语言学名词解释 (1)

—、TermDefinition:LangUlge:isasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.Phonetics:thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunicationledtotheestablishmentofphonetics.Semantics:thestudyofmeaningPragmatics:thestudyofhowspeakersofalanguageusesentencestoeffectsuccessfulcommunication.Syntax:inlinguistics,whatalanguageexpressesabouttheworldweliveinoranypossibleorimaginaryworld.Morphology:thestudyofthewayinwhichthesesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwordshasconstitutedthebranchofstudySynonym:wordsthatarecloseinmeaningarecalledsynonyms.Reference:whatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld;itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.Sense:concernedwiththeinherentmeaningofalinguisticform,thecollectionofallitsfeatures;itisabstractandde-contextualized.Duality:languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Dialect:avarietyofalanguage,spokeninonepartofacountry(regionaldialect),orbypeoplebelongingtoaparticularsocialclass(socialdialectorsociolect),whichisdifferentinsomewords,grammar,and/orpronunciationfromotherformsofthesamelanguage.Accent:aparticularwayofspeakingwhichtellsthelistenersomethingaboutthespeaker'sbackground.Conversationalmaxim:anunwrittenruleaboutconversationwhichpeopleknowandwhichinfluencestheformofconversationalexchanges.Context:itisgenerallyconsideredasconstitutedbytheknowledgesharedbythespeakerandthehearer.Competence:theidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Register:thetypeoflanguagewhichisselectedasappropriatetothetypeofsituation.Locutionaryact:theactofutteringwords,phrases,andclauses.Itistheactofconveyingliteralmeaning.Itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Hyponymy:referstothesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.Phonology:aimstodiscoverhowspeechsoundsinalanguageformpatternsandhowthesesoundsareusedtoconveymeaninginlinguisticcommunication.Speechcommunity:thesocialgroupthatissingledoutforanyspecialstudy.Transcription:theuseofsymbolstoshowsoundsorsoundsequencesinwrittenform.Boundmorpheme:amorphemethatmustbeattachedtoanotheroneiscalledboundmorpheme.MinimalPair:whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.Stress:thepronunciationofawordorsyllablewithmoreforcethanthesurroundingwordsorsyllables.Compounding:awordformationprocessinwhichwordsareformedbyputtingtwoormorewordstogether.Affixation:istheprocessofformingwordsbyaddingderivationalaffixestostems.Allophone:thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.ComplementaryDistribution:Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Conversion:referstothederivationalprocesswherebyanitemcomestobelongtoanewwordclasswithouttheadditionofsuffix.DeepStructure:formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead'ssubcategorizationpropertiesSurfaceStructure:correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations.Saussure:thedistinctionbetweenlangueandparolewasmadebytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussureinthe20century.Vowel:Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichnoarticulatorscomeveryclosetogetherandtheairstreampassesthroughthevocaltractwithoutobstructionarecalledvowels.Consonant:Thesoundsintheproductionofwhichthereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltractarecalledconsonants.Linguistics:thescientificstudyoflanguage.GeneralLinguistics:thestudyoflanguageasawhole.InflectionalAffix:Themanifestationofgrammaticalrelationshipsthroughtheadditionofinflectionalaffixes,suchasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.DerivationalAffix:Themanifestationofrelationbetweenstemsandaffixesthroughtheadditionofderivationalaffixes.OpenClass:inEnglish,nouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbswhicharethecontentwordsofalanguage,whicharesometimescalledopenclasswords.ClosedClass:conjunctions,prepositions,articlesandpronouns,whichareinsmallnumberandstablesincefewnewwordsareadded,thereforesuchwordshavebeenreferredtoasclosedclasswords.Sociolinguistics:thestudyofallthesocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyformthecoreofthebranch.SpeechVariety:referstoanydistinguishableformofspeechusedbyaspeakeroragroupofspeakers.Pidgin:aspeciallanguagevarietythatmixesorblendslanguagesanditisusedbypeoplewhospeakdifferentlanguagesforrestrictedpurposessuchastrading.Creole:whenapidginbecometheprimarylanguageofaspeechcommunity,andisacquittedbythechildrenofthatspeechcommunityastheirnativelanguage,itissaidtohavebecomeacreole.二、单项选择题：1、语音学中元音和辅音的发音特征和分类。元音分类:vowelsmaybedistinguishedasfront,centralandbackaccordingtowhichpartofthetongueisheldhighest.