(完整版)鸟巢英文介绍

Bird'sNestAbstract:ThemainvenuefortheBeijingOlympics,theNationalStadium,widelyknownastheBird'Nestbecauseofitsuniquedesign,hasbecomeanationwidesensation.Theremovaloftheelementshelpedtobringtheprojectunderthereducedconstructionbudgetof$290million,fromanoriginal$500million.Withtheremovaloftheretractableroof,thebuildingwaslightened,whichhelpeditstanduptoseismicactivity;however,theuppersectionoftheroofwasalteredtoprotectfansfromweather.Duetothestadium'soutwardappearanee,itwasnicknamed"TheBird'sNest".ThephrasewasfirstusedbyHerzog&deMeuron,thoughthepairstillbelieves"thereshouldbemanywaysofperceivingabuilding."TheuseisacomplimentLiexplained,"InChina,abird'snestisveryexpensive,somethingyoueatonspecialoccasions."IntroductionTheNationalStadiumissituatedintheBeijingOlympicGreen.DuringtheBeijing2008OlympicGames,theopeningceremony,closingceremony,trackandfieldmeets,andmen'sfootballfinalwillbeheldhere.Itistheworld'slargeststeelstructureandthemostcomplexstadiumeverconstructed.Itsdesignhadtobeinspiringandbeabletowithstandanearthquake.So'lightweight'wascombinedwithstrengthin110000tonsofanewgradeofsteel,thepuresteverdevelopedinChina,including36kmofsteelstruts.IthasbeenaIandmarkandaIongstandingsymboloftheOlympics.Itis"oneofthekeyengineeringmarvelsintheworldtoday."TheBird'sNestwasthemainvenueofthe2008BeijingOlympicGamesandithasaseatingcapacityofover91,000.Withasimpleandclassicalspaceeffects,theNationalStadiumisbeautifullydesigned;andallthestructuralpartssupportwitheachother,forminganetworkframework.Itlookslikeabird'snestwovenwithbranches.AftertheBeijing2008OlympicGames,thestadiumwillbecomeasportsandentertainmentfacilityfortheresidentsofBeijing.AnditwillbecomeanotherimportanttouristattractionofBeijing.Bythe2001PritzkerPrizewinnerHerzog,andtheChinesearchitectLiXinggangdeMeuroncollaboratedgiantstadiumdesign,formsaslife"nest",itismorelikeacradle,isentrustedwiththemankind'shopeforthefuture.ThedesignersoftheNationalStadiumdidnotdoanyextraprocessing,justgivethestructureisexposedoutside,sothenaturalformationoftheappearaneeofabuilding.DesignandconstructionLocatedintheOlympicGreen,thestadiumcostUS$423million.ThedesignwasawardedtoasubmissionfromtheSwissarchitecturefirmHerzog&deMeuroninApril2003afterabiddingprocessthatineluded13finalsubmissions.Thedesign,whichoriginatedfromthestudyofChineseceramics,implementedsteelbeamsinordertohidesupportsfortheretractableroof;givingthestadiumtheappearaneeofa"Bird'snest".LeadingChineseartistAiWeiweiwastheartisticconsultantontheproject.Theretractableroofwaslaterremovedfromthedesignafterinspiringthestadium'smostrecognizableaspect.Groundwasbrokenin24December2003andthestadiumofficiallyopenedin28June2008.Ashoppingmallandahotelareplannedtobeconstructedtoincreaseuseofthestadium,whichhashadtroubleattractingevents,footballandotherwiseaftertheOlympics.Theentirestructurecomponentofthestadiumcomposesthemutualsupporttoformagridstructure.Itlookslikeabird'snestandthegraysteelmeshiscoveredbytransparentmaterial.Itcontainsabowl-shapedstadiumwhichisred.Here,thehollowoutstyle,theceramiclines,theredrefulgeneeandwarm,andthemostadvaneedmodernsteelstructuredesignareperfectlyblendedtogether.Thewholebuildingisrelatedthroughthegiantreticularstructure,withoutonecolumnintheinterior.Thestandisshapedlikebowlwhichgivethestadiumunbelievabledramaticismandincomparableappeal.Thecontinuousloopwillalsomaketheaudieneegetthebestviewandpromotetheiremotion.Itcanalsoencourageplayerstobefaster,higherandstronger.Here,people,reallyhavebeengiventhecenterposition.Thecrustofthestadiumcanbemadebythediaphragm,maketocompletelywaterproof.Thesuncanpenetratethroughthetransparentrooftomeetthegrowthoftheindoorturf.Duringagame,thestandscanchangethroughvariouswaysandcansatisfythedifferentrequirementsofdifferentaudiences.DuringtheOlympicGames,20000temporaryseatsareonthetopofthestadiumandcanensurethateveryonecanclearlyseethewholegame.Theentranee,theexitandthecrowdflowthroughtheregionaldivisionandreasonablestreamlinedesignhadbeensettledperfectly.TheeasternandwesternstandsofBeijingNationalStadiumarehigherthannorthernandsouthernstands,inordertoimprovesightlines.A24-hourperdayrainwatercollectorislocatednearthestadium;afterwaterispurified,itisusedthroughoutandaroundthestadium.Pipesplacedundertheplayingsurfacegatherheatinthewintertowarmthestadiumandcoldnessinthesummertocoolthestadium.Thestadium'sdesignoriginallycalledforacapacityof100,000people;however9,000wereremovedduringasimplificationofthedesign.Thenewtotalof91,000wouldbeshavedfurtherwhen11,000temporaryseatswereremovedafterthe2008Olympics;bringingthestadium'scapacityto80,000.Thefarthestseatis460feet(140meters)fromcenterfield.Temperatureandairflowofeverysurfacewereoptimizedtoincreaseventilation.Thestadiumislikeahugecontainer,whetherthelasttoseeorLex,willgivetheimpressionthatdistinctive,nevererasetheimage,itisfullyinlinewiththeNationalStadiuminthefunctionalandtechnicalrequirements,butalsofromageneralStadiumbuildinglong-spanstructuresandthedigitalscreenasthemaindesigntechnique.Thespatialeffectofthestadiumonlyhastheunprecedentedoriginality,butsimple,elegant.Fromhere,peoplecanvisit,includingthestandsofthestairsleadingtotheentireregion,includingmovinglines.Sportshall,isanindoorurbanspace,withrestaurantsandshops,itsroleisjustasCommercialStreetGallery,orsquare,drawingpeopleyearnafternoonamemorableone..Summary:TheBird'sNest,togetherwiththenearbyWaterCube,representsthetraditionalChineseconceptof"roundheavenandsquareearth,"aswellasthe"Qian-kun"and"Yin-yang"ideas.TheBird'sNestisaBeijing'slandmarkbuildingwhichrepresentsthemostadvancedsteelstructurebuildingsystemanditsupportthedevelopmentofthefuturebuilding.ButtheBird'sNestalsohassomedisadvantages,forexample,itsmaintenanceisdifficult,andtheutilizationrateislowafterthecompetition.Inthefuture,weshouldstrivetoovercomethesedifficulties.Source:李志跃在城市化进程中建筑装饰工程功能作用的再解析[期刊论文]-大众科技2011(7)杨嗣信建国60年来我国 建筑施工 建筑施工总承包合同建筑施工企业管理制度建筑施工合同书建筑施工合同协议书房屋建筑施工合同 技术的重大发展[期刊论文]-建筑技术2009(9)AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers.Prestandandcommentaryguidelinesfortheseismicrehabilitationofbuildings[R].FEMA2356,WashingtonD.C.:FederalEmergencyManagementAgency,2000.ChopraAK.Estimatingseismicdemandsforperformance-basedengineeringofbuildings[C]IIProceedingsofthe13thWorldConferenceonEarthquakeEngineering.MiraDigitalPublishing,Canada,2004,PaperNo.5007.