高考必考语法一：名词-(精讲精练含解析)

高考必考语法精讲精练PAGE\*MERGEFORMAT2语法专题一：名词名词是英语中非常重要的一类词，也是高考必考内容之一。纵观历年高考试题，试题中出现的考点主要有：可数名词的单复数形式、名词的所有格的构成及应用、不可数名词的辨认、名词的功能、名词辨义、名词与其他词类之间的转换等。I.名词的种类：专有名词普通名词国名、地名、人名、团体机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词China，theGermans，Johnbook，studentteam，family，armyinformation，lovemilk，water，honeyII.名词的数：1.规则可数名词的复数形式：一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法列表如下：规则例词1一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps，sea-seas，girl-girls，day-days2以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes，box-boxes，watch-watches，dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves，thief-thieves，knife-knives，wife-wives，wolf-wolves，half-halves加-schief-chiefs，proof-proofs，roof-roofs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties，family-families，story-stories，city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-stoy-toys，boy-boys，day-days，ray-rays，Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esNegro-Negroes，hero-heroes，potato-potatoes，tomato-tomatoes一些外来词加-spiano-pianos，photo-photos，auto-autos，kilo-kilos，solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes，volcano-volcanoes/volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios，bamboo-bamboos，zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths，mouth-mouths，month-months，path-paths2.不规则可数名词复数：1改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men,woman-women,foot-feet,goose-geese,mouse-mice2单复数相同sheep,deer,means,works,fish,yuan,jin3只有复数形式trousers,clothes,thanks,goods,glasses,4一些集体名词总是用作复数people,police5部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员）class,family,crowd,couple,group,government,population,team,public,party6复数形式表示特别含义customs(海关),times(时代),spirits(情绪),drinks(饮料),sands(沙滩),papers(文件报纸),looks(外表),brains(头脑智力),greens(青菜)，woods（树林）；works（工厂、作品）forces（军队）7表示某国人加-sAmericans,Australians,Germans,Greeks,Swedes,Europeans单复数同形Swiss,Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen,Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law,lookers-on,passers-by,story-tellers,boyfriends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups,housewives,stopwatches将两部分变为复数womensingers,mendoctorsIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分三种：一是名词词尾加’s构成，多表示有生命的东西；二是由介词of加名词构成，多表示无生命的东西；三是双重所有格。1.’s所有格的构成：单数名词在末尾加’stheboy’sfather，Jack’sbook，herson-in-law’sphoto复数名词一般在末尾加’theteachers’room，thetwins’mother不规则复数名词后加’sthechildren’stoys，women’srights以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’novels，Charles’sjob，theSmiths’house表示各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’sandAmerica’sproblems，Jane’sandMary’sbikes表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapanandAmerica’sproblems，JaneandMary’sfather表示＂某人家＂＂店铺＂，所有格后名词省略thedoctor’s，thebarber’s，thetailor’s，myuncle’s2.’s所有格的用法：１表示时间、距离today’snewspaper，fiveweeks’holiday，tenminutes’walk2表示自然现象theearth’satmosphere，thetree’sbranches3表示国家城市等地方的名词thecountry’splan，theworld’spopulation，China’sindustry4表示工作群体theship’screw，majority’sview，theteam’svictory5表示度量衡及价值amile’sjourney，fivedollars’worthofapples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词thelife’stime，theplay’splot7某些固定词组abird’seyeview，astone’sthrow，atone’swit’send(不知所措)3.of所有格的构成及用法：of所有格是以"of+名词"构成的一种词组形式，主要用于表示无生命东西的名词，表示所有关系。如:theworkshopofthefactory工厂的车间thedooroftheroom房间的门thelegsofthechair椅子腿thecoverofthebook这本 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 的封面表示有生命东西的名词，也可用of所有格表示所有关系，或者表示主谓关系、动宾关系或事物的来源等。