考研英语阅读 试卷186

考研英语（阅读）-试卷186(总分：60.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、ReadingComprehension(总题数：6，分数：60.00)1.SectionIIReadingComprehension（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________解析：2.PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.（分数：10.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________解析：Always.Never.TheseareprobablythetwomostpowerfulwordsintheEnglishlanguage.Evenmorepowerfulthanyesandno,sincesayingyes(orno)appliestothemomentorsubjectathand,whilesayingalwaysoreversetsthetoneforeverythingtocome.Thetwowordscanbepowerfulinabeneficialway,orinanadverselynegativeway.IfyouusealwaysinaffirmationssuchasIamalwaysincreasingmylevelofjoyandaliveness,orIamalwaysgrowingnearerandnearertomydivinereality,orIamalwaysattherightplaceattherighttime,etc.,thentheseusesofthewordalwaysbecomeanempowerment.However,whenweusethewordalwaysinnegativesituations,suchasIalwaysgetitwrong,orIalwayscatchacold,etc.thenwearecreatingourrealityinapowerfulway.TheuseofthewordALWAYSisverypowerful,soistheuseofNEVER.WhileIencourageyoutofindempoweringwaystousethewordalways,IalsoencourageyoutodropcompletelythewordNEVER.Onecannotusethatwordpositively?EvenifyousayInevercatchacold,orMyhusbandnevercheatsonme,orwhatever,thefocusisstillonsomethingyoudonwantinyourlife—acold,acheatinghusband,etc.Itisbettertoreplacethosestatements(andthoughts)withIamalwayshealthy,orifyouenotquitecomfortablewiththatstatement,thensayEachday,Igethealthierandhealthier.Orratherthanfocusonthepictureofacheatinghusband,bettertofocusonMyhusbandisalwaysfaithfultome,orMyhusbandandIarefaithfulandhonestwitheachother.Youcanaskyoursubconscioustohelpyourootoutyouruseofthewordalwaysandthewordever.Askyoursubconscioustoalertyouwhenyouusethosewordswhetherinthoughtorconversation.Whenyoucatchyourselfcreatingyourrealityinawaythatdoesnotmeetyourhighestvisionofahappylife,thenrephraseyourthoughtorstatement.IfyoufindyourselfsayingIalwaysfollowedbyanegativeprojection,youcould,attheleast,replacethealwayswithinthepast,I...(omittingthewordalwaysorever).Inthisway,youatleastkeepthatpicturetiedtoyourpast,andfreeyourfutureforsomethingwhichismoreinkeepingwithyourdreamsandvisionforyourself.Ileaveyouwiththesethoughts:Mayyoualwaysbeblessedwithmanywonderfullexperiences.Mayyourheartalwaysbefullofloveforyourselfandforothers.Sobeit!（分数：10.00）(1).Thetextsuggeststhat______.（分数：2.00）A.thewordevercannotbepowerfulinabeneficialwayB.thewordalwayscanonlybepowerfulinapositivewayC.theuseofthewordalwaysiscreatingarealitypowerfully√D.yesandoshouldbereplacedbyalwaysandever解析：解析：根据第二段中的“…theseusesoftheword‘always'becomeanempowerment”和“whenweusetheword‘always'innegativesituations，…thenweare‘creatingourreality'inapowerfulway”，C应为答案。(2).Accordingtotheauthor,thewordalways______.（分数：2.00）A.isusuallyusedtotalkabouthappinessinourlives√B.maybeusedeitherinabeneficialorinanegativewayC.isusedmoreinabeneficialwaythaninanegativewayD.canbeextremelypowerfulwhenusedinanegativeway解析：解析：根据第二段第一句“Thetwowordscanbepowerfulinabeneficialway，orinanadverselynegativeway”，B应为答案。(3).Theauthormaintainsthatthewordever______.