不定式与动名词的区别

学习必备欢迎下载动词不定式和动名词是英语非谓语动词的两个重要部分一、作主语1、不定式作主语：动词不定式可直接用作主语,句子的谓语动词常用单数。Togettherebybikewilltakeushalfanhour.对于主语较长的不定式，可以用it作形式主语。例如：It'sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.HowlongdidittakeyoutofinishtheworkItisdifficultforustofinishwritingthecompositioninaquarterofanhour.Itseemedimpossibletosavemoney.It'skindofyoutohelpmewithmyEnglish.2、动名词作主语：动名词也可直接用作主语，或者用it作形式主语。例如：Learningwithoutpracticeisnogood.It'snogoodreadingindimlight.It'snousesittingherewaiting.It'sdangerousswimmingintheseainwindydays.Thereisnosayingwhatwillhappennext.3、动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别(1)不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，或者表示将要进行的动作。而动名词作主语经常表示抽象的一般性的动作。例如：It'snogoodforyoutoeatsomuchfat.(有具体的人foryou)It'snogoodeatingtoomuchfat.(泛指)(2)不定式的逻辑主语常用of,for表示；动名词逻辑主语则常用物主代词、名词、代词表示。例如：Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.(ofyou)It'snouseyourpretendingthatyoudidn'tknowtherules.(your)Thedoctorsuggestedthemhavingtheirhealthcheck-uponceayear.二、作宾语1、不定式作宾语(1)以下动词后,一般只用不定式作宾语.如:agree,attempt，apply，ask,aim,arrange,beg，choose,decide,demand,expect,fail,help,hope,lean,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wishafford等。Idecidedtoaskformymoneyback.IdecidedthatIwouldaskformymoneyback.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedtostartbackonfoot.Whenourvisittothefarmwasover,weexpectedthatwewouldstartbackonfoot.(2)不定式可先用it做形式宾语。Wethinkitquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.Hefeelsithisdutytohelpthepoor.2、动名词作宾语(1)以下动词后,一般只用动名词作宾语,如:admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don'tmind,giveup,insist,on,putoff等。Isuggestspendingoursummervacationinaseasidetown.Youmustgiveupsmoking,foritdoestoomuchharmtoyourhealth.(2)介词后只能接动名词做宾语Ishouldgotoattendthebirthdaycelebrationinsteadofstayingathome.WhataboutinvitingLiJuntomakeaspeech(3)少数特殊结构中只用动名词做宾语。它们可以看作是省略的介词的形式。例如：havedifficulty(in)doingsth.havenotrouble(in)doingsth.losenotime(in)doingsth.prevent/stop…(from)doingsth.thereisnouse(in)doingsth.3、不定式与动名词做宾语的区别(1)动词后是接不定式还是动名词作宾语，主要是根据使用习惯。有些动词后一般只接不定学习必备欢迎下载式作宾语，而另一些则只用动名词作宾语。详见上面的说明。(2)介词后只能接动名词作宾语；还有少数结构后只用动名词作宾语。详见上面的说明。(3)在need,want,require等后表示被动意义时，不定式要用被动语态，而动名词不需要。例如：Mybikeneedstoberepaired.Mybikeneedsrepairing.(4)英语中，有些动词动词后既可接不定式也可接动名词，意义区别不大，如：begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等.但在下列情况下,一般要用不定式:*would(should)与hate,like,love连用时：I'dliketohaveacupofcoffee.*当begin,continue,start等是进行式时Thestudentsarestartingtoworkonthedifficultmathsproblem.*当begin,continue,start与know,understand等连用时：Isoonbegantounderstandwhatwashappening.4、部分动词后接不定式或动名词时,意义差别较大。(1)forget,remember,regret后接不定式,表示现在或未来的动作,接动名词表示动作已经发生。如:Don'tforgetfoposttheletterforme.(信还没有寄出)HaveyouforgottenmeetingherinBeijingAirport(已见过她)Remembertoclosethewindowsbeforeyouleave.(窗户还没有关)Irememberwritinghimaletterayearago.(信已写过)Weregrettotellyouthatallofyouarenotinvitedtoattendthemeeting.Theyregrettedorderingthesebooksfromabroad.(2)meantodo打算做某事/meandoing意味着……Imeanttocatchupwiththeearlybus.Thismeanswastingalotofmoney.(3)trytodo设法尽力做某事/trydoing试着做某事Youshouldtrytoovercomeyourshortcomings.Tryworkingoutthephysicsprobleminanotherway.(4)stoptodo停下当前事去做另一件事/stopdoing停止当前事Onthewaytotheairport,Istoppedtobuyapaper.You'dbetterstoparguinganddoasyouaretold.(5)can'thelpdoing禁不住……/can'thelptodo不能帮助干……Theycouldn'thelpjumpingupatthenews.SorryIhavelotsofworktodo.SoIcan'thelptomakeuptheroomforyou.(6)goontodo去做另外一件/goondoing继续做此事Hewentontotalkaboutworldsituation.他接着又谈了世界形势.We'llgoonfightingsolongasthereisoppressionintheworld.(7)leaveofftodo去做另外一件事/leaveoffdoing停下当前事It'stimetoleaveofftalkingandtostartacting.Theyleftofftogofishing.三、做表语不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作;动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行为。Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltothepeople.Mychiefpurposeistopointoutthedifficultiesofthematter.WhatIwouldsuggestistoputoffthemeeting.Ourworkisservingthepeople.Whathelikes学习必备欢迎下载istakingawalkaftersupper.ThestorytoldbyMr.Wangisinteresting.