纽约州宪法

NewYorkStateConstitutionAsrevised,includingamendmentseffectiveJanuary1,2015                                             ANDREWM.CUOMOROSSANAROSADOGovernorSecretaryofState                                              ThiseditionoftheNewYorkStateConstitution,availableat:www.dos.ny.gov,isprovidedasapublicservicebythe:   DepartmentofStateDivisionofAdministrativeRulesOneCommercePlaza99WashingtonAvenueAlbany,NY12231-0001 Phone:(518)474-6957Fax:(518)473-9055E-mail:adminrules@dos.ny.gov FormoreinformationaboutNewYorkState,pleasevisit:www.ny.gov1 THECONSTITUTIONOFTHESTATEOFNEWYORK   AsRevised,withAmendmentsadoptedbytheConstitutionalConventionof1938andApprovedbyVoteofthePeopleonNovember8,1938andAmendmentssubsequentlyadoptedbytheLegislatureandApprovedbyVoteofthePeople.AsAmendedandinForceJanuary1,2015ARTICLEIBILLOFRIGHTS §1.Rights,privilegesandfranchisesecured;poweroflegislaturetodispensewithprimaryelectionsincertaincases.2.Trialbyjury;howwaived.3.Freedomofworship;religiousliberty.4.Habeascorpus.5.Bail;fines;punishments;detentionofwitnesses.6.Grandjury;protectionofcertainenumeratedrights;dutyofpublicofficerstosignwaiverofimmunityandgivetestimony;penaltyforrefusal.7.Compensationfortakingprivateproperty;privateroads;drainageofagriculturallands.8.Freedomofspeechandpress;criminalprosecutionsforlibel.9.Righttoassembleandpetition;divorce;lotteries;pool-sellingandgambling;lawstoprevent;pari-mutuelbettingonhorseracespermitted;gamesofchance,bingoorlottoauthorizedundercertainrestrictions.10.[Repealed.]11.Equalprotectionoflaws;discriminationincivilrightsprohibited.12.Securityagainstunreasonablesearches,seizuresandinterceptions.13.[Repealed.]14.Commonlawandactsofthecolonialandstatelegislatures.15.[Repealed.]16.Damagesforinjuriescausingdeath.17.Labornotacommodity;hoursandwagesinpublicwork;righttoorganizeandbargaincollectively.18.Workers’compensation.ARTICLEIISUFFRAGE§1.Qualificationsofvoters.2.Absenteevoting.3.Personsexcludedfromtherightofsuffrage.4.Certainoccupationsandconditionsnottoaffectresidence.5.Registrationandelectionlawstobepassed.6.Permanentregistration.7.Mannerofvoting;identificationofvoters.8.Bi-partisanregistrationandelectionboard.9.Presidentialelections;specialvotingproceduresauthorized. ARTICLEIIILEGISLATURE§1.Legislativepower.2.Numberandtermsofsenatorsandassemblymen.3.Senatedistricts.4.Readjustmentsandreapportionments;whenfederalcensustocontrol.5.Apportionmentofassemblymen;creationofassemblydistricts.5-a.Definitionofinhabitants.5-b.Independentredistrictingcommission.6.Compensation,allowancesandtravelingexpensesofmembers.7.Qualificationsofmembers;prohibitionsoncertaincivilappointments;acceptancetovacateseat.8.Timeofelectionsofmembers.9.Powersofeachhouse.10.Journals;opensessions;adjournments.11.Membersnottobequestionedforspeeches.12.Billsmayoriginateineitherhouse;maybeamendedbytheother.13.Enactingclauseofbills;nolawtobeenactedexceptbybill.14.Mannerofpassingbills;messageofnecessityforimmediatevote.15.Privateorlocalbillstoembraceonlyonesubject,expressedintitle.16.Existinglawnottobemadeapplicablebyreference.17.Casesinwhichprivateorlocalbillsshallnotbepassed.18.Extraordinarysessionsofthelegislature