如:thedeathofStalin斯大林的逝世thearrivalofthechairman主席的到来thelawsofNewton牛顿定律4.双重所有格：'s所有格有时可以和of所有格结合在一起表示所有关系，这叫做"双重所有格"。双重所有格的形式为：1)of十名词所有格：afriendofmybrother's.我弟弟的一位朋友；anewdesignofMr.Brown's.布朗先生的一项新设计2)of+名词性物主代词：afriendofmine我的一位朋友；anecklaceofyours你的一条项链=4\*ROMAN\*MERGEFORMATIV.名词的修饰语可数名词和不可数名词各有其不同的修饰语，详见下表：适应情况修饰语只修饰可数名词单数a/an，one，another，either，neither，every，manya只修饰可数名词复数many，these，those，afew，agood/greatmany，agood/greatnumberof，both，several，two，three...只修饰不可数名词much，alittle，abitof，agreat/gooddealof，agreat/large/smallamountof既可修饰可数名词又可修饰不可数名词the，one's，some，any，no，all，alotof，lotsof，plentyof，alargequantityof，other，half，one-third注意：some在表示"某一"，any在表示"任何"时也可修饰可数名词单数。this和that只能修饰可数名词单数和不可数名词，last，next，theother和序数词只能修饰可数名词单数和复数。★★★★★短文改错中常考的不可数名词有：water，advice，air，work，time，homework，bread，milk，fun，information，progress，practice，weather，news，wealth，voice，room（空间）,knowledge等。=5\*ROMAN\*MERGEFORMATV.高考英语短文改错及语法填空考点 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 及训练·名词考点规律分析：短文改错的名词考点主要涉及名词的单复数问题，即在该用复数的地方误用其单数，或在该用单数的地方误用其复数。此外，还常考名词的所有格、名词与其他词类之间的转换等。语法填空主要考查名词的单复数以及名词与其他词类之间的转换。名词单句改错之真题训练：1.Westoppedtorestforawhileandtodrinksomewatersfromastream.2.Weclimbeverywhere,notonlyinAmerica.WehavebeentoEuropemanytime.3.Therearebranchlibraryinmanyvillages.4.Ihopethatyoutwocouldcomeandvisitussometimessoon.5.TodayIvisitedtheSmiths—myfirsttimevisittoanAmericanfamily.6.TheywereeagertoknoweverythingaboutChinaandaskedmelotsofquestion.7.Westudyquiteafewsubject,suchasmaths,Chinese,Englishandphysics.8.…andoftenwatchfootballmatchonTVtogether.9.Happybirthday,Peter,andmanyhappyreturnoftheday!10.Shesaidthatsheandmyschoolmateallwishedmesuccess.11.Iusedtolovescienceclass—allofthem—biology,chemistry,geography,physics.12.Theydidnotwantmetodoanyworkatfamily.13.…sothatI’llgetgoodmarksinallmysubject.14.OnthewayupIwasbusytakingpicturesincethescenerywassobeautiful.15.Nooneworriesmuchabouttheradioprogramyoungpeoplelistento.16.Theirwordwereagreatencouragementtome.17.Youknow,thatwasadinnerwehadwaitedforseveralmonth.”18.…butafterclasswebecomestrangeratonce.19.YoucanfindallkindsofinformationinjustafewminuteontheInternet.20.Nowadaysmillionsofpeopleofallagetakepleasureinahobby…21.ShewasdoingherhomeworksoneSundaymorningwhen…22.Withoutenoughknowledges,youcanneverteachwell.23..Theairswebreatheisgettingdirtieranddirtier.名词单句改错之模拟训练：1.Womenlivelongerthanmeninmostcountry.2.Thefilmisveryinteresting.Ihaveseenitmanytime.3.It’ssaidthatallthetickethavebeensoldout.4.ThechildrenspendalotoftimeswatchingTV.5.Imetalotofinterestingpeoplesonholiday.6.Theflowerintheparkwereallpleasing.7.Asthedaywentby,shebecamelessanxious.8.Computerarebecomingmoreandmorepopularinthecountry.9.It’soneofthemostinterestingbookthatI’veeverread.10.HemadehisfirsttimevisittoChinawhenhewas18.11.Hearingthenews,thewomanburstintotear.12.Hehasn’tlivedherelong,buthehasagreatmanyfriendhere.13.IwasafraidshewouldhaveleftforfamilywhenIgotthere.14.He’sgettingmarriednextmonthanddecidestobuysomefurnitures.15.There’sapaper’sfactorynearourschool.