaviouralcharacteristics’7PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganTheeffectofculture—continued‘culture’reservedforsocietiesasawholeornations‘subculture’usedforthelevelofanorganisation,professionorfamilyinternationaldifferencesinaccountingsystemsmaybeexplainedbyaframeworkincorporatingculture8PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganHofstede’sculturaldimensionsFourunderlyingsocietaldimensionsalongwhichcountriescouldbepositioned:IndividualismPowerDistanceUncertaintyAvoidanceMasculinity9PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganIndividualismversuscollectivismAddressesdegreeofinterdependenceasocietymaintainsamongindividualsindividualismreferstoapreferenceforalooselyknitsocialframeworkwhereinindividualscareforthemselvesandtheirimmediatefamiliescollectivismstandsforatightlyknitsocialframeworkwhererelatives,clanorotherin-grouplookaftereachother10PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganPowerdistancePowerdistanceistheextenttowhichmembersofasocietyacceptthatpowerininstitutionsandorganisationsisdistributedunequallylargepowerdistancesocietiesacceptahierarchicalorderinwhicheveryonehasaplacesmallpowerdistancesocietiesstriveforpowerequalisation11PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganUncertaintyavoidanceThedegreetowhichthemembersofasocietyfeeluncomfortablewithuncertaintyandambiguitystronguncertaintyavoidancesocietiesmaintainrigidcodesofbeliefandbehaviourweakuncertaintyavoidancesocietiesmaintainamorerelaxedatmospherewherepracticecountsmorethanprinciples12PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganMasculinityversusfemininityAddressesthewayinwhichasocietyallocatessocialrolesmasculinitystandsforapreferenceforachievement,heroism,assertivenessandmaterialsuccessfemininitystandsforapreferenceforrelationships,modesty,caringfortheweak,andqualityoflife13PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganSocietaldimensionsandaccountingsubcultureThevaluesystemsofaccountantsarederivedfromrelatedsocietalvaluesthevaluesoftheaccountingsubculturewillinturnimpactonthedevelopmentoftherespectiveaccountingsystemsatnationallevelcanaccountingsystemsbedevelopedina‘one-size-fits-all’approach?14PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganGray’saccountingvaluesGraydevelopedfouraccountingvaluesdeemedtorelatetotheaccountingsubculture,withtheintentionoflinkingthemtoHofstede’sfoursocietalvaluesprofessionalismversusstatutorycontroluniformityversusflexibilityconservatismversusoptimismsecrecyversustransparency15PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganGray’shypothesesH1:ThehigheracountryranksintermsofIndividualismandtheloweritranksintermsofUncertaintyAvoidanceandPowerDistance,themorelikelyitistorankhighlyintermsofProfessionalismH2:ThehigheracountryranksintermsofUncertaintyAvoidanceandPowerDistanceandtheloweritranksintermsofIndividualism,thenthemorelikelyitistorankhighlyintermsofUniformity16PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganGray’shypotheses—continuedH3:ThehigheracountryranksintermsofUncertaintyAvoidanceandtheloweritranksintermsofIndividualismandMasculinity,thenthemorelikelyitistorankhighlyintermsofConservatismH4:ThehigheracountryranksintermsofUncertaintyAvoidanceandPowerDistanceandtheloweritranksintermsofIndividualismandMasculinity,thenthemorelikelyitistorankhighlyintermsofSecrecy17PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganGray’shypotheses—continuedGrayfurtherhypothesisedrelationshipsbetweenaccountingvaluesand:theauthorityandenforcementofaccountingsystemsthemeasurementanddisclosurecharacteristicsofaccountingsystems18PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganOtherresearchusingHofstede’sculturaldimensionsZarzeski(1996)usedHofstede’sdimensionstoexplaingreaterlevelsofdisclosurePerera(1989)usedHofstede’sculturaldimensionsandGray’saccountingsubculturalvaluedimensionstoexplaindifferencesintheaccountingpracticesofEuropeanandAnglo-Americancountries19PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganOtherresearchusingHofstede’sdimensions—cont.BaydounandWillett(1995)investigatedtheuseoftheFrenchUnitedAccountingSysteminLebanon20PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganTheeffectofreligiononaccountingsystemsReligiontranscendsnationalboundariesimpactsonglobalharmonisationofaccountingstandardsHamid,CraigandClarke(1993)examinedhowIslamiccultureshavefailedtoembrace‘Western’accountingpracticescompliancewithIslamicbeliefscanaffectthestructureofbusinessandfinancemanyWesternaccountingpracticesareincompatiblewithIslamicprinciples21PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganTheeffectofreligiononaccountingsystems—continuedReligioncanaffecthowpeopledobusinessandhowtheymakedecisions,forexample:IslamprecludesdebtfinancingandprohibitspaymentofinteresttheWesternobjectiveoffinancialreportingofrationaleconomicdecision-making(referCFsdiscussedinChapter5)maynotbearelevantobjectiveinsomesocieties22PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganBusinessownershipandfinancingsystemAtacountrylevelthefinancingsystemisrelevanttothepurposeoffinancialreportingthreetypesoffinancingsystems:capitalmarket-based(eg.UKandUS)credit-basedsystem:governmental(eg.FranceandJapan)credit-basedsystem:financialinstitutions(eg.Germany)23PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganBusinessownershipandfinancingsystem—continuedSystemsrelyinguponequitymarketswillhavegreaterdemandforpublicdisclosurescredit-basedsystemsmoreconcernedwiththeprotectionofcreditorscolonialinheritanceisalsoamajorexplanatoryfactor24PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganImpactofinternationalagenciesExamplesofinstitutionsorbodieswhichcanimpactonacountry’saccountingpoliciesare:multinationalcompaniesinternationalaccountingfirmslargemonetaryorganisationseg.WorldBankInternationalAccountingStandardsCommittee25PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganInternationalAccountingStandardsCommittee(IASC)Formedin1973membersarealltheaccountingprofessionalbodiesthataremembersoftheInternationalFederationofAccountants143membersin103countrieshasreleasedmorethan30InternationalAccountingStandardsandundertakenworkonaconceptualframeworktodate26PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganObjectivesofIASCToformulateandpublishaccountingstandardsandtopromotetheirworldwideacceptancetoworkontheimprovementandharmonisationofregulations,accountingstandardsandprocedures27PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganAimsofIASCShort-termaim—fornationalaccountingstandardsandIASstoconvergeLong-termaimofglobaluniformity—asinglesetofaccountingstandardsforalllistedandeconomicallysignificantbusinessenterprisesaroundtheworld28PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganUsesofIASsBasisfornationalaccountingrequirementsinternationalbenchmarkforcountriesdevelopingtheirownstandardsusedbystockexchangesandregulatorybodiesusedbysupra-nationalbodiesusedbytheWorldBankGroupusedbyagrowingnumberofindividualcompanies29PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganOtherinternationalbodiesUnitedNations;OrganisationforEconomicCooperation(OECD);EuropeanEconomicCommunity(EEC);andEuropeanUnion(EU)haveallcalledformovestowards‘uniformaccounting’30PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganInternationalOrganizationofSecuritiesCommissions(IOSCO)WorkingwithIASCandhasassistedIASstoachievewidespreadacceptancedevelopedaplansuchthatcompliancewithIASswillallowanorganisationtohavesecuritieslistedinallglobalmarkets31PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganInternationalFederationofAccountingCommittee(IFAC)Concentratesoninternationalissuesassociatedwiththepracticeofauditingandaccountingeducationalsoissuesassociatedwithethicalconduct32PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganHarmonisationofaccountingHarmonisationreferstoaprocessthatattemptstomakeaccountingstandardsreleasedbydifferentcountriesassimilaraspossibledoesnotimplyabsolutestandardisationAustraliaisoneofthefirsttoembarkonaprogramtoharmonisestandardswiththoseoftheIASC33PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganHarmonisationofAustralianaccountingstandardsASXimposeda3%levyonannuallistingstoprovidefinancialsupporttotheAASBtoassistinitsharmonisationprocessmodificationofexistingstandardsandreleaseofnewstandardsrelatedtoharmonisationbeganin1997since1998over20newandrevisedstandardshavebeenreleased34PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganBarrierstoharmonisationEffectsonstandardsettingofdifferent:businessenvironments;legalsystems;cultures;andpoliticalenvironmentsindifferentcountriesIASsarestronglyAnglo-AmericaninfluencedrelevanceofIASstosomecountriesisquestioned35PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeeganArgumentsinfavourofharmonisationPromotestheattractionofforeigncapitalcheaperfordevelopingcountriestoestablishanationalsystemofaccountingreducedcostsforcompanieslistingoninternationalstockexchangesincreasedcomparabilitybetweenentitiesoperatingindifferentcountriesenablesmultinationalcorporationstocoordinatetheireffortsandmoreefficientconsolidationoffinancialstatements36PPTt/aCarnegieetal;FinancialandOrganisationalDecisionMaking.PPTt/aFinancialAccountingTheorybyDeegan