;powertoconveneonlegislativeinitiative.19.Privateclaimsnottobeauditedbylegislature;claimsbarredbylapseoftime.20.Two-thirdsbills.21.Certainsectionsnottoapplytobillsrecommendedbycertaincommissionersorpublicagencies.22.Taxlawstostatetaxandobjectdistinctly;definitionofincomeforincometaxpurposesbyreferencetofederallawsauthorized.23.Whenyeasandnaysnecessary;three-fifthstoconstitutequorum.24.Prisonlabor;contractsystemabolished.25.Emergencygovernmentaloperations;legislaturetoprovidefor.ARTICLEIVEXECUTIVE§1.Executivepower;electionandtermsofgovernorandlieutenant-governor.2.Qualificationsofgovernorandlieutenant-governor.3.Powersanddutiesofgovernor;compensation.4.Reprieves,commutationsandpardons;powersanddutiesofgovernorrelatingtograntsof.5.Whenlieutenant-governortoactasgovernor.6.Dutiesandcompensationoflieutenant-governor;successiontothegovernorship.7.Actionbygovernoronlegislativebills;reconsiderationafterveto.8.Departmentalrulesandregulations;filing;publication.ARTICLEVOFFICERSANDCIVILDEPARTMENTS§1.Comptrollerandattorney-general;paymentofstatemoneyswithoutauditvoid.2.Civildepartmentsinthestategovernment.3.Assignmentoffunctions.4.Departmentheads.5.[Repealed.]6.Civilserviceappointmentsandpromotions;veterans’credits.7.Membershipinretirementsystems;benefitsnottobediminishednorimpaired.TheConstitutionoftheStateofNewYork 2 ARTICLEVIJUDICIARY§1.Unifiedcourtsystem;organization;process.2.Courtofappeals;organization;designations;vacancies,howfilled;commissiononjudicialnomination.3.Courtofappeals;jurisdiction.4.Judicialdepartments;appellatedivisions,howconstituted;gov-ernortodesignatejustices;temporaryassignments;jurisdiction.5.Appealsfromjudgmentororder;newtrial.6.Judicialdistricts;howconstituted;supremecourt.7.Supremecourt;jurisdiction.8.Appellateterms;composition;jurisdiction.9.Courtofclaims;jurisdiction.10.Countycourts;judges.11.Countycourt;jurisdiction.12.Surrogate’scourts;judges;jurisdiction.13.Familycourt;organization;jurisdiction.14.Dischargeofdutiesofmorethanonejudicialofficebysamejudicialofficer.15.NewYorkcity;city-widecourts;jurisdiction.16.Districtcourts;jurisdiction;judges.17.Town,villageandcitycourts;jurisdiction;judges.18.Trialbyjury;trialwithoutjury;claimsagainststate.19.Transferofactionsandproceedings.20.Judgesandjustices;qualifications;eligibilityforotherofficeorservice;restrictions.21.Vacancies;howfilled.22.Commissiononjudicialconduct;composition;organizationandprocedure;reviewbycourtofappeals;disciplineofjudgesorjus-tices.23.Removalofjudges.24.Courtfortrialofimpeachments;judgment.25.Judgesandjustices;compensation;retirement.26.Temporaryassignmentsofjudgesandjustices.27.Supremecourt;extraordinaryterms.28.Administrativesupervisionofcourtsystem.29.Expensesofcourts.30.Legislativepoweroverjurisdictionandproceedings;delegationofpowertoregulatepracticeandprocedure.31.Inapplicabilityofarticletocertaincourts.32.Custodiansofchildrentobeofsamereligiouspersuasion.33.Existinglaws;dutyoflegislaturetoimplementarticle.34.Pendingappeals,actionsandproceedings;preservationofexistingtermsofofficeofjudgesandjustices.35.Certaincourtsabolished;transferofjudges,courtpersonnel,andactionsandproceedingstoothercourts.36.Pendingcivilandcriminalcases.36-a.EffectivedateofcertainamendmentstoarticlesVIandVII.36-b.