英国文学之莎士比亚的哈姆莱特Shakespeares Hamlet

会计学1英国文学之莎士比亚的哈姆莱特ShakespearesHamletIntroduction*Asthegreatestdramatistintheworldliterature，Shakespeareisrememberedbytheentireworldforcenturiesandhisworksareread,putontothestage,lovedandmemorizedwithanintensepassion.第1页/共42页*“Hamlet”isthefirstofthegreattragedies,isgenerallyregardedasShakespeare’smostpopularplayonthestageandcanbereckonedasthesummitofallShakespeare’sworks.*Thestoryof“Hamlet”isabouttherevengeofPrinceHamlet,basedonanoldDanishlegendofthe13thcenturywidespreadinnorthernEurope.第2页/共42页第3页/共42页第4页/共42页第5页/共42页第6页/共42页1.thevengeanceofason2.todiesuddenly3.thewedding4.tobrood5.ghost’sappearance6.topretendtobemad7.toestrangehimselffromhisfriends8.theperformanceofaplaywithinaplay9.senthimtoEngland10.Ophelia'sdeath.11.afencingmatch12.todrinkthepoisonedwine13.tokillClaudiusThemainideaof“Hamlet”第7页/共42页Thechiefelements:1.Thestoriesofmurderandrevenge2.Theappearanceofaghost3.Theperformanceofaplaywithinaplay4．Whetherhewasmad第8页/共42页Themestorevealthepower-seeking,thejostlingforplace,thehiddenmotives,thecourteoussuperficialitiesthatveillustandguilt,tocondemnthehypocrisyandtreacheryandgeneralcorruption.第9页/共42页ThemainideaofAct3,Scene11.tofocusonthedeepconflictwithinHamlet.2.openamidagitationandgloom.3.Hamlet’sbrooding.4.father’sghost.5.tobetornbetweenthedemandsofhisemotionsandthehesitantskepticismofhismind.6.torevealthisconflictinseveralfamousandeloquentsoliloquies.7.The“Tobeornottobe”soliloquyiscentraltoHamlet’spersonality.8.anexcellentexampleofHamletnotdoinganything.9.tolooktoocloselyatourplans.10.asenseofutterworld–wearinessaswellastheauthor’sincisivecomments.第10页/共42页Keypoints1)“Tobe,ornottobe—thatisthequestion:/Whether’tisnoblerinthemindtosuffer/Theslingsandarrows…fortune/Ortotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,/Andbyopposingendthem.“Tobe,ornottobe—thatisthequestion”:toliveoninthisworldortodie;tosufferortotakeaction;totakeactionortodonothing;tobe：toexist.“inthemindtosuffer”:passivelytosuffer“slingsandarrows”:attacks.“totakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles”:totakeuparmsagainsttroublesthatsweepuponuslikeasea.The“troubles”ispicturedasadvancinglikesomeoverwhelmingtide.第11页/共42页Furtherexplanation：Hamletisdepressedanddisillusionedwhenhehearshismother’shastymarriagetohisuncleandhisfather’sbeingmurdering.Hefeelseveryoneandeverythingistaintedsothatheistornbetweenemotionsandthehesitantskepticismofhismind.ItcanrevealHamlet’spersonality—thecomplexdeepconflict.第12页/共42页2)“Todie—tosleep/Nomore;…Theheartache,andthethousandnaturalshocks/Thatfleshisheirto,…”:“Todie—tosleep”:Todieistosleep.“Nomore”:todieistobenomore.“Theheartache,…Thatfleshisheirto”:allkindsofsufferings(shocks)thatnaturallyoccurtohumanbeings(“flesh”—humanbody);“naturalshocks”:attacksmadebynature.第13页/共42页Furtherexplanation：Hamletheregivesthereasonswhyhewantstocommitsuicide.Thatishispersonalrevengeandthathecannotbearthesocialinjusticeandgrievance.第14页/共42页3)“Todie—tosleep./Tosleep—perchancetodream：ay,there’stherub!/Forinthatsleepofdeath…/Whenwehaveshuffledoffthismortalcoil,/Mustgiveuspause.”：“perchance”：maybe.“rub”：obstacle,impediment.Hereitreferstothedoubtordifficulty.“shuffledoffthismortalcoil”：endthislife;“mortalcoil”：turmoilofmortality,humanlife.“giveuspause”：makeushesitate.第15页/共42页Furtherexplanation：Hamletheregivesthereasonswhyhedoesnotwanttocommitsuicide.Hefeelshesitanttokillhimselfbecausehethinksthatsometerribledreamsmaytroublehimafterhisdeath.