（分数：2.00）A.canscarcelybeusedpositively√B.cansometimesbeusedpositivelyC.canbeusedinanempoweringwayD.shouldbeusedinanegativesituation解析：解析：根据第三段第三、四句“Onecannotusethatwordpositively?Evenifyousay‘Inevercatchacold'，…thefocusisstillonsomethingyoudon'twantinyourlife…”，A应为答案。(4).Intheauthorsopinion,thewordalways______.（分数：2.00）A.shouldbediscardedcompletelyB.shouldbeusedmoresubconsciouslyC.shouldbeusedtotalkaboutpasteventsD.shouldbelessusedinnegativesituations√解析：解析：根据第四段中的“Ifyoufindyourselfsaying‘Ialways'followedbyanegativeprojection，youcould，attheleast，replacethe‘always'with‘inthepast，I…'(omittingthewordalwaysornever)”，D应为答案。(5).Theauthorinsiststhat______.（分数：2.00）A.whatyouprefertoalwayshaveinyourlife,justsayso√B.everybodyisalwaysblessedwithloveandgreathappinessC.yourfutureisbasedonyourdreamsandvisionforyourselfD.whateveryousayorwhateveryoudreamwillcometruesomeday解析：解析：本文表达的观点是：“‘always'ispowerful”。作者在最后一段使用“always”这个词表达了美好的祝愿。所以，A应为答案。InMay,USATodayreportedthatthefederalgovernmentiscollectingdataonthephonecallsmadeandreceivedbytensofmillionofAmericans.Accordingtotheprogramsdefenders,yourgrocerystore,yourcablecompany,andyourcreditcardcompanycanidentifyyoubasedonyourphonenumber,buttheNationalSecurityAgency(NSA)can.Atleast,thatstheimplicationwhenpeoplesaythedatabaseislegalbecausetheinformationinithas敢湥尠湡湯浹穩摥—i.e.,strippedofnamesandaddresses.Butphonenumberscanreadilybelinkedtonamesandaddressesusingpubliclyavailableinformation.Theclaimthattheresreallynothingpersonalorprivateaboutthephonecallrecords—whichtelltheNSAwhocallswhom,when,andforhowlong—isatenuousbasisfordefendingdatacollectionthatordinarilyrequiresacourtorderorthecustomersconsent.Onemajorphonecompany,Qwest,refusedtogivetheNSAitscustomersrecords.Officialsthereknewtheycouldfaceheftypenaltiesunderatleasttwostatutes,theCommunicationsActandtheElectronicCommunicationsPrivacyAct,iftheyrevealedthisinformationwithouttheircustomerspermissionunlesstheywerelegallyrequiredtodoso.TheNSAsdefendersciteQwestsrefusalasevidencetheprogramisvoluntaryandthereforelegal.Infact,itindicatesjusttheopposite:HadQwestbeenpresentedwithalawfulsubpoenaorcourtorderdemandingthedata,italmostcertainlywouldhavecomplied.Ifithadn,thegovernmentcouldhaveforcedittodoso.Instead,USATodayreported,theNSAresortedtoextra-legalmethods,pressuringthephonecompaniestodivulgethedatathroughappealstopatriotism,warningsaboutterrorism,andthreatsoflostgovernmentcontracts.PresumablyittookthisroutebecauseitwouldhavehadahardtimeconvincingtheForeignIntelligenceSurveillanceCourtthateveryAmericansphonerecordswereelevanttoaterrorisminvestigation.MaybetheNSAshouldnhavetomeetthatstandardwhenitdoesautomatedanalysesofsuchdataaimedatpreventingterroristattacks.Ifso,theresasimplesolution:AskCongresstochangetherelevantstatutes.Otherwise,divulgingtherecordstothegovernmentviolatesthelaw.（分数：10.00）(1).Itwasreportedthatthefederalgovernmentis______.（分数：2.00）A.defendingitsrighttocollectdataonthephonecallsofpeopleB.collectingdataonthephonecallsofpeopleforsecurityreasons√C.interestedingettingthepersonalinformationofaveragecitizensD.followingtheexampleofcreditcardcompaniesindatacollection解析：解析：根据第一段中的“…thefederalgovernmentiscollectingdataonthephonecalls…ofAmericans．