谬误类型总结

谬误类型总结Survey专题（文中有调查）:天时2)地利Theeffectivenessoftheresultofthesurveycitedbytheauthorasmainevidenceisalsoopentodoubt.Thesurveywasconducted(duringaspecialperiod,oralongtimeago),thusmaynotreflectthecurrentsituationsaccurately.Itmaybetruethat(theresultofthesurveyreflecttheopinionsandsituationsofrespondentsatthattimewhenitwasconducted),butthepeople'sopiniontoward(thesubjectsurveyed)mayhavechangedgreatlyduringthelasttime.Andmanyfactorsthatcouldinfluencetheresultofthesurveywillchangeinthefuture,thustheresultofthesurveycouldnotrepresenttheall-timesituation.Suchas(地利).Inotherwords,thelongerthetimebetweenwhenthesurveywasconductedandcurrent,thelessreliabletheconclusionis.3)人和Theconclusionthat()dependontheassumptionthattheresultofthesurveyisreliable.Yet,theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosubstantiatethisassumption.A、样本数量Theauthormustshowthatthepeoplesurveyedconstituteasufficientlylargesampleofoverall,andcanberepresentativeofallofthepeople.B、回答者的倾向性Andweallknowthetruththatthepeoplewhowereinterestedin()aremorelikelytorespondtothesurveythanotherpeopleare,oraremorewillingtoexpresstheirownopinionsandideasontheissueof...Andotherpeoplewhodidnotrespondtothesurveymayholdtotallydifferentpositiontowardtheissuestudied.C、调查者的倾向性Andtoensuretheresultofthesurveyisreliable,theauthormustshowthattheconductorpossessedneutralattitudeduringthesurveyoratleasthavenothingtodowiththeinterestsofanysides.比较总结（文中涉及比较，整体对比个体或者个体对比个体）1)A做了那么B就得做(人和或者地利，总之非天时都能用)IntheargumenttheauthorrecommendsthatAshouldcarryoutthesame(policies,actions,solutions)on.asB,buttheanalogybetweenthemmightbeunsubstantiated.TheauthorfailstoillustratethatAandBaresimilarenoughateveryaspectandareindeedcomparable.WhileitistruethatAandBsharesomecommongroundon.therearestillsomeobviousdifferencesbetweenthem.Forinstance***AndmanydifferencesexistedbetweenAandBmayrenderthe(policies,actions,solutions)provedtobeeffectiveforAmightnothavethesameeffectivenessforB.BeforeAdecidetocopyB'sexperiences,theauthorshouldtakethesedifferencesintoaccountandmakecarefulstudyonthecomparabilityofthetwo(cites,companies,schools)时间不同的对比(天时)Intheargumenttheauthorsuggeststhatwecan(solvecurrentproblemorachievecurrentgoal)throughmethodswhichhavesuccessfully(solvedthesameproblemorachievedsamegoal)inthepast.Thereisahiddenassumptionassumedbytheauthorthatallconditionsandfactorsonwhichtheeffectivenessof(themethod)dependhaveremainedunchangedduringthepastsevenyears.However,manyconditionsandfactorscouldhavevaried.Perhaps,…Withouttakingintoaccounttheseentireconstantlychangingfactors,theauthorcouldnotconvincemethattheproposedsolution(method)couldbeusedto(solvecurrentproblemorachievecurrentgoal)successfully.问题解决(文中提出了解决一个问题 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 )1)解决的办法不充分或者不必要(两种办法之间的比较也可以用这个模板)Theauthorassumesthattherecommendedactions(method,waytosolvetheproblems)arebothsufficientandnecessaryfor(achievingcertaingoal,solvingtheproblem).Yet,theauthorprovidesnoevidencetosubstantiatetheassumption.Firstly,theaction(method,way)isnotsufficient,andto(achievecertaingoal,solvetheproblem),manyotherfundamentalrequirementsmustbefulfilled.Forexample…Secondly,theaction(method,way)isnotnecessary,andmanyotheractions(methods,ways)besidestheauthor'sproposalcouldalsobeusedto(achievecertaingoal,solvetheproblem).Forinstance,…Beforetheauthormakecarefulandthoroughcomparisonbetweentheeffectivenessofhisownproposalandotherpossiblemethods,theauthor'srecommendationshouldnotbehastilycarriedout.2)解决方法没有可行性且没有考虑解决方法带来的坏处Thefeasibilityofthearguer'srecommendationcanalsobecastdoubton.Theproposalreliesontheassumptionsthat...however,theassumptionsmightbeunwarrantedduetosomeobstacles.Forexample…Unlesstheauthorcoulddemonstratethatthoseobstaclescouldbeeffectivelyovercome,theproposalmightbepracticallyunfeasibleTobolstertherecommendation,theauthorneedstodomoreresearchonbothpositiveandnegativeeffectsoftheproposal.Althoughtheproposalcouldbeprovento(achievecertaingoal,solvetheproblem)toacertaindegree,itmaybringaboutmoreharmfuleffects.ForexampleUnlesstheauthorprovidesotherinformationaboutthenegativeeffectsoftheproposal,itisdifficultfortheauthortodrawanyconclusion.因果关系(什么事什么的原因)1)疯狂让步文总体模板Theargumentassumesunfairlythatistheresultofratherthanother(phenomenon).Theauthorignoresahostofotherpossibleexplanationsfor...-suchasInaword,withoutrulingoutotherpossibleexplanationsfor,theauthorcannotconvincemethat...Evenassumingthat...istheexplanationof...,theauthor'sclaimthatisunjustified.Theauthoroverlooksamyriadofotherpossiblereasonsfor.Perhaps;orperhapsInshort,withoutaccountingforotherfactorsthatmightcontributeto,thedeancannotjustifytheclaimthat...Finally,Eveniftheauthorcansubstantiatealloftheforegoingassumptions,theauthor'sassertionthat...isstillunwarranted,intworespects.First,SecondInotherwords,...2）没有因果关系Thefactthat...accomplishesnothingtosubstantiatetheconclusionthat...Andmanyotherfactorscouldleadtotheresult.Perhaps.・・Orperhaps.・・Inshort,theauthorcouldnothastilyconcludethat.istheonlypossiblereasonfor.beforetakingabovefactorsthatmaycontributetotheresultintoaccount.3）不是A导致B,而是B导致A比如说，不是爱剧烈运动的人身体好，而是身体好的往往爱剧烈运动。IntheprocessofreasoningtheauthorassumesthatAisthereasonforB.However,theauthormayconfusethecauseandtheeffect.CommonsenseinformsmethatitisBthatcanbetheexplanationforA.Sincetheauthorhasnotadequatelytakethispossibilityintoaccount,theconclusionthat.isnotreliable.3）同时发生不一定为因果Themostimportantproblemistheunderlyingassumptionthatitis.thatresultedin.Theauthoronlypointsoutthatthetwoeventsoccurredduringthesameperiod.However,weallknowthatmerelyacoincidenceoftwoeventscouldnotsufficientlydemonstrateacausalrelationshipbetweenthem.Manyotherfactorscouldalsoleadto.forexample,・Withoutrulingoutsuchfactors,Icouldnotbeconvincedthat.istheactualcauseof.4）前后发生不一定是因果Theauthorconcludesthat.isresponsiblefor.,andtheassumptionisbasedonthemerefactthat.occurredafter.however,thesequenceofthetwoevents,initself,doesnotsufficientlyprovethattheformercausedthelaterone.Manyotherfactorscouldalsoleadto.forexample,・Withoutrulingoutsuchfactors,theauthorcouldnotestablishacausalrelationshipbetween.and.