[Nosection.]36-c.EffectivedateofcertainamendmentstoarticleVI,section22.37.Effectivedateofarticle. ARTICLEVIISTATEFINANCES§1Estimatesbydepartments,thelegislatureandthejudiciaryofneededappropriations;hearings.2.Executivebudget.3.Budgetbills;appearancesbeforelegislature.4.Actiononbudgetbillsbylegislature;effectthereof.5.Restrictionsonconsiderationofotherappropriations.6.Restrictionsoncontentofappropriationbills.7.Appropriationbills.8.Giftorloanofstatecreditormoneyprohibited;exceptionsforenumeratedpurposes.9.Shorttermstatedebtsinanticipationoftaxes,revenuesandproceedsofsaleofauthorizedbonds.10.Statedebtsonaccountofinvasion,insurrection,warandforestfires.11.Statedebtsgenerally;mannerofcontracting;referendum.12.Statedebtsgenerally;howpaid;contributiontosinkingfunds;restrictionsonuseofbondproceeds.13.Refundofstatedebts.14.Statedebtforeliminationofrailroadcrossingsatgrade;expenses;howborne;constructionandreconstructionofstatehighwaysandparkways.15.Sinkingfunds;howkeptandinvested;incometherefromandapplicationthereof.16.Paymentofstatedebts;whencomptrollertopaywithoutappropriation.17.Authorizingthelegislaturetoestablishafundorfundsfortaxrevenuestabilizationreserves;regulatingpaymentstheretoandwithdrawalstherefrom.18.BonusonaccountofserviceofcertainveteransinWorldWarII.19.Statedebtforexpansionofstateuniversity.  ARTICLEVIIILOCALFINANCES§1.Giftorloanofpropertyorcreditoflocalsubdivisionsprohibited;exceptionsforenumeratedpurposes.2.Restrictionsonindebtednessoflocalsubdivisions;contractingandpaymentoflocalindebtedness;exceptions.2-a.Localindebtednessforwatersupply,sewageanddrainagefacilitiesandpurposes;allocationsandexclusionsofindebtedness.3.Restrictionsoncreationandindebtednessofcertaincorporations.4.Limitationsonlocalindebtedness.5.Ascertainmentofdebt-incurringpowerofcounties,cities,townsandvillages;certainindebtednesstobeexcluded.6.Debt-incurringpowerofBuffalo,RochesterandSyracuse;certainadditionalindebtednesstobeexcluded.7.Debt-incurringpowerofNewYorkcity;certainadditionalindebtednesstobeexcluded.7-a.Debt-incurringpowerofNewYorkcity;certainindebtednessforrailroadsandtransitpurposestobeexcluded.8.Indebtednessnottobeinvalidatedbyoperationofthisarticle.9.Whendebt-incurringpowerofcertaincountiesshallcease.10.Limitationsonamounttoberaisedbyrealestatetaxesforlocalpurposes;exceptions.10-a.Applicationanduseofrevenues:certainpublicimprovements.11.Taxesforcertaincapitalexpenditurestobeexcludedfromtaxlimitation.12.Powersoflocalgovernmentstoberestricted;furtherlimitationsoncontractinglocalindebtednessauthorized.  ARTICLEIXLOCALGOVERNMENTS§1.Billofrightsforlocalgovernments.2.Powersanddutiesoflegislature;homerulepowersoflocalgovernments;statuteoflocalgovernments.3.Existinglawstoremainapplicable;construction;definitions. ARTICLEXCORPORATIONS§1.Corporations;formationof.2.Duesofcorporations.3.Savingsbankcharters;savingsandloanassociationcharters;specialchartersnottobegranted.4.Corporations;definition;righttosueandbesued.5.Publiccorporations;restrictionsoncreationandpowers;accounts;obligationsof.6.Liabilityofstateforpaymentofbondsofpubliccorporationtoconstructstatethruways;useofstatecanallandsandproperties.TheConstitutionoftheStateofNewYork 