Accordingto…number，buttheNationalSecurityAgency(NSA)can't”，B应为答案。(2).TheNationalSecurityAgencybelievesthatitislegal______.（分数：2.00）A.tocollectanonymizedpersonalinformation√B.tolinkphonenumberstonamesandaddressesC.tousepubliclyavailableinformationindataanalysisD.toidentifyandaccuseanyonebasedonphonecallrecords解析：解析：根据第一段最后一句“…that'stheimplicationwhenpeoplesaythedatabaseislegalbecausetheinformationinithasbeen‘anonymized'…”，A应为答案。(3).TheNSAsdefendersstatethatphonecallrecords______.（分数：2.00）A.arefrequentlyusedbyvariousinstitutionsB.canbeusedwithoutthecustomersconsentC.arenothingbutpubliclyavailableinformationD.canhardlybeconsideredasprivateinformation√解析：解析：根据第二段第二句“Theclaimthatthere'sreallynothingpersonalorprivateaboutthephonecallrecords…isatenuousbasisfordefendingdatacollection”，D应为答案。(4).TheexampleofQwestiscitedbytheNSAsdefenderstoprovethatphonedatacollection______.（分数：2.00）A.facesseverepenaltiesB.requiresacourtorderC.ispermittedbythelaw√D.isforbiddenbystatutes解析：解析：根据第四段第一句“TheNSA'sdefendersciteQwest'srefusalasevidencetheprogramisvoluntaryandthereforelegal”，C应为答案。(5).Theauthorarguesthatatpresent______.（分数：2.00）A.revealingcallrecordstotheNSAisillegal√B.collectingdatafornationalsecurityislegalC.communicationsstatuteshavetobemodifiedD.preventingterrorismisamatterofgreaturgency解析：解析：根据全文最后一句“Otherwise，divulgingtherecordstothegovernmentviolatesthelaw”，A应为答案。Divorceisoneofthosecreations,likefastfoodandliterock,thathasmorepeoplewillingtoindulgeZinitthanpeoplewillingtodefendit.Backinthe1960s,easierdivorcewashailedasaneededremedyfortoxicrelationships.Butfamiliarityhasbredcontempt.Inrecentyears,thedivorcerevolutionhasbeenblamedforworseningallsortsofproblemswithoutbringinghappinesstopeopleinunhappymarriages.Theresalotofevidencethatmaritalbreakupdoesmoresocialharmthangood.Intheir2000book,TheCaseforMarriage,LindaWaiteandMaggieGallagherdocumentthatadultswhoaremarrieddobetterthansinglesinwealth,health,andpersonalsatisfaction.Childrenlivingwithadivorcedorunwedsingleparentaremorelikelytofallintopoverty,sickness,andcrimethanotherkids.Marriageisagoodthing,mostpeopleagree,whiledivorceis,atbest,anecessaryevil.Sothelawsthataccompaniedthedivorcerevolutionhavecomeunderfirefordestroyingfamiliesandweakeningsafeguardsforspouseswhokeeptheirvows.WaiteandGallagherarguethatloosedivorcelawsharmevenintacthouseholdsbyfosteringchronicuncertainty.Louisiana,inlinewiththiscriticism,hasgonesofarastoprovideacovenantmarriageoptionforcoupleswhowanttheprotectionofstricterdivorcerules.Itmayseemobviousthateasierdivorcelawsmakeformoredivorceandmoreinsecurity.Butwhatisobviousisnotnecessarilytrue.Whattwoscholarshavefoundisthatwhenyoumakedivorceeasiertoget,youmayactuallyproducebettermarriages.Intheolddays,anyonewhowantedtoescapefromthetrialsofwedlockhadtogethisorherspousetoagreetoasplit,orelsegotocourttoprovethepartnerhaddonesomethingterriblywrong(suchascommittingadultery).The1960sand70s,broughto-faultdivorce,whichisalsoknownas%unilateraldivorce,sinceeitherpartycanbringitaboutwithouttheconsentoftheother.Thefirstsurpriseisthatlooserdivorcelawshaveactuallyhadlittleeffectonthenumberofmarriagesthatfallapart.EconomistJustinWolfersofStanfordUniversity,inastudypublishedbytheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch(NBER),foundthatwhenCaliforniapassedano-faultdivorcelawin1970,thedivorceratejumped,thenfellbacktoitsoldlevel—andthenfellsomemore.Thatwasalsothepatterninotherstatesthatloosenedtheirlaws.Overtime,heestimates,thechancethatafirstmarriagewouldbreakuprosebyjustone-fourthofonepercentagepoint,whichisnexttonothing.（分数：10.00）(1).Bysayingamiliarityhasbredcontempt,theauthormeansthat______.（分数：2.00）A.familiarpeopletendtodespiseeachotherB.divorcerevolutionhasbecomeunwelcome√C.divorcedpeoplearealwaysheldincontemptD.familiaritycontributestounhappymarriages解析：解析：第一段谈社会对离婚态度的变化，60年代时受欢迎，而近些年来受谴责。“Butfamiliarityhasbredcontempt”指的就是这个变化。所以，B应为答案。(2).Accordingtothebook,TheCaseforMarriage,divorce______.（分数：2.00）A.servesasatriggerforjuveniledelinquencyB.harmshealth,andlessenspersonalsatisfactionC.istheprimaryreasonforpovertyandsicknessD.doesharmtobothadultsandchildreninvolved√解析：解析：第二段以“TheCaseforMarriage”这本书的内容为论据，说明该段第一句话所提出的论点“maritalbreakupdoesmoresocialharmthangood”。所以，D应为答案。(3).Mostpeoplebelievethateasierdivorcelaws______.（分数：2.00）A.areneededtoremedymaritalbreakupB.bringhappinesstounhappymarriagesC.aredesirabletoreducethedivorcerateD.inflictchronicinsecurityonmarriages√解析：解析：根据第三段中的“Marriageisagoodthing，mostpeopleagree，whiledivorceis，atbest，anecessaryevil”和第五段中的“Itmayseemobviousthateasierdivorcelawsmakeformoredivorceandmoreinsecurity”，D应为答案。(4).Theauthorarguesthatloosedivorcelawsmay______.（分数：2.00）A.improvemarriagesandnotpromotedivorce√B.raisedivorcerateandcausemoreinsecurityC.impelmorepeopletochoosetogetdivorcedD.helppeopleescapefromthetrialsofwedlock解析：解析：根据第五段中的“Butwhatisobviousisnotnecessarilytrue．Whattwoscholarshavefoundisthatwhenyoumakedivorceeasiertoget，youmayactuallyproducebettermarriages”，A应为答案。）2.00（分数：(5).Theno-faultdivorcelaw______.A.washailedwhenitwaspassedB.causedthedivorceratetojumpC.failedtomakeformoredivorce√D.createdmoreone-parentfamilies解析：解析：第七段以一位经济学家的研究为例，说明“no—faultdivorcelaw”对离婚率影响不大，即证明了该段第一句的观点“Thefirstsurpriseisthatlooserdivorcelawshaveactuallyhadlittleeffectonthenumberofmarriagesthatfallapart”是正确的。所以，C应为答案。Devianceisdefinedasanyact,belieforactionthatresultsinthedisapprovalofanymembersofsociety.Muchofthescornthatpeoplefaceinsocietytodayisaresultofsituationaldeviance(thatwhichisregardedasregularinonecommunitymaybeconsidereddeviantinanother).Itisbecauseofsituationaldeviancethatliterallyeverypersoncouldbelabeledadeviantbysome.Withsomanydifferentvalueandbeliefsystemsoccurringsimultaneouslythroughouttheplanet,systemsthatoftenconflictwithoneanother,itisimpossibleforanyonetobeconsideredormalineverysocietyonearth.Takethisexample:amemberofastreetgangassistinginanarmedrobberywithfellowgangmembers.Thisactisseenasdeviantwithinmostculturesandorganizationsthroughouttheplanet,butfellowcriminalsormembersofthegangmayscornthosewhodoNOTparticipateinsuchacts,astheyareviewedascowardsorfools.Thisprovesthatregardlessofhowapersonactsorwhatbeliefstheyholdtheyaredestinedtofacescornfromsomemembersofthepopulation,whichmakeseveryonedevianttosomeextent.Youmightbeaskingwhy:ifeveryoneisconsidereddevianttosomeextent,onlyasmallportionofthepopulationispunishedbythelaw.Manytimeslawsreflectthevaluesofthemajorityofapopulation.Thismeansthataslongasanactisconsideredtobeacceptablebymostofthelocalpopulation,thiswillmostlikelybereflectedinthelawsofthecommunity.Thisisnotalwaysthecase,assometimeslawsaresimplyreflectiveofthevaluesofthoseinpoweranddonotreflectthebeliefsofthemajorityofthepopulation(euthanasiaandhomosexualmarriagearetwocontroversiallaws).Thisisnottosaythatallactsthataredeemeddeviantarecriminal.Manynon-criminalactsareconsideredbymanytobedeviant,whilesomeactsthatareagainstthelawmaybeseenaslegitimatebyamajorityofsociety.Manypeopleviewthelegalactivityofpurchasingpornographyasdeviant,whilemanymoreconsidermercykilling(oreuthanasia)tobeacceptableorevencommendabledespitethefactthatthisactisoftenillegal.Virtuallyeveryhumanbeingonthefaceoftheearthhasbeenscornedorstigmatizedatonepointoranother.Thisissimplytheresultofaneverchanging,diverse,andmulticulturalplanet,anditishumanitysbeliefsandvaluesthatseparatethehumanracefromotheranimals.（分数：10.00）(1).Accordingtothetext,situationaldeviancerefersto______.（分数：2.00）A.abehaviorseenasdeviantonlyinaparticularculture√B.muchofthescornfacedbypeopleinmodernsocietyC.anactthatisconsideredillegalinspecificoccasionsD.severesocialdisapprovalofpersonalcharacteristics解析：解析：根据第一段中的“situationaldeviance(thatwhichisregardedasregularinonecommunitymaybeconsidereddeviantinanother)”可知，“situationaldeviance”指在某种文化中认为反常，而在其他文化中认为正常的行为。所以，A应为答案。(2).Theexampleofastreetgangmemberisgiventoshowthat______.（分数：2.00）A.therearenumerousvalueandbeliefsystemsB.everyonemaybeseenasdeviantsomewhere√C.beliefsystemsoftenrunupagainsteachotherD.givingaidtoanarmedrobberyisadeviantact解析：解析：根据第二段上下文可知，作者以“astreetgangmember”为例，说明前一句的观点“itisimpossibleforanyonetobeconsidered‘normal'ineverysocietyonearth”。所以，B应为答案。．(3).Welearnfromthetextthatadeviantbehavioris______.（分数：2.00）A.usuallyacceptabletoordinarypeopleB.seenasunacceptablebymostpeopleC.unlikelytobereflectedinthelawsD.notnecessarilyconsideredillegal√解析：解析：根据第三段中的“ifeveryoneisconsidereddevianttosomeextent，onlyasmallportionofthepopulationispunishedbythelaw”，即：每个人都有某种程度的反常，但只有少数人受到法律的惩罚，可知，反常行为不见得违法。所以，D应为答案。(4).Theexampleofeuthanasiashowsthat______.（分数：2.00）A.alawmayfailtoreflectthevaluesofthemajority√B.alegalactmaywellbeunacceptabletomostpeopleC.euthanasiaisinconsistentwithhomosexualmarriageD.anillegalactisprobablybothrationalandacceptable解析：解析：根据第四段中的“manymoreconsidermercykilling(oreuthanasia)tobeacceptableorevencommendabledespitethefactthatthisactisoftenillegal”，即：实施安乐死违法，但很多人认为可以接受安乐死，可知，法律不见得完全反映大多数人的价值观。所以，A应为答案。(5).Theauthorusestheexampleofpurchasingpornographytoshowthat______.（分数：2.00）A.someillegalactsareregardedaslawfulinsocietyB.everyonefacesscornonaccountofhisdeviantactC.legalactsarelikelytobeunacceptableoccasionally√D.deviantactsareusuallynotillegalbutmorallywrong解析：解析：根据第四段中的“Manypeopleviewthelegalactivityofpurchasingpornographyasdeviant”可知，购买色情物品不违法，但很多人不能接受。所以，C应为答案。