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最新2018版公路路基施工技术规范

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最新2018版公路路基施工技术规范公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—95目录公路路基施工技术规范...........................................................................................................................................1封面及目录.......................................................................................

最新2018版公路路基施工技术规范
公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—95目录公路路基施工技术规范...........................................................................................................................................1封面及目录.......................................................................................................................................................11总则...............................................................................................................................................................52术语符号.......................................................................................................................................................63施工前的准备...............................................................................................................................................74路基施工的一般规定.................................................................................................................................105填方路堤的施工.........................................................................................................................................126挖方路堑的施工.........................................................................................................................................177路基压实.....................................................................................................................................................268路基排水.....................................................................................................................................................319特殊地区的路基施工.................................................................................................................................3710季节性路基施工.......................................................................................................................................5111路基防护与加固.......................................................................................................................................5412公路绿化工程与环境保护.......................................................................................................................5813路基整修检查验收及维修.......................................................................................................................60附录A本规范用词说明................................................................................................................................641公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—95公路路基施工技术规范封面及目录中华人民共和国行业 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 JTJ033—95公路路基施工技术规范TechnicalSpecificationforConstructionofHihgwaySubgrades1995—11—30发布1996—10—01实施1公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—95中华人民共和国交通部发布目次1总则····························2术语、符号··························································································2.1术语································································································2.2符号································································································3施工前的准备·······················································································3.1施工准备··························································································3.2施工测量··························································································3.3施工前的复查和试验···········································································3.4场地清理··························································································3.5试验路段··························································································4路基施工的一般规定············································································4.1基本要求··························································································4.2路基施工排水····················································································4.3路基施工取土和弃土···········································································4.4土方机械化施工·················································································5填方路堤的施工···················································································5.1一般规定··························································································5.2土方路堤的填筑·················································································5.3桥涵及其他构造物外的填筑·································································5.4埴石路堤··························································································5.5土石路堤··························································································5.6高填方路堤·······················································································6挖方路堑的施工···················································································6.1一般规定··························