3 7.LiabilityofstateforobligationsoftheportofNewYorkauthorityforrailroadcommutercars;limitations.8.Liabilityofstateonbondsofapubliccorporationtofinancenewindustrialormanufacturingplantsindepressedareas.ARTICLEXIEDUCATION§1.Commonschools.2.RegentsoftheUniversity.3.Useofpublicpropertyormoneyinaidofdenominationalschoolsprohibited;transportationofchildrenauthorized. ARTICLEXIIDEFENSE§1.Defense;militia. ARTICLEXIIIPUBLICOFFICERS§1.Oathofoffice;noothertestforpublicoffice.2.Durationoftermofoffice.3.Vacanciesinoffice;howfilled;boardsofeducation.4.Politicalyearandlegislativeterm.5.Removalfromofficeformisconduct.6.Whenofficetobedeemedvacant;legislaturemaydeclare.7.Compensationofofficers.8.Electionandtermofcityandcertaincountyofficers.9-12.[Nosections9-12;former9-12renumbered4-7.]13.Lawenforcementandotherofficers.14.Employeesof,andcontractorsfor,thestateandlocalgovernments;wages,hoursandotherprovisionstoberegulatedbylegislature. ARTICLEXIVCONSERVATION§1.Forestpreservetobeforeverkeptwild;authorizedusesandexceptions.2.Reservoirs.3.Forestandwildlifeconservation;useordispositionofcertainlandsauthorized.4.Protectionofnaturalresources;developmentofagriculturallands.5.Violationsofarticle;howrestrained. ARTICLEXVCANALS§1.Dispositionofcanalsandcanalpropertiesprohibited.2.Prohibitioninapplicabletolandsandpropertiesnolongeruseful;dispositionauthorized.3.Contractsforworkandmaterials;specialrevenuefund.4.Leaseortransfertofederalgovernmentofbargecanalsystemauthorized. ARTICLEXVITAXATION§1.Poweroftaxation;exemptionsfromtaxation.2.Assessmentsfortaxationpurposes.3.Situsofintangiblepersonalproperty;taxationof.4.Certaincorporationsnottobediscriminatedagainst.5.Compensationofpublicofficersandemployeessubjecttotaxation.6.Publicimprovementsorservices;contractofindebtedness;creationofpubliccorporations.ARTICLEXVIISOCIALWELFARE §1.Publicreliefandcare.2.Stateboardofsocialwelfare;powersandduties.3.Publichealth.4.Careandtreatmentofpersonssufferingfrommentaldisorderordefect;visitationofinstitutionsfor.5.Institutionsfordetentionofcriminals;probation;parole;statecommissionofcorrection.6.Visitationandinspection.7.Loansforhospitalconstruction. ARTICLEXVIIIHOUSING §1.Housingandnursinghomeaccommodationsforpersonsoflowincome;slumclearance.2.Idem;powersoflegislatureinaidof.3.ArticleVIItoapplytostatedebtsunderthisarticle,withcertainexceptions;amortizationofstatedebts;capitalandperiodicsubsidies.4.Powersofcities,townsandvillagestocontractindebtednessinaidoflowrenthousingandslumclearanceprojects;restrictionsthereon.5.Liabilityforcertainloansmadebythestatetocertainpubliccorporations.6.Loansandsubsidies;restrictionsonandpreferenceinoccupancyofprojects.7.Liabilityarisingfromguaranteestobedeemedindebtedness;methodofcomputing.8.Excesscondemnation.9.Acquisitionofpropertyforpurposesofarticle.10.Poweroflegislature;constructionofarticle. ARTICLEXIXAMENDMENTSTOCONSTITUTION §1.Amendmentstoconstitution;howproposed,voteduponandratified;failureofattorney-generaltorenderopinionnottoaffectvalidity.2.Futureconstitutionalconventions;howcalled;electionofdelegates;compensation;quorum;submissionofamendments;officers;employees;rules;vacancies.3.Amendmentssimultaneouslysubmittedbyconventionandlegislature. ARTICLEXXWHENTOTAKEEFFECT§1.Timeoftakingeffect.TheConstitutionoftheStateofNewYork  4 THECONSTITUTION1[Preamble]WETHEPEOPLEoftheStateofNewYork,gratefultoAlmightyGodforourFreedom,inordertosecureitsblessings,DOESTABLISHTHISCONSTITUTION.  