浪漫主义运动与哥特式文学

TheRomanticMovementandGothicLiteratureEnlightenment(c.1660-1790)AnintellectualmovementinFranceandotherpartsofEuropethatemphasizedtheimportanceofreason,progress,andliberty.TheEnlightenment,sometimescalledtheAgeofReason,isprimarilyassociatedwithnonfictionwriting,suchasessaysandphilosophicaltreatises.MajorEnlightenmentwritersincludeThomasHobbes,JohnLocke,Jean-JacquesRousseauandRenéDescartes.Neoclassicism(c.1660-1798)Aliterarymovement,inspiredbytherediscoveryofclassicalworksofancientGreeceandRome,thatemphasizedbalance,restraint,andorder.NeoclassicismroughlycoincidedwiththeEnlightenment,whichespousedreasonoverpassion.NotableneoclassicalwritersincludeEdmundBurke,JohnDryden,SamuelJohnson,AlexanderPopeandJonathanSwift.SturmundDrang(1770s)Germanfor“stormandstress,”thisbriefGermanliterarymovementadvocatedpassionateindividualityinthefaceofNeoclassicalrationalismandrestraint.Goethe’sTheSorrowsofYoungWertheristhemostenduringworkofthismovement,whichgreatlyinfluencedtheRomanticMovement.Romanticism(c.1798-1832)AliteraryandartisticmovementthatreactedagainsttherestraintanduniversalismoftheEnlightenment.TheRomanticscelebratedspontaneity,imagination,subjectivity,andthepurityofnature.NotableEnglishRomanticwritersincludeJaneAusten,WilliamBlake,LordByron,SamuelTaylorColeridge,JohnKeats,PercyByssheShelleyandWilliamWordsworth.ProminentfiguresintheAmericanromanticmovementincludeNathanielHawthorne,HermanMelville,EdgarAllenPoe,WilliamsCullenBryant,andJohnGreenleafWhittier.Transcendentalism(c.1835-1860)AnAmericanphilosophicalandspiritualmovement,basedinNewEngland,thatfocusedontheprimaryoftheindividualconscienceandrejectedmaterialisminfavorofclosercommunionwithnature.RalphWaldoEmerson’s“Self-Reliance”andHenryDavidThoreau’sWaldenarefamoustranscendentalistworks.FiveMainRomanticThemesinAmericanLiteratureIntuition(“thetruthoftheheart”)ismoretrustworthythanreason.Toexpressdeeplyfeltexperienceismorevaluablethantoelaborateuniversalprinciples.TheindividualisatthecenteroflifeandGodisatthecenteroftheindividual.Natureisanarrayofphysicalsymbolsfromwhichknowledgeofthesupernaturalcanbeintuited.Weshouldaspiretotheideal–tochangewhatistowhatoughttobe.Pre-Raphaelites(c.1848-1870)TheliteraryarmofanartisticmovementthatdrewinspirationfromItalianartistsworkingbeforeRaphael(1483-1520).ThePre-Raphaelitescombinedsensuousnessandreligiositythrougharchaicpoeticformsandmedievalsettings.WilliamMorris,ChristinaRossetti,DanteGabrielRossetti,andCharlesSwinburnewereleadingpoetsinthemovement.RomanticCharacteristicsEmphasisuponsubjectiveemotionandspontaneity2.Loveofone’sownnationalliteratureandliteraryformsWild,exuberantwritingdealingwithunexpected,exoticandforeigntopicsObjectscontrastedwitheachotherandarrangedasymmetrically5.LoveofthecountryandnatureNationalismOneofRomanticism’skeyideasistheassertionofnationalism,whichbecameacentralthemeofRomanticartandpoliticalphilosophy.Fromtheearliestpartsofthemovement,withtheirfocusondevelopmentofnationallanguagesandfolklore,andtheimportanceoflocalcustomsandtraditions,tothemovementswhichwouldredrawthemapofEuropeandleadtocallsforself-determinationofnationalities,nationalismwasoneofthekeyvehiclesofRomanticism,itsrole,expressionandmeaning.NeoclassicalElementsFormalessayHistorybookRhymingcoupletDisciplineLawTraditionAristocratsConservativesEven-temperedReservedFormalportraitsRomanticElementsMythicalstoryOdeSupernaturaltaleDemocracyFreedomRevolutionCommonersLiberalsMelancholicOutspokenLandscapesTruewitisNaturetoadvantagedrest,Whatoftwasthought,butne’ersowellexpressed;Somethingwhosetruthconvincedatsightwefind,Thatgivesusbacktheimageofourmind.AlexanderPope,AnEssayonCriticism,Part2,11.297-300…Thenawish,Mylastandfavouriteaspiration,mountsWithyearningtow’rdssomephilo-sophicSongOfTruththatcherishesourdailylife;Withmeditationspassionate,fromdeepRecessesinman’sheart,immortalverseThoughtfullyfittedtotheOrpheanlyre…WilliamWordsworth,ThepreludeBook1,11.227-233TheFightingTéméaireJ.M.W.TurnerTheWhiteHorsesJohnConstable-1819LibertyLeadingthePeopleEugeneDelacroixTheVoyageofLife-ChildhoodThomasColeTheVoyageofLife-YouthThomasColeTheVoyageofLife-ManhoodThomasColeTheVoyageofLife-OldAgeThomasColeGothicLiteratureItwasanoffshootofRomanticLiterature.GothicLiteraturewasthepredecessorofmodernhorrormoviesinboththemeandstyle.GothicLiteratureputaspinontheRomanticideaofnatureworshipandnatureimagery.Alongwithnaturehavingthepowerofhealing,Gothicwritersgavenaturethepowerofdestruction.Frankensteinisfulloftheharshrealityofnature.Manystormsariseinthenovel,includingstormsthenighttheCreaturecomestolife.ThemostcommonfeatureofGothicLiteratureistheindicationofmoodthroughtheweather.TheByronicHeroThisideaisbasedonthepersonalityofGeorgeGordon,LordByronwhowasastormy,sensitive,fiercelyproudman.TheByronicHeroisamysterious,somewhatexoticcreaturewhosepassionateintensitycutshimofffromothers.Theysufferfromprofoundyearningsthatarebeyondthecomprehensionoflesserpersons.Awareoftheirsuperiority,theseByronicHeroesarefrequentlyaloof,sometimessullen.Theyshowdisdainforthepettyregulationsofsociety.Theyaresometimesimprisonedorbecomevoluntaryexiles,livingexamplesoftherestlessspiritoftheRomantics.