第16页/共42页4)“There’stherespect/Thatmakescalamityofsolonglife./Forwhowouldbearthewhipsandscornsoftime,…/Theinsolenceofoffice,andthespurns/Thatpatientmeritofth’unworthytakes,/Whenhehimselfmighthisquietusmake,/Withabarebodkin?”:“Thatmakescalamityofsolonglife.”:Thatmakescalamityofsolong-lived,lasting.“thewhipsandscornsoftime”:thesufferinginourepoch.“contumely”:contempt,insolence.“Theinsolenceofoffice”:thehaughtyandcontemptuousbehaviorshownbyholdersofhighgovernmentalposts./thecontemptheldbythepeopleofhighrank.“spurns”:insults,contempt,disdain,indignity.第17页/共42页“Theinsolenceofoffice”:thehaughtyandcontemptuousbehaviorshownbyholdersofhighgovernmentalposts./thecontemptheldbythepeopleofhighrank.“spurns”:insults,contempt,disdain.“That…takes”:thepeopleofendureatthehandsoftheunworthy.“quietus”:thefinalsettlementofanaccount.“fardels”:burdens.“grunt”:groan.第18页/共42页Furtherexplanation：Thelinesrevealthecalamityandinjusticeoftherealityofthesociety.Evenundertheconditionsthesuffererswouldpreferendurancetocommittingsuicide.第19页/共42页5)“Whowouldthesefardelsbear,/Togruntandsweatunderawearylife,/Butthatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath—/Theundiscover’dcountry,fromwhosebourn/Notravelerreturns—puzzlesthewill,/Andmakesus…thosewehave//Thanflyto…weknownotof?”：“quietus”:thefinalsettlementofanaccount.“fardels”:burdens.“grunt”:groan.“Theundiscover’dcountry”:theunknownplace/wherewegoafterdeath.“bourn”:boundary.“ills”:harms,disaster,calamity.第20页/共42页Furtherexplanation：Hamletfurthertalksaboutthemorereasonswhyhewantstolive.Thatis,thepresentlifeisintroublesandsufferings,butdeathisunforeseen,sothesamethingwillhappen.Thelivingcanchoosedeath,butthedeadcannothaveanychoices.Therefore,asfarastheunknownplaceofdeathisconcerned,thepeoplewillneverreturntotherealworld,whichisveryterrible.第21页/共42页6)“Thusconsciencedoesmake…greatpitchandmoment/Withthisregard…thenameofaction”：“conscience”:reflection,consciousness,seriousthought,contemplation,meditation.“thenativehueofresolution”：naturalcolour.Itmeansdetermination/action.“sickliedo’er”：coveredwithasicklycolour.“thepalecastofthought”：thepalelookofmelancholy.Thereferenceistotheruddycolorassociatedwiththesanguinetemperamentascontrastedwiththetingeofmelancholy.第22页/共42页“pitch”:significance,importance.“withthisregard”:inconsiderationofthis,onthisaccount.“theircurrentsturnawry”:turnawayfromtheiroriginalpurpose.“losethenameofaction”：failtobeputintoaction.“Thusconsciencedoesmakecowards…withthepalecastofthought”:Anaturaldecisionbecomesweakenedbymelancholythought.第23页/共42页Furtherexplanation：Theselinessuggestthattoomuchthinkingorconsiderationmakesactionimpossible.HereHamletisnotonlytalkingaboutactualsuicide,he’salsotalkingabout“lifelongsuicide”bydoingnothing,choosingtheeasypassiveapproachtolife.Whatismore,theysuggestHamletwouldbedeterminedtotakeanactionregardlessoflifeanddeath.第24页/共42页StylisticfeaturesMetaphor:“Theslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune”:ItisametaphorbywhichShakespearecomparesmisfortune/adversitytopoisonousarrows—avividportrayalofmisfortuneanddeath.第25页/共42页Rhetoricalquestions:1.Whether’tisnoblerinthemindtosuffer…Andbyopposingendthem?2.Forwhowouldbear…abarebodkin?3.Whowouldthosefardelsbear…notof?Therhetoricalquestionsbringthereaderstodeeperconsiderationoftheproblems,thusleavingdeepimpressionuponthereaders,emphasizingthetheme.第26页/共42页Examples1.Isthatareasonfordespair?Itstronglynegatesthereasonfordespair.2.Isnoonegoingtodefendme?Thespeakerissurethatsb.isgoingtodefendhim.3.IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?cf.Ifwintercomes,springwillnotbefarbehind.第27页/共42页Commenton“Hamlet”Hamletisthecentralfigureofthetragedyandmuchofthedramaticimpactoftheplayderivesfromthecomplexityofhisnature.Heis,atoneandthesametime,gentleandcruel,lovingandvengeful,adeeplyreflectiveintrovertandamancapableofactingonimpulse.