ARTICLEIBILLOFRIGHTS[Rights,privilegesandfranchisesecured;poweroflegislaturetodispensewithprimaryelectionsincertaincases]Section1.Nomemberofthisstateshallbedisfranchised2,ordeprivedofanyoftherightsorprivilegessecuredtoanycitizenthereof,unlessbythelawoftheland,orthejudgmentofhisorherpeers,exceptthatthelegislaturemayprovidethatthereshallbenoprimaryelectionheldtonominatecandidatesforpublicofficeortoelectpersonstopartypositionsforanypoliticalpartyorpartiesinanyunitofrepresentationofthestatefromwhichsuchcandidatesorpersonsarenominatedorelectedwheneverthereisnocontestorcontestsforsuchnominationsorelectionasmaybeprescribedbygenerallaw.(AmendedbyvoteofthepeopleNovember3,1959;November6,2001.)3 [Trialbyjury;howwaived]§2.Trialbyjuryinallcasesinwhichithasheretoforebeenguaranteedbyconstitutionalprovisionshallremaininviolateforever;butajurytrialmaybewaivedbythepartiesinallcivilcasesinthemannertobeprescribedbylaw.Thelegislaturemayprovide,however,bylaw,thataverdictmayberenderedbynotlessthanfive-sixthsofthejuryinanycivilcase.Ajurytrialmaybewaivedbythedefendantinallcriminalcases,exceptthoseinwhichthecrimechargedmaybepunishablebydeath,byawritteninstrumentsignedbythedefendantinpersoninopencourtbeforeandwiththeapprovalofajudgeorjusticeofacourthavingjurisdictiontotrytheoffense.Thelegislaturemayenactlaws,notinconsistentherewith,governingtheform,content,mannerandtimeofpresentationoftheinstrumenteffectuatingsuchwaiver.(AmendedbyConstitutionalConventionof1938andapprovedbyvoteofthepeopleNovember8,1938.) [Freedomofworship;religiousliberty]§3.Thefreeexerciseandenjoymentofreligiousprofessionandworship,withoutdiscriminationorpreference,shallforeverbeallowedinthisstatetoallhumankind;andnopersonshallberenderedincompetenttobeawitnessonaccountofhisorheropinionsonmattersofreligiousbelief;butthelibertyofconscienceherebysecuredshallnotbesoconstruedastoexcuseactsoflicentiousness,orjustifypracticesinconsistentwiththepeaceorsafetyofthisstate.(AmendedbyvoteofthepeopleNovember6,2001.) [Habeascorpus]§4.Theprivilegeofawritororderofhabeascorpusshallnotbesuspended,unless,incaseofrebellionorinvasion,thepublicsafetyrequiresit.(AmendedbyConstitutionalConventionof1938andapprovedbyvoteofthepeopleNovember8,1938.) [Bail;fines;punishments;detentionofwitnesses]§5.Excessivebailshallnotberequirednorexcessivefinesimposed,norshallcruelandunusualpunishmentsbeinflicted,norshallwitnessesbeunreasonablydetained.                                                            1 Sectionheadingsandannotations[enclosedinbrackets],andfootnotesthroughoutthisdocumentarenotapartoftheofficialtext. 2 Assoinoriginal. 