辅音分类:Byplaceofarticulationandbymannerofarticulation2、音位学中的音素、音位、音位变体、音位对立、互补分布和最小对立体、音位规则、超音段特征：Phone:isaphoneticunitorsegment.Phoneme:aphonologicalunit;itisaunitthatisofdistinctivevalue.Itisanabstractunit.Itisnotanyparticularsound,butratheritisrepresentedorrealizedbyacertainphoneinacertainphoneticcontext.Allophone:thedifferentphoneswhichcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.Phonemiccontrast:itcanbeeasilyobservedthatphoneticallysimilarsoundsmightberelatedintwoways.Iftheyaretwodistinctivephonemes,theyaresaidtoformaphonemiccontrast.Complementarydistribution:Twoallophonesofthesamephonemearesaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.Minimalpair:Whentwodifferentformsareidenticalineverywayexceptforonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwowordsaresaidtoformaminimalpair.音位规则:(1)sequentialrules(2)assimilationrule(3)deletionruleSuprasegmentalfeature:Thephonemicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures.3、语言的特征、乔姆斯基的转换生成语法、深层结构和表层结构、能力和行为的概念等：语言特征:(1)arbitrariness(2)productivity(3)duality(4)displacement(5)culturaltransmissionChomskytransformation:aspecialstepofrulethatcanmoveanelementfromonepositiontoanother.DeepStructure:formedbytheXPruleinaccordancewiththehead'ssubcategorizationpropertiesSurfaceStructure:correspondingtothefinalsyntacticformofthesentencewhichresultsfromappropriatetransformations.4、形态学中的构词法及派生词素等、如词根、词干和基词等。构词法:Derivation:aprocessofwordformationinwhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddedaffixestoroot.Root:thebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.Stem:theexistingformtowhichaderivationalaffixcanbeadded.astemcanbeaboundroot,afreemorpheme,oraderivedformitself.基词:四、简短回答问题1、Phoneticsandphonology:Phonetics:descriptionofallspeechsoundsandtheirfinddifferences.Phonology:descriptionofsoundsystemsofparticularlanguagesandhowsoundsfunctiontodistinguishmeaning.2、Broadtranscriptionandnarrowtranscription:Broadtranscription:Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundswithlettersymbolsonly.Narrowtranscription:Thetranscriptionofspeechsoundwithletterssymbolsandthediacritics.3、Deepstructureandsurfacestructure:D-structure:Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationbeforetheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.S-structure:Alevelofsyntacticrepresentationaftertheoperationofnecessarysyntacticmovement.4、Competenceandperformance:Chomskydefinedcompetenceastheidealuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Hebelievesthetaskofthelinguistsistodiscoverandspecifythelanguagerules.5、Speechandwriting:Speechandwritingarethetwomajormediaofcommunication.Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenformoflanguageasprimary,butnotthewrittenform.Reasonsare:1.Speechprecedeswriting;2.Therearestillmanylanguagesthathaveonlythespokenform;3.Intermsoffunction,thespokenlanguageisusedforawiderrangeofpurposesthanthewritten,andcarriesalargerloadofcommunicationthanthewritten.6、Descriptiveandtheprescriptiveapproachesinlinguisticstudies:Ifalinguisticstudydescribesandanalyzesthelanguagepeopleactuallyuse,itissaidtobedescriptive,ifitaimstolaydownrulestotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay,itissaidtobeprescriptive.7、Langueandparole:Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.8、Semanticsandpragmatics:Thebasicdifferencebetweenthemisthatpragmaticsconsidersmeaningincontext,traditionalsemanticsstudiesmeaninginisolationfromthecontextofuse.9、Senseandreference:Sense:It'sconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticform.It'sthecollectionofallthefeaturesofthelinguisticform,it'sabstractandde-contextualized.Reference:Itmeanswhatalinguisticformreferstointhereal,physicalworld,itdealswiththerelationshipbetweenthelinguisticelementandthenon-linguisticworldofexperience.10、Sentencemeaningandutterancemeaning:Sentencemeaning:Itreferstoasentenceandisagrammaticalconcept,themeaningofasentenceisoftenstudiedastheabstractintrinsicpropertyofthesentenceitselfintermsofpredication.Utterancemeaning:Itreferstoasentenceaswhatpeopleactuallyutterinthecourseofcommunication,itbecomesandutteranceanditshouldbeconsideredinthesituationinwhichitisactuallyuttered.11、Macro-sociolinguisticsandmicro-sociolinguistics:Macro-linguisticsstudieswhatsocietiesdowiththeirlanguages,thatis,attitudesandattachmentsthataccountforthefunctionaldistributionofspeechformsinsociety,languageshift,maintenance,andreplacement,thedelimitationandinteractionofspeechcommunities.Microsociolinguisticsinvestigateshowsocialstructureinfluencesthewaypeopletalkandhowlanguagevarietiesandpatternsofusecorrelatewithsocialattributessuchasclass,sex,andage.