································································6.2土方路堑的开挖·················································································6.3石方的开挖·······················································································6.4深挖路堑的施工·················································································2公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—957路基压实······························································································7.1一般规定··························································································7.2填方地段基底的压实···········································································7.3压实机械的要求与选择········································································7.4填方路堤的压实·················································································7.5路堑路基的压实·················································································7.6桥涵及其他构造物处填土的压实···························································7.7填石路堤的压实·················································································7.8土石路堤的压实·················································································7.9高填方路堤的压实··············································································8路基排水······························································································8.1一般规定··························································································8.2地面水的排除····················································································8.3地下水的排除····················································································8.4高速公路、一级公路的路基排水···························································9特殊地区的路基施工············································································9.1水稻田地区路基施工···········································································9.2河、塘、湖、海地区路基施工······························································9.3软土、沼泽地区路基施工·····································································9.4盐渍土地区路基施工···········································································9.5风沙地区路基施工··············································································9.6黄土地区路基施工··············································································9.7多雨潮湿地区路基施工········································································9.8季节性冻融翻浆地区路基施工······························································9.9多年冻土地区路基施工········································································9.10岩溶地区路基施工············································································9.11滑坡地段路基施工············································································9.12崩坍岩堆地段路基施工······································································9.13澎胀土地区路基施工·········································································10季节性路基施工··················································································10.1路基的冬季施工···············································································10.2路基的雨季施工···············································································11路基防护与加固··················································································11.1一般规定·························································································11.2坡面防护·························································································11.3路基冲刷防护··················································································11.4其他加固工程··················································································12公路绿化工程与环境保护···································································3公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—9512.1公路绿化工程··················································································12.2空气污染的防治···············································································12.3防止水、土污染和流失······································································13路基整修、检查验收及维修································································13.1路基整修························································································13.2检查及验收·····················································································13.3路基维修························································································13.4质量标准························································································附录A本规范用词说明···············································································4公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—951总则1总则1.0.1为适应我国公路交通发展的需要,确保公路路基的施工质量,特制定本规范。1.0.2本规范适用于各级公路路基工程新建和改建的施工,其他道路路基工程,可参照执行。1.0.3公路路基是公路工程的重要组成部分,应具有足够的稳定性和耐久性,应能承受行车的反复荷载作用和抗御各种自然因素的影响。公路路基必须精心施工,确保工程质量。1.0.4路基工程应推行机械化施工。只有在条件极其困难的三、四级公路,方可采用人工施工,但路基压实,必须采用碾压机械。1.0.5路基应按照设计要求施工,在确保工程质量的原则下,应因地制宜,合理利用当地材料和工业废料。1.0.6路基施工,应在符合工艺要求和质量标准的条件下积极采用经过鉴定的新材料、新技术、新机具和新的检验方法。1.0.7路基施工必须遵守国家有关土地管理法规,应节约用地,保护耕地和农田水利设施。1.0.8公路路基施工应保护生态环境,尽量少破坏原有植被地貌。清除的杂物,必须分别情况,予以妥善处理,不得倾弃于河流水域中。1.0.9公路路基施工,必须贯彻安全生产的方针,制定技术安全措施,加强安全教育,严格执行安全 操作规程 操作规程下载怎么下载操作规程眼科护理技术滚筒筛操作规程中医护理技术操作规程 ,确保安全生产。1.0.10公路路基工程施除应按规范执行外,尚应遵守国家及部颁的有关规范和标准。1.0.11公路路基施工必须按批准的设计文件进行。如需变更设计或改变原定施工方案。