四、作定语1、不定式作定语时，放在被修饰的名词之后。ThenexttraintoarriveisfromWashington.HaveyouanythingtobetakentoyoursisterDoyouhaveanythingtosayonthequestionWouldyoupleasegivemesomepapertowriteonMywishtovisitFrancehascometrueatlast.2、动名词作定语时，放在修饰的名词前面。Thispassagecanbeusedaslisteningmaterials.Thereadingroomofourschoollibrarycanhold800people.Allmovingbodieshaveenergy.注意：下一句中的standing不是动名词，而现在分词短语：hemanstandingattheschoolgateisProfessorHua.五、不定式作补足语不定式可以用作宾语补足语，而动名词不用作宾语补足语有些情况下不定式的to可以省略。1、不定式作宾语补足语常用不定式作宾补的动词有:allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive(强迫),encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,want,warn,wish等，以及短语动词有:askfor,carefor,callon,counton,dependon,waitfor,longfor,preparefor,wishfor等。WouldyoulikemetogiveyourregardstoMaryIwantyoutounderstandthewholepassageclearly.WeallbelieveJohn(tobe)honest.Iconsiderhim(tobe)oneofthebestbiologyteachersofNo.1MiddleSchool.Weconsiderhimtohavebeenfoolish.Ididn'thearanyonesayanythingaboutit.Theymakethestudentsdotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.Thestudentsaremadetodotoomuchhomeworkeveryday.Wouldyoupleasehelpme(to)fillinthetaxformI'veneverknownher(to)belatebefore.HewasknowntohavebeentoFrancebefore.Youmaydependonthemtobethereearly.ThePartycallsonustoincreaseproductionandpractiseeconomy.2、不定式作主语补足语Hewasnotallowedtoentertheclassroomforbeinglate.Theyounguniversitystudentisconsideredtohavegreatpromise.六、不定式作状语不定式可以用作状语，而动名词不用作状语。下面只说一下不定式作状语的用法。1、表示目的Istayedtheretoseewhatwouldhappen.Henryhasdecidedtogotothehospitaltobeexaminedbythedoctor.Bobtookdownmytelephonenumbersoas(inorder)nottoforgetit.Istayedtheresothat(inorderthat)Icouldseewhatwouldhappen.2、表示原因Wearegladtohearthenews.学习必备欢迎下载Iwassurprisedtoseethatathree-year-oldbabycouldwritesowell.Thequestionraisedbythestudentisdifficulttoanswer.Theroomisreallycomfortabletolivein.3、表示结果Wecamehomeafterourholidaytofindourgardenneatandtidy.I'mnotsostupid(afool)astoputitinwriting.I'mnotsuchastupidfoolastoputitinwriting.Thespeedishighenoughforustocatchupwiththefirstliner.Janehurriedbackonlytofindhermotherdyinginthehospital.I'mtootiredtostayuplonger.注意：在下列结构中,too…to并非是"太……而不能……"之意。I'monlytoogladtohavepassedtheexam.考试及格我太高兴了。(不定式做原因状语)Wehavetoomuchtolearn.我们要学的太多了。(不定式作定语).4、不定式用作独立成份常见的短语有tobeexact(确切地说)tobeginwith(首先)todohimjustice(说句对他公道的话)tobesure(真的)Totellthetruth,theplaywasagreatdisappointmenttome.七、疑问词+不定式结构动名词没有这种结构。WhentoleaveforLondonhasnotbeendecidedyet.Mr.Smithdidn'tknowwhethertoleaveorstaythere.IaskedProfessorXuhowtolearnEnglishwell.Thequestionwaswheretogetthemedicineneeded.八、动词不定式与动名词的的时态、语态1、动词不定式的时态不定式时态有三种形式：(1)一般式：表示动作发生在谓语动词之后或同时发生。Ihopetobecomeauniversitystudentthisyear.WeoftenhearDickplaythepianointhenextroom.(2)完成式:表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。I'msorrytohavekeptyouwaiting.Wearetooyoungtohaveseentheoldsociety.(3)进行式:表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生.如:TheteacherhappenedtobecorrectingourpaperswhenIcamein.Theyseemedtobediscussingsomethingimportant.2、不定式的被动语态It'sagreathonortobeinvitedtoMary'sbirthdayparty.Itwasimpossibleforlosttimetobemadeup.Iwishtobesenttoworkinthecountry.CanyoutellmewhichisthecartoberepairedHewenttothehospitaltobeexamined.注意：在Therebe结构中,修饰主语的不定式可用被动,也可用主动，意义区别不大。例如：Therearestillmanythingstotakecareof(tobetakencareof).Theseisnothingtodonow.(Wehavenothingtodonow.)Thereisnothingtobedonenow.(Wecandonothingnow.)3、动名词的时态动名词时态只有两种，它没有进行时态。(1)一般式：表示泛指的动作,可与谓语动词同时发生,或之前、之后。例如：Weareinterestedincollectingstamps.IshallneverforgetseeingtheGreatWallforthefirsttime.Wearenotafraidofdying.学习必备欢迎下载(2)完成式：表示动作发生在谓语动词之前。例如：Imaginehavingtravelledonthemoon.Wewerepraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.4、动名词的被动语态Theyoungmancameinwithoutbeingnoticed.Hepridedhimselfonhavingneverbeenbeateninclass.注意：有些动词后，直接用动名词表示被动意义。例如：Thebikeneedsrepairing.Ifathingisworthdoing,itisworthdoingwell.