第28页/共42页Asanidealman,heisforthrightandhonestbynature.Heisareasonablygoodjudgeofcharacter;hehascourage(e.g.inthebattleatseaheledthefightagainstthepirates);andheiswelllikedbytheDanes,whichisindeedoneofthereasonswhyClaudiusdidnotpunishhimforkillingPolonius.第29页/共42页AcrucialbutcontroversialissueintheconsiderationofHamlet’scharacteriswhetherhewasmad.Bothpositiveandnegativeinterpretationscanbesupportedwithevidencefromtheplay.Hamletiscapableofcalculatedcruelty.HerefusestokillClaudiuswhentheKingisatprayerbecausehewantstopunishhimbothinthisworldandthenext.第30页/共42页Hamletisanintriguingcharacter.Hepreferstobeathinkerbutiscastintheroleofanavenger.Heisintelligentandsensitive,deeplydisturbedbytheevilandthefaithlessnesswithwhichheissurrounded.Hissuddenswingsfrominactivitytoimpulsiverashnessmaynotmakehimaneasycharactertoclassifybuttheymakehimoneofthemostperenniallyinterestingcharactersinliterature.第31页/共42页Thetragicgreatnessofthecentralcharactertryingtoresolveconflictsinternalaswellasexternal,theluminousinsightintohumanmotivesandpassions,andtheterriblesweepofforcesruthlesslycrushingtheinnocentwiththeguilty—allthesegive“Hamlet”aplaceamongtheworld’sgreatestdramas.第32页/共42页Hamletasahumanist:●Hislearning,wisdom,noblenature,aswellaslimitationandtragedyareallrepresentativeofthehumanistsattheturnofthecentury.●HamletmayberegardedasahumanistofShakespeare’age.Likeotherhumanists,heseestheuglyreality,dreamsofhealthfulhumanrelations,andyetisunabletorealizehisdream.Andthebrighterthedream,themoregloomybecomesforhimthesurroundingreality,andthemoreacutearehismentalconflicts.第33页/共42页●Hamlethasthequalitiesofa“blood-and-thunder”thrillerandaphilosophicalexplorationoflifeanddeath.第34页/共42页Abriefcommentonthesoliloquybeginningwithline“Tobeornottobe…”Themonologue,apsychologicalexplorationoflifeanddeath,revealsthecharacterofHamletasamanofcontemplationratherthanaction.Withtheintolerableburdenofthedutytorevengehisfather’sdeathandthechallengeofevilforces,Hamletseemstowithdrawintoamentalworldwhichisthrownintoaconflictorachoicebetweenlifeanddeath.第35页/共42页Thephilosophicalspeculationmixedupadeeppessimisticoutlookresistsagainstactionatfirst,butawakenstheherooutofhismelancholytoasenseofthe“enterpriseofgreatpithandmoment”,indicatingthatheistodosomethingforwhatheconcernshimselfwith.第36页/共42页AbriefcommentonthethemeofShakespeare’s“Hamlet”ShakespearedepictstheimageHamletasaRenaissancehumanisttoembodythedramatist’sownideals,personalideal,andsocialandpoliticalone.第37页/共42页InHamlet’scase,firstandforemostishisownpersonalideal,thatoffilialpietyandastrongsenseofjusticethatdemandsrevenge,buthehashissocialandpoliticalidealstoo.Ontheonehand,heeulogizestheinfinitecapabilitiesofman:“Whatapieceofworkisman;hownobleinreason!Howinfiniteinfaculty!”第38页/共42页Ontheotherhandheseesandhopestogetridofthesocialevilsbesettinghumanbeings,ashespeaksof“aseaoftroubles”.SoHamletengageshimselfinpersonalrevengebutatthesametimeintendstosetrightthe“time”thatis“outofjoint”.第39页/共42页TheburdenofthesedutiesmakesHamletamanofcontemplationratherthanofaction,whichleadstothesoliloquiesrevealingtheinnerworkingofhismind.Then,thestrugglebetweengoodandevildominativelycontrolsthesceneofHamlet’stragedy,atragedyofahumanistwhoisalwaystoseeandconstructabetterworld.第40页/共42页Assignment1.DiscussthecharacterofHamlet.2.WhyisHamletunabletotakepromptaction?3.GiveAbriefcommentonthesoliloquybeginningwithline“Tobeornottobe…”.4.PreviewSonnet18withthefollowingquestions:1）Whatisthemainideaofthesonnet?2）Whatisthethemeofthesonnet?第41页/共42页