或采用特殊施工方法时,应按施工管理程序,报请业主或监理工程师审批。5公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—952术语符号2术语、符号2.1术语2.1.1路床路床是路面的基础,承受由路面传来的荷载。它指的是路面结构层面以下80cm范围内的路基部分。路床在结构上分为上路床0~30cm和下路床30~80cm。2.1.2填石路堤路基施工中利用石料(包括大卵石)建筑的路堤称为填石路堤。2.1.3水沉积法在填石路堤施工中,采用灌水的办法,使砂和细粒料充满石块之间的空隙,从而保证填石路堤的强度和稳定。2.1.4土石路堤利用卵石土、块石土等天然土石混合材料修筑的路堤称为土石路堤。2.1.5冻结构寒冷地区为了使地下水迅速冻结而开挖的沟槽。2.1.6保温钩在寒冷地区的排水沟槽顶部设置一定厚度的保温覆盖物,使水流在正温下流动的沟槽。2.1.7湿陷性黄土受水浸湿后土的结构迅速破坏而发生显著附加下沉的黄土称为湿陷性黄土,与之对应的称为非湿陷性黄土。2.1.8微差爆破在排炮起爆时间上预先设定一个较短的时间差,让它们依次起爆的爆破方式称为微差爆破。2.2符号E——土基回弹模量(MPa)0L——土基顶面实测代表弯沉值(1/100mm)0n——导线测理时的测站数ω——土的压实最佳含水量(%)W——石方爆破的最小抵抗线(m)ω——土的天然含水量(%)0ω——土的液限含水量(%)Lω——土的塑限含水量(%)Pω土的天然稠度(%)C6公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—953施工前的准备3施工前的准备3.1施工准备3.1.1路基开工前,施工单位应在全面熟悉设计文件和设计交底的基础上,进行现场核对和施工调查,发现问题应及时根据有关程序提出修改意见报请变更设计。3.1.2根据现场收集到的情况、核实的工程数量,按工期要求、施工难易程度和人员、设备、材料准备情况,编制实施性的施工组织设计,报现场监理工程师或业主批准并及时提出开工报告。重要项目,应编路基施工网络 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 。3.1.3修建生活和工程用房,解决好通讯、电力和水的供应,修建供工程使用的临时便道、便桥、确保施工设备、材料、生活用品的供应;设立必要的安全标志。3.2施工测量3.2.1路基开工前应做好施工测量工作,其内容包括导线、中线、水准点复测、横断面检查与补测、增设水准点等。施工测量的精度应符合交通部颁布实施的《公路路线勘测规程》的要求。3.2.2导线复测3.2.2.1当原测的中线主要控制桩由导线控制时,施工单位必须根据设计资料认真搞好导线复测工作。3.2.2.2导线复测应采用红外线测距仪或其它满足测量精度的仪器。仪器使用前应进行检验、校正。3.2.2.3原有导线点不能满足施工要求时,应时行加密,保证在道路施工的全过程中,相邻导线点间能互相通视。3.2.2.4导线起讫点应与设计单位测定结果比较,测量精度应满足设计要求。当设计未规定时,应满足以下要求:角度闭合差(″)为16n,n是测点数;坐标相对闭合差为±1/10000。3.2.2.5复测导线时,必须和相邻施工段的导线闭合。3.2.2.6对有碍施工的导线点,施工前应加以固定。固定方法可采用交点法(图3.2.2.6)或其它的固定方法。所设护桩应牢固可靠,桩位应更于架设测量仪器,并设在施工范围以外。其它控制点也可参考此法固定。3.2.3中线复测3.2.3.1路基开发前应全面恢复中线并固定路线主要控制桩,如交点、转点、圆曲线和缓和曲线的起讫点等,对于高速公路、一级公路应采用坐标法恢复主要控制桩。3.2.3.2恢复中线时应注意与结构物中心、相邻施工段的中线闭合,发现问题及时查明原因,并报现场监理工程师或业主。3.2.3.3如发现原设计中线长度丈量错误或需局部改线时,应作断链处理,相应调整纵坡、并在设计图表的相应部位注明断链距离和桩号。3.2.4校对及增设水准基点3.2.4.1使用设计单位设置的水准点之前应仔细校核,并与国家水准点闭合,超出允许误差范围时,应查明原因并及进报告有关部门。大桥附近的水准点闭合差应按《公路桥7公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—95涵施工技术规范》的规定办理,高速公路和一级公路的水准点闭合差为20nmm。二级以下公路水准点闭合差为30nmm,L为水准路线长度,以km计。3.2.4.2水准点间距不宜大于1km,在人工结构物附近、高填深挖地段、工程量集中及地形复杂地段宜增设临时水准点。临时水准点必须符合精度要求,并与相邻路段水准点闭合。3.2.4.3如发现个别水准点受施工影响时,应将其移出影响范围之外,其标高应与原水准点闭合。3.2.4.4增设的水准点应设在便于观测的坚硬基岩上或永久性建筑物的牢固处,也可设在埋入土中至少1m深的混凝土桩上。3.2.5路基施工前,应详细检查、核对纵横断面图,发现问题时应进行复测。若设计单位未提供横断面图,应全部补测。3.2.6路基放样3.2.6.1路基施工前,应根据恢复的路线中桩、设计图表、施工工艺和有关规定钉出路基用地界桩和路堤坡脚、路堑堑顶、边沟、取土坑、护坡道、弃土堆等的具体位置桩。在距路中心一定安全距离处设立控制桩,其间隔不宜大于50m。桩上标明桩号与路中心填挖高,用(+)表示填方,用(-)表示挖方。3.2.6.2在放完边桩后,应进行边坡放样,对深挖高填地段,每挖填5m应复测中线桩,测定其标高及宽度,以控制边坡的大小。3.2.6.3路基施工期间每半年至少应复测一次水准点,季节冻融地区,在冻融以后也应进行复测。3.2.6.4机械施工中,应在过桩处设立明显的填挖标志,高速公路和一级公路在施工中,宜在不大于200m的段落内,距中心桩一定距离处埋设能控制标高的控制桩,进行施工控制。发现桩被碰到或丢失时应及时补上。3.2.6.5取土坑放样时,应在坑的边缘设立明显标志,注明土场应里和桩号及挖掘深度;作为排水用的取土坑,不挖到距坑底0.2~0.3m时,应按设计修整坑底纵坡。3.2.6.6边沟、截水沟和排水沟放样时,宜先做样板架检查,也可每隔10~20m在沟内外边缘钉桩并注明里程及挖深。3.2.6.7施工过程中,应保护所有标志,特别是一些原始控制点。