名词单句改错之提升训练：A级1.Fromthenon,webecamegoodfriendandoftenplayedtogether.2.BothMarxandEngelswereGermen.3.Didyoutaketheiradvicesyesterday?4.Mostofthemarewomandoctors.5.Wecanhavefunsattheseasidethisweekend.6.Therearefourbasketsofappleinthatroom.7.Thiscomputercostmeeightthousandsyuan.8.Tomlookshappytoday.He’sgotmanygoodnewsfromhere.9.Thishatofmyfatherisratherold.10.Hemademanymistakeintheexambecauseofcarelessness.11.Iwenttoanearbyfoodstoretobuysomebreadsthismorning.12.Iameighteenyearoldnow.13.Ihavecaringteachersandfriendlyclassmateinmyclass.14.Asstudent,Iwillstudyhardandtrytopasstheexam.15.Nowadays,wecangetmanyinformationontheinternet.B级1.Willyoupleasemakearoomfortheladyoutside?2.Thenumberofthestudentsinourschoolareincreasing.3.ShehasmadesomeprogressesinEnglish.4.Hisworkisbetterthananyoneelse.5.We'vemissedthelastbus.I'mafraidwehavenochoicesbuttotakeataxi.6.Hedroppedthecoffee'scupandbrokeit.7.Hegainedhiswealthsbyprintingworksoffamouswriters.8.Mybrotherhashadoneofhistoothtakenout.9.You'llfindthismapofgreatvaluableinhelpingyoutogetroundLondon.10.Whatabeautifulweatherwearehavingrecently!11.Tablesaremadeofwoods.12.It’simpossibleforsofewworkerstodosomanyworkinasingleday.13.Whathappenedtoyourvoices?Whycouldn’twehearyou?14.WhatalotofworksIhavetofinishtoday!15.Atmealtimes，somecustomerhavetowaitoutsidetherestaurant.16.Asawriter，heissuccessbecausehehaswrittenmanygreatworks.名词单句语法填空之真题训练：1.Chengduhasdozensofnewmillionaires,Asia’sbiggestbuilding,andfancynewhotels.Butfortouristslikeme,pandasareitstop______________(attract)．2.Thenurseryteamswitcheshimeveryfew______________(day)withhissister.3.Handlethemostimportanttasksfirstsoyou’llfeelarealsenseof______________(achieve)．4.Recent_____________(study)showthatwearefarmoreproductiveatworkifwetakeshortbreaksregularly.5.Visitinganappleeventisagoodchancetosee,andoftentaste,awidevarietyof______________(apple)．6.Althoughthese______________(measure)arenoteffectiveforever,theyarevitalfornow.7.Thecollegeyearsaresupposedtobeatimeforimportant______________(grow)inautonomy(自主性)andthedevelopmentofadultidentity.8.The______________(life)ofthesepeoplehavefinallybeenrecordedthankstotheeffectsofaFrenchmanfromPariscalledGin.9.Theweather______________(effect)bothgoodandbad,arefeltinmanyplaces.10.Someschoolswillhavetomake___________(adjust)inagreementwiththenationalsoccerreform.11.—GoandsaysorrytoyourMom,Dave.—I'dliketo,butI'mafraidshewon'tbehappywithmy______________(apologize)．12.Oneofthemosteffectivewaystoreduce________(stressful)istotalkaboutfeelingswithsomeoneyoutrust.13.Whenhewasrunningafterhisbrother,theboylosthis______________(balanced)andhadabadfall.14.Thereisnoneedtotellmeyouranswernow.Giveitsome______________(think)andthenletmeknow.15.—Whynotbuyasecond­handcarfirstifyoudon'thaveenoughmoneyforanewone?—That'sagood_______________(suggest)．16.Her______________(motivate)forwritingwasadesireforwomentogettherighttohighereducation.名词单句语法填空之模拟训练：1.Antsaregatheringintheirwinterfoodinthemiddleofsummerandmake______________(prepare)forthelongcoldwinter.2.Withgreat______________(satisfy)，hesoonfellasleep.3.It'sstillausefulandpleasantformof_____________(communicate)．4.Ihadno____________(choose)buttoprepareforit,though.5.Thestudentswithhobbiesleftschoolwithmanyextra_____________(skill)．6.Ontheotherhand,chopsticksreflect_____________(gentle)andkindness.7.Soaremostofthe___________(express)madewiththewordhot.8.Actuallywecanencourageourselvestoworkefficiently,fullof______________(determine)．9.Inamedthem“cookies”becauseIalwaysfeelthatchildrencanbringgreathappinessand______________(excite)tomylife.10.The________(change)aregradualandrequirealotofeffortsandwork，likecleaningupapollutedriver.参考答案及解析语法专题一：名词名词单句改错之真题训练：1.waters改为water，因“水”为物质名词，不可数2.time改为times，manytimes意为“许多次”3.library改为libraries，因其前的谓语are为复数4.times改为time，sometime意为“某时”5.去掉time，因first已含有“次”的意思6.question改为questions，因其前有表示复数意义的修饰语lotsof7.subject改为subjects，因afew后应接复数可数名词8.match改为matches9.return改为returns，manyhappyreturnsoftheday!为祝贺生日的惯用表达10.schoolmate改为schoolmates，因校友不只一个，另外根据其后的all也可推知11.class改为classes，指其后提到的所有课程12.family改为home，因athome为固定短语13.subject改为subjects，请注意前面的all14.picture改为pictures，picture作为可数名词，其前应有限定词，或为复数形式15.program改为programs，从句意上看，此处应用复数16.word改为words，注意其后的复数动词17.month改为months，因several后要用可数名词的复数形式18.stranger改为strangers，由本行前面的we可知应该用名词复数19.minute改为minutes，因为afew后面的名词一定是复数20.age改为ages，因谈到不止一个人的年龄，age用复数；ofallages指各个年龄阶段的人21.homeworks改为homework，因它是不可数名词，没有复数形式22.knowledges改为knowledge，因knowledge是不可数名词，没有复数形式23.airs改为air，因为air是不可数名词，没有复数形式名词单句改错之模拟训练：1.country改为countries，因其前的most意为“大多数”。2.time改为times，manytimes意为“许多次”。3.ticket改为tickets，因它是可数名词，且受allthe的修饰。4.times改为time，因time表示“时间”时不可数。5.peoples改为people，因people表示“人们”，本身是复数，其后不能再加词尾-s。（注：复数的peoples表示不同的民族）6.flower改为flowers，因为其后的谓语为复数。7.day改为days，句意为“随着时间的推移，她变得不那么焦急了”，此处的day应用复数。8.computer改为computers，根据句意和其后的谓语are，可知computer要用复数。9.book改为books，因oneof后表示范围的名词要用复数。10.去掉time，hisfirstvisit即为他第一次访问，其中已包含“次”的概念。11.tear改为tears，因tear为可数名词，不要误认为它是不可数名词。12.friend改为friends，因agreatmany后要接复数名词。13.family改为home，leaveforhome意为“动身回家”。14.furnitures改为furniutre，因它是不可数名词。15.paper’s改为paper，表示“纸厂”、“纸花”、“纸飞机”等，直接用paper作定语。名词单句改错之提升训练：A级1.friend改为friends2.Germen改为Germans3.advices改为advice4.woman改为women5.funs改为fun6.apple改为apples7.thousands改为thousand8.many改为much9.Father改为father’s10.mistake改为mistakes11.breads改为bread12.year改为years13.classmate改为classmates14.student前面加a15.many改为muchB级1.去掉a2.are改为is3.progresses改为progress4.else改为else’s5.choices改为choice6.coffee's改为coffee7.wealths改为wealth8.tooth改为teeth9.valuable改为value10.去掉a11.woods改为wood12.many改为much13.voices改为voice14.works改为work15.customer改为customers16.success改为successful或者在success前面加a名词单句语法填空之真题训练：1．attraction　[空格前有形容词和物主代词，因此要用其名词形式。]2．days　[few作来修饰可数名词复数，故答案为days。3．achievement　[介词of后要用名词作宾语。固定表达asenseofachievement成就感。]4．studies　[考查主谓一致。根据后面的谓语动词show可知，主语应该是复数形式。]5．apples　[在苹果节人们可以看到，并常常能尝到各种各样的苹果。avarietyof各种各样，后面跟复数形式。]6．measures　[考查名词单复数，根据前面的these和后面的are，可以判断应用复数形式。]7．growth　[此处的growth和后面的development是并列关系，且用前面的important修饰。]8．lives　[根据后面的谓语动词，可以判断此处需要用名词的复数形式。]9．effects　[根据后面的谓语动词，可以看出此处应该是复数形式。]10.adjustments　[句意：为了与国家足球改革相一致，一些学校将做出调整。固定表达makeadjustments做出调整。]11．apology/apologies　[句意：——去和你的妈妈说对不起，Dave.——我想，但我怕妈妈不会接受我的道歉。作介词with的宾语和my的修饰语要用名词形式。]12．stress　[句意：减少压力最有效的方法之一是与信任的人谈谈你的感受。作动词reduce的宾语要用名词形式，stress压力，紧张，为不可数名词。]13．balance　[句意：追赶哥哥时，小男孩失去了平衡，重重摔了一跤。作动词lose的宾语要用名词形式。losehisbalance失去平衡，失去均衡。]14．thought　[句意：现在没有必要告诉我你的答案。思考一下，然后让我知道。some后应跟名词，thought想法。]15．suggestion　[句意：——如果你没有足够的钱买一辆新车的话，为什么不先买一辆二手车呢？——这是个不错的建议(suggestion)。形容词修饰名词，故用名词形式。]16．motivation　[句意：她写作的动机是出于对女性获得高等教育权利的渴望。形容词性物主代词修饰名词。]名词单句语法填空之模拟训练：1．preparations　[考查固定搭配。makepreparationsfor...为……作准备。]2．satisfaction　[形容词great修饰名词，所以填satisfaction。]3．communication　[考查名词。介词of之后要用名词形式communication。]4．choice　[考查词形变化。havenochoicebuttodosth是固定表达，意思是除了……别无选择。故答案为choice。]5．skills　[前面有many修饰，故用复数形式。]6．gentleness　[考查名词。另一方面，筷子所反映的是彬彬有礼与友好。根据and连接两个并列成分以及名词kindness可知，此处要用名词作动词reflect的宾语。]7．expressions　[考查名词。mostofthe后跟名词形式，而且此处要用复数形式。]8．determination　[考查名词。介词of后面应该用名词作宾语。]9．excitement　[考查名词。该处需要excite的名词形式和happiness一起作bring的宾语。]10.changes　[考查名词。变化是逐渐的，需要很多努力和工作。因为这里缺少的是句子的主语，根据谓语动词are可知主语应该是复数changes。]