3 Exceptwhereotherwiseindicated,eachsectionhereafterwasre-enactedwithoutchangebytheConstitutionalConventionof1938andre-adoptedbyvoteofthepeopleNovember8,1938. [Grandjury;protectionofcertainenumeratedrights;dutyofpublicofficerstosignwaiverofimmunityandgivetestimony;penaltyforrefusal] §6.Nopersonshallbeheldtoanswerforacapitalorotherwiseinfamouscrime(exceptincasesofimpeachment,andincasesofmilitiawheninactualservice,andtheland,airandnavalforcesintimeofwar,orwhichthisstatemaykeepwiththeconsentofcongressintimeofpeace,andincasesofpetitlarcenyundertheregulationofthelegislature),unlessonindictmentofagrandjury,exceptthatapersonheldfortheactionofagrandjuryuponachargeforsuchanoffense,otherthanonepunishablebydeathorlifeimprisonment,withtheconsentofthedistrictattorney,maywaiveindictmentbyagrandjuryandconsenttobeprosecutedonaninformationfiledbythedistrictattorney;suchwaivershallbeevidencedbywritteninstrumentsignedbythedefendantinopencourtinthepresenceofhisorhercounsel.Inanytrialinanycourtwhateverthepartyaccusedshallbeallowedtoappearanddefendinpersonandwithcounselasincivilactionsandshallbeinformedofthenatureandcauseoftheaccusationandbeconfrontedwiththewitnessesagainsthimorher.Nopersonshallbesubjecttobetwiceputinjeopardyforthesameoffense;norshallheorshebecompelledinanycriminalcasetobeawitnessagainsthimselforherself,providing,thatanypublicofficerwho,uponbeingcalledbeforeagrandjurytotestifyconcerningtheconductofhisorherpresentofficeorofanypublicofficeheldbyhimorherwithinfiveyearspriortosuchgrandjurycalltotestify,ortheperformanceofhisorherofficialdutiesinanysuchpresentorprioroffices,refusestosignawaiverofimmunityagainstsubsequentcriminalprosecution,ortoansweranyrelevantquestionconcerningsuchmattersbeforesuchgrandjury,shallbyvirtueofsuchrefusal,bedisqualifiedfromholdinganyotherpublicofficeorpublicemploymentforaperiodoffiveyearsfromthedateofsuchrefusaltosignawaiverofimmunityagainstsubsequentprosecution,ortoansweranyrelevantquestionconcerningsuchmattersbeforesuchgrandjury,andshallberemovedfromhisorherpresentofficebytheappropriateauthorityorshallforfeithisorherpresentofficeatthesuitoftheattorney-general.Thepowerofgrandjuriestoinquireintothewilfulmisconductinofficeofpublicofficers,andtofindindictmentsortodirectthefilingofinformationsinconnectionwithsuchinquiries,shallneverbesuspendedorimpairedbylaw.Nopersonshallbedeprivedoflife,libertyorpropertywithoutdueprocessoflaw.(AmendedbyConstitutionalConventionof1938andapprovedbyvoteofthepeopleNovember8,1938;furtheramendedbyvoteofthepeopleNovember8,1949;November3,1959;November6,1973;November6,2001.)[Compensationfortakingprivateproperty;privateroads;drainageofagriculturallands]§7.(a)Privatepropertyshallnotbetakenforpublicusewithoutjustcompensation.(c)Privateroadsmaybeopenedinthemannertobeprescribedbylaw;butineverycasethenecessityoftheroadandtheamountofalldamagetobesustainedbytheopeningthereofshallbefirstdeterminedbyajuryoffreeholders,andsuchamount,togetherwiththeexpensesoftheproceedings,shallbepaidbythepersontobebenefitted.(d)Theuseofpropertyforthedrainageofswamporagriculturallandsisdeclaredtobeapublicuse,andgenerallawsmaybepassedpermittingtheownersoroccupantsofswamporagriculturallandstoconstructandmaintainforthedrainagethereof,necessarydrains,ditchesanddykesuponthelandsofothers,underproperrestrictions,onmakingjustcompensa