3.3施工前的复查和试验3.3.1路基施工前,施工人员应对路基工程范围内的地质、水文情况进行详细调查,通过取样、试验确定其性质和范围,并了解附近既有建筑物对特殊土的处理方法。3.3.2施工人员应根据设计文件提供的资料,对取自挖方、借土场、料场的路堤填料进行复查和取样试验。如设计文件提供的料场填料不足时,应自行勘查寻找。3.3.3挖方、借土场和料场用作填料的土应进行下列试验项目,其试验方法按《公路土工试验规程》办理。a.液限、塑限、塑性指数、天然稠度或液性指数;b.颗粒大小分析试验;c.含水量试验;d.密度试验;e.相对密度试验;f.土的击实试验;8公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—95g.土的强度试验(CBR值);h.一级公路、高速公路应作有机质含量试验及易溶盐含量试验。对特殊土,除进行以上试验外,还应结合对各种土定名的需要,辅以相应的专门鉴别试验,以确定其种类及处治方法。3.3.4使用新材料(如工业废渣等)填筑路堤时,除应按相关规范有关试验外,还应作对环卫有害成份的试验,同时提出报告,经批准后方可使用。3.4场地清理3.4.1施工前应按设计要求进行公路用地放样,由业主办理征用土地手续。施工单位可根据施工需要提出增加临时用地计划,并对增加部分进行公路用地测量,绘制用地平面图及用地划界表,送交有关单位办理拆迁及临时占用土地手续。3.4.2路基用地范围内的既有房层、道路、河沟、通讯、电力设施、上下水道、坟墓及其它建筑,均应协助有关部门事先拆迁或改造;对于路基附近的危险建筑应予以适当加固;对文物石迹应妥善保护。3.4.3路基用地范围内的树木、灌木丛等均应在施工前砍伐或移植清理,砍伐的树木应移置于路基用地之外,进行妥善处理。高速公路、一级公路和填方高度小于1m的其它公路应将路基范围内的树根全部挖除并将坑穴填平夯实;填方高度大于1m的其它公路允许保留树根但根部露出地面不得超过20cm。取土坑范围内的树根也应全部挖除。3.4.4在填方和借方地段的原地面应进行表面清理,清理深度应根据种植土厚度决定,清出的种植土应集中堆放。填方地段在清理完地表面后,应整平压实到规定要求,才可进行填方作业。3.5试验路段3.5.1高速公路、一级公路以及在特殊地区或采用新技术、新工艺、新材料进行路基施工时,应采用不同的施工方案做试验路段,从中选出路基施工的最佳方案指导全线施工。3.5.2试验路段位置应选择在地质条件、断面形式均具有代表性的地段,路段长度不宜小于100m。3.5.3试验所用的材料和机具应当与将来全线施工所用的材料和机具相同。通过试验来确定不同机具压实不同填料的最佳含水量、适宜的松铺厚度和相应的碾压遍数、最佳的机械配套和施工组织。对于高速公路、一级公路应按松铺厚度30cm进行试验,以确保压实层的匀质性。3.5.4试验路段施工中及完成以后,应加强对有关指标的检测;完工后,应及时写出试验报告。如发现路基设计有缺陷时,应提出变更设计意见报审。9公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—954路基施工的一般规定4路基施工的一般规定4.1基本要求4.1.1路基施工应满足设计和使用要求,并把试验检测作为主要技术手段,指导施工。4.1.2特殊地区的路基施工,应按第9章的有关规定执行。4.1.3石质挖方路基的施工,不宜采用大爆破方法,必须采用时,应作出专门设计,并按大爆破规定执行。4.1.4路基施工宜以挖作填,减少土地占用和环境污染。4.2路基施工排水4.2.1路基施工中,各施工层表面不应有积水,填方路堤应根据土质情况和施工时气候状况,做成2%~4%的排水横坡。挖方施工中路基各层顶面的纵、横坡,应根据路堑横断面形状,路线纵坡的大小,路堑施工断面长度和施工方法等因素确定,确保在施工过程中,能及时使雨水排走。4.2.2雨季施工或因故中断施工时,必须将施工层表面及时修理平整并压实。4.2.3当地下水位较高而设计未做出具体方案时,应采取疏导、堵截、隔离等工程措施。4.2.4施工过程中,当路堑或边坡内发生地下水掺流时,应根据渗流水的位置及流量大小采取设置排水沟、集水井、渗沟等设施降低地下水位或将地下水排走。4.2.5路基施工前应先做好截水沟、排水沟等排水及防渗设施,特别是多雨地区和雨季施工更应加强这方面的工作。排水沟的出口应通至桥涵进出口处;排、截水沟挖出的废土应堆置在沟与路堑边坡顶一侧,并予以夯实。4.3路基施工取土和弃土4.3.1路线两侧的取土坑,应按设计规定的位置设置。取土深度可根据用土量和取土坑面积确定。取土坑应有规则的形状,坑底应设置纵、横向坡度和完整的排水系统。取土时不得使作业面积水。4.3.2取土坑原地面的草皮、腐殖土或其他不宜用作填料的土均应废弃、处理。如系耕地种植土,宜先挖出堆置一边备用。4.3.3当设计未规定取土坑位置或规定的取土坑的贮土量不能满足要求须另寻土源时,应按照下列规定办理:4.3.3.1线外设置集中取土坑取土时,其土质应符合填筑路基的技术要求,同时考虑土方运输经济合理和利用沿线荒山、高地取土的可能性,力求少占农田和改地造田。4.3.3.2沿线两侧或单侧设置取土坑时,应全线统一规划,合理布局。当地面横坡陡于1∶10时,路侧取土坑应设在路基上测。在桥头两侧不宜设置取土坑。特殊情况下,可在下游一侧设置,但应留有宽度不小于4.0m的护坡道。河滩上取土坑的位置应与调治构造物的位置相适应,取土坑排出的水,不得影响调治构造物的稳定。4.3.3.3取土坑的边坡,内侧宜为1∶1.5,外侧不宜小于1∶1。沿线取土坑的坑底纵坡不宜小于0.2%,沿河地段的坑底纵坡可减小至0.1%。坑底除10公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—95特别规定外,宜高出附近水域的常年水位或附近桥涵进水口处标高,并与路基排水系统相衔接。取土坑坑底横坡可做成向路线外侧倾斜的单向坡,坡度为2%~3%,当取土坑坑底宽度大于6m时,可做成向中间倾斜的双向横坡,并在中部设置底宽0.4m的纵向排水沟。当坑底纵坡大于0.5%时,可以不设排水沟。4.3.4护坡道应严格按设计规定施工,设计无规定时,路基边缘与取土坑底之高差大于2m时,对于一般公路,应设置1~2m的护坡道;对于高速公路、一级公路,应设置宽度不小于3m的护坡道。护坡道应平整密实,并做成1%~2%向外倾斜的横坡。4.3.5弃土堆应少占耕地,除设计图规定位置外,可设于就近的低地和路堑山脚的一侧。当地面横坡缓于1∶5时,可设于路堑的两侧。4.3.6当沿河弃土时,不得阻塞河流、挤压栏孔和造成河岸冲刷。4.4土方机械化施工4.4.1土方机械化施工,应按下列规定进行施工管理:4.4.1.1制订机械使用与 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。4.4.1.2规定土方机械调运的措施。4.4.1.3编制机械施工组织技术方案和综合机械流水作业程序,按不同的工程内容,指导机械施工。4.4.1.4制订机械的日常保养、定期检修和机械保修的制度,保证机械的正常运转,充分发挥机械的作用。4.4.1.5设置临时机修厂房和机械修理场地,安装安全防护设施,并按机械的数量和完好程度,恰当配备检修人员。4.4.2综合机械化修筑路基的机械配备,应根据实施性的施工组织计划按就地取土填筑、短距离运土填筑、远距离运土填筑及就地弃土及短距离弃土等原则予以配置。(1)就地取土填筑。如果工程不大,取土和平整工序可由平地机完成;压实和土的润湿工作,可分别由压路机和洒水车完成。机械配备数量,宜视须完成的工程量、工期和设备的能力而定。(2)短距离取土填筑路基,宜划段分层以推土机和铲运机担任运土工作,平地机和压路机分别担任整平和压实工作。机械的配备数量,宜最大限度地满足机械产量的要求,充分的发挥机械效率。(3)远距离取土填筑的土一般来源于取土场或路堑。宜以推土机完成挖土工序,装载机和挖掘机完成装土工序(当土质不坚时,亦可不用推土机,而直接用装土设备装土),以自卸汽车完成运土的工序。汽车数量应按装车设备能力和运距的长短而定,其余各工序可按(1)和(2)的规定办理。(4)就地弃土或距离弃土可用推土机或铲运机完成。11公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—955填方路堤的施工5填方路堤的施工5.1一般规定5.1.1填方路堤施工前的原地面,应按照3.4节有关规定进行清理。对其基底,还应按下列规定办理:5.1.1.1应做好原地面临时排水设施,并与永久排水设施相结合。排走的雨水,不得流入农田、耕地;亦不得引起水沟淤积和路基冲刷。5.1.1.2路堤修筑范围内,原地面的坑、洞、墓穴等,应用原地的土或砂性土回填,并按规定进行压实。5.1.1.3路堤基底为耕地或松土时,应先清除有机土、种植土,平整后按规定要求压实。在深耕地段,必要进,应将松土翻挖,土块打碎,然后回填、整平,压实。5.1.1.4路堤基底原状土的强度不符合要求时,应进行换填,换填深度,应不小于30cm,并予以分层压实,压实度应符合7.2的规定。5.1.2加宽旧路堤时,应遵守下列规定:5.1.2.1所填土宜与旧路相同或选用透水性较好的土。5.1.2.2清除地基上的杂草,并沿旧路边坡挖成向内倾斜的台阶,台阶宽度应不小于1m。5.1.3当路堤稳定受到地下水位影响时,应在路堤底部填以水稳性优良、不易风化的砂、砂砾、碎石等材料或采用无机结合料(生石灰粉、水泥等固化材料)进行加固处理,使基底形成水稳性好,厚约30cm的稳定层,或按8.3节设置隔离层。5.1.4路堤填料应符合下列规定:5.1.4.1路堤填料,不得使用淤泥、沼泽土、冻土、有机土、含草皮土、生活垃圾、树根和含有腐朽物质的土。采用盐渍土、黄土、膨胀土填筑路堤时,应遵照9.4节、9.6节及9.13节的规定。5.1.4.2液限大于50、塑性指数大于26的土,以及含水量超过规定的土,不得直接作为路堤填料。需要应用时,必须采取满足设计要求的技术措施,经检查合格方可使用。5.1.4.3钢渣、粉煤灰等材料,可用作路堤填料,其他工业废渣在使用前应进行有害物质的含量试验,避免有害物质超标,污染环境。5.1.4.4捣碎后的种植土,可用于路堤边坡表层。5.1.5路基填方材料,应有一定的强度。高速公路及一级公路的路基填方材料,应经野外取土试验,符合表5.1.5的规定时,方可使用;二级及二级以下的公路路基填方材料,亦宜按表5.1.5的规定选用。12公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—95路基填方材料最小强度和最大粒径表表5.1.5项目分类填料最小强度(CBR%)填料最大粒径(路面底面以下深度)高速公路及一级公路二级及二级以下公路(cm)上路床8.06.010(0~30cm)路下路床5.04.010(30~80cm)上路堤4.03.015(80~150cm)堤下路堤3.02.015(>150cm)零填及路堑路床8.06.010(0~30cm)注:①二级及二级以下公路作高级路面时,应按高速公路及一级公路的规定;②表列强度按《公路土试验规程》,对试样浸水96h的CBR试验方法测定;③黄土、膨胀土及盐渍土的填实强度,分别按各章的规定办理。5.2土方路堤的填筑5.2.1土方路堤应分层填筑压实,用透水性不良的土填筑路堤时,应控制其含水量在最佳实含水量±2%之内。5.2.2土方路堤,必须根据设计断面,分层填筑、分层压实。采用机械压实时,分层的最大松铺厚度,高速公路和一级公路不应超过30cm;其他公路,按土质类别、压实机具功能、碾压遍数等,经过试验确定。但最大松铺厚度,不应小于8cm。5.2.3路堤填土宽度每侧应宽于填层设计厚度,压实宽度不得小于设计宽度,最后削坡。5.2.4填筑路堤宜采用水平分层填筑法施工。即按照横断面全宽分成水平层次逐层向上填筑。如原地面不平,应由最低处分层填起,每填一层,经过压实符合规定要求之后,再填上一层。5.2.5原地面纵坡大于12%的地段,可采用纵向分层法施工,沿纵坡分层,逐层填压密实。5.2.6山坡路堤,地面横坡不陡于1∶5且基底符合5.1节规定要求时,路堤可直接修筑在天然的土基上。地面横坡陡于1∶5时,原地面应挖成台阶(台阶宽度不小于1m),并用小型夯实机加以夯实。填筑应由最低一层台阶填起,并分层夯实,然后逐台向上填筑,分层夯实,所有台阶填完之后,即可按一般填土进行。高速公路和一级公路,横坡陡峻地段的半填半挖路基,必须在山坡上从填方坡脚向上挖成向内倾斜的台阶,台阶宽度不应小于1m。其中挖方一侧,在行车范围之内的宽度不13公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—95足一个行车道宽度时,则应挖够一个行道宽度,其上路床深度范围之内的原地面应予以挖除换填,并按上路床填方的要求施工。5.2.7若填方分几个作业段施工,两段交接处,不在同一时间填筑,则先填地段,应按1∶1坡度分层留台阶。若两上地段同时填,则应分层相互交叠衔接,其搭接长度,不得小于2m。5.2.8对于陡峻山坡半挖半填路基,设计边坡外面的松散弃土应在路基竣工后全部清除。5.2.9不同土质混合填筑路堤时,应符合下列要求:5.2.9.1以透水性较小的土填筑于路堤下层时,应做成4%的双向横坡;如用于填筑上层时,除干旱地区外,不应覆盖在由透水性较好的土所填筑的路堤边坡上。5.2.9.2不同性质的土应分别填筑,不得混填。每种填料层累计总厚不宜小于0.5m。5.2.9.3凡不因潮湿或冻融影响而变更其体积的优良土应填在上层,强度较小的土应填在下层。5.2.10河滩路堤填土,应连同护道在内,一并分层填筑。可能受水浸淹部分的填料,应选用水稳性好的土料。河槽加宽、加深工程应在修筑路堤完成。调治构造物应提前修建。5.2.11机械作业时,应根据工地地形、路基横断面形状和土方调配图等,合理地规定机械运行路线。土方集中工点,应有全面、详细的机械运行作业图据以施工。5.2.12两侧取土,填高在3m以内的路堤,可用推土机从两侧分层推填,并配合平地机分层整平。土的含水量不够时,用洒水车洒水,并用压路机分层碾压。5.2.13填方集中地区路堤的施工,可按以下方法进行:5.2.13.1取土场运距在1km范围时,可用松土机械翻松,用挖掘机或装载机配合自卸汽车运输,用平地机平整填土,配合洒水车压路机碾压。5.2.13.2取土场运距超过1km范围时,可用松土机械翻松,用挖掘机或装载机配合汽车运输,用平地机平整填土,配合洒水车压路机碾压。5.2.13.3挖掘机、装载机与自卸车配合运输时,要合理布置取土场地的汽车运输路线并设置必要的标志。汽车配备数量,应根据运距的远近和车型确定,其原则是满足挖装设备能力的需要。5.2.14土石方运输应视当地条件、运距设备等情况,采用不同的运输机具,如推土机、铲运机、皮带运输机、自卸汽车、卷扬机牵引的索道等。当卸装范围内有一定高差,汽车等运输方式受到地形和其他条件限制时,可采用空中索道运输。5.2.15土方路堤施工的质量标准,见表13.4.5,5.3桥涵及其他构造物处的填筑5.3.1回填土工作必须在隐蔽工程验收合格后进行。5.3.2桥涵及其他构造物处的填料,除设计文件另有规定外,应采用砂类或渗水性土。5.2.9条所列各种土均不得使用。当采用非透水性土时,应在土中增加外掺剂如石灰、水泥等。5.3.3桥涵及其他构造物的填土,应适时分层回填压实。回填土时对桥涵圬工的强度等要求应按照《公路桥涵施工技术规范》有关规定办理。5.3.4桥涵填土的范围:台背填土顺路线方向长度,顶部为距翼墙尾端不小于台高加2m;底部距基础内缘不小于2m;拱桥台背填土长度不应小于台高的3~4倍;涵洞填土长度每侧不应小于2倍孔径长度。5.3.5桥台背后填土宜与锥坡填土同时进行。5.3.6涵洞缺口填土,应在两侧对称均匀分层回填压实。如使用机械回填,则涵台胸腔部分及检查井周围应用小型压实机械压实填好后,方可用机械进行大面积回填。14公路路基施工技术规范JTJ033—955.3.7涵顶面填土压实厚度大于50cm时,方可通过重型机械和汽车。5.3.8挡墙填料宜选用砂石土或砂类土。墙趾部分的基坑,应及时回填压实,并做成向外倾斜的横坡。填土过程中,应防止水的浸害。回填结束后,顶部应及时封闭。5.3.9回填土应分层填筑并严格控制含水量,分层松铺厚度宜小于20cm。当采用小型夯具时,一级以上的公路松铺厚度不宜大于15cm,并应充分压(夯)实,压实标准见7.6.3条。5.4填石路堤5.4.1填石路堤的基底处理同填土路堤。5.4.2填石路堤的石料强度不应小于15MPa(用于护坡的不应小于20MPa)。填石路堤石料最大粒径不宜超过层厚的2/3。填石路堤的压实度检验按7.1.5条规定执行。5.4.3高速公路、一级公路和铺设高级路面的其他等级公路的填石路堤均应分层填筑,分层压实。二级及二级以下且铺设低级路面的公路在陡峻山坡段施工特别困难或大量爆破以挖作填时,可采用倾填方式将石料填筑于路堤下部,但倾填堤在路床底面下不小于1.0m范围内仍应分层填筑压实。5.4.4分层松铺厚度:高速公路及一级公路不宜大于0.5m;其他公路不宜大于1.0m。5.4.5填石路堤倾填前,路堤边坡坡脚应用粒径大于30cm的硬质石料码砌。当设计无规定时,填石路堤高度小于或等于6m时,其码砌厚度不应小于1m;当高度大于6m时,码砌厚度不应小于2m。5.4.6逐层填筑时,应安排好石料运输路线,专人指挥,按水平分层,先低后高、先两侧后中央卸料,并用大型推土机摊平。个别不平处应配合人工用细石块、石屑找平。5.4.7当石块级配较差、粒径较大、填层较厚、石块间的空隙较大时,可于每层表面的空隙里扫入石渣、石屑、中、粗砂,再以压力水将砂冲入下部,反复数次,使空隙填满。5.4.8人工铺填料径25cm以上石料时,应先铺填大块石料,大面向下,小面向上,摆平放稳,再用小石块找平,石屑塞缝,最后压实。人工铺填块径25cm以下石料时,可直接分层摊铺,分层碾压。5.4.9填石路堤的填料如其岩性相差较大,则应将不同岩性的填料分层或分段填筑。如路堑或隧道基岩为不同岩种互层,允许使用挖出的混合石料填筑路堤,但石料强度、粒径应符合5.4.2条的规定。5.4.10用强风化石料或软质岩石填筑路堤时,应按土质路堤施工规定先检验其CBR值是符合要求,CBR值不符合要求时不得使用,符合使用要求进应按土质筑堤的技术要求施工。5.4.11高速公路及一级公路填石路堤路床顶面以下50cm范围内应填筑符合路床要求的土并分层压实,填料最大粒径不得大于10cm。其他公路填石路堤路床顶面以下30cm范围内宜填筑符合路床要求的土压实,填料最大粒径不应大于15cm。5.5土石路堤5.5.1土石路堤的基底处理同填石路堤。5.5.2天然土石混合材料中所含
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