土木工程专业英语鲁正Unit12 Passive Base Isolation with Merits and

Unit12PassiveBaseIsolationwithMeritsandDemeritsAnalysisEnglishforCivilEngineering——Teacher:Prof.ZhengLuE-mail:luzheng111@tongji.edu.cn（SchoolofCivilEngineering,TONGJIUNIVERSITY）Unit12PassiveBaseIsolationwithMeritsandDemeritsAnalysis12.1Introduction引言12.2ConceptofBaseIsolation基础隔震概念12.3BaseIsolationSystems基础隔震体系12.3.1Elastomeric-basedSystems弹性体系12.3.2IsolationSystemsBasedonSliding滑移隔震体系12.3.3IsolationSystemsBasedonSlidingSpring-typeSystems滑移弹簧隔震体系12.3.4RockingSystems摇摆体系12.4MeritsandDemeritsAnalysis优缺点12.4.1Merits优点12.4.2Demerits缺点12.1IntroductionTheconventionalapproachtoseismic-resistantdesignistoincorporateadequatestrength,stiffnessandinelasticdeformationcapacityintothebuildingstructuresothatitcanwithstandinducedinertiaforces.Thiswaswiththepresumptionthatduringstronggroundmotion,wheneverinertiaforcesexceedtheirdesignearthquakelevels,thestructurewilldissipatethisexcessenergythroughdeformationsatpredefinedlocationsscatteredoverthestructuralframework.Itwasobservedthat,evenwithmembersdesignedforductility,thestructuresdidnotalwaysperformasdesired,whichcouldbebecauseofreasonssuchas:Strong-columnweak-beammechanismfailedtodevelopasaresultofstiffeningeffectofwallsbeingpresentCreationofshortcolumnsbecauseofchangesinwalllayout,introducedlaterPoorconcretingatjointsduetoreinforcementcongestion传统抗震设计方法简介seismic-resistant抗震；inertiaforces惯性力；predefined预定12.1IntroductionThefrequencyofvibrationoflow-to-medium-risebuildingsfallsintherangewhereearthquakeenergyishigh.Thishasoftenresultedinconsiderabledamagetosuchbuildingsduetotheenormousdestructivestrengthofanearthquake.Theprevailingearthquake-resistantdesignmethodstacitlyacceptthatduringamajorearthquake,structuraldamage,sometimessubstantialinmagnitude,isunavoidable.However,theextremelyhighcostofrepairingandrebuildingdamagedstructuresmotivateddesignerstore-lookattheconceptofincorporatingaflexiblemediumbetweengroundandthebuilding,whichwasfirstattemptedinitsrudimentaryform,overacenturyearlier.传统抗震方法问题prevailing盛行的；tacitly默许的；rudimentary初步的12.1IntroductionTheconceptofbaseisolationisquitesimple.Thesystemdecouplesthebuildingorstructurefromthehorizontalcomponentsofthegroundmotionbyinterposingstructuralelementswithlowhorizontalstiffnessbetweenthestructureandthefoundation.Thisgivesthestructureafundamentalfrequencythatismuchlowerthanbothitsfixed-basefrequencyandthepredominantfrequenciesofthegroundmotion.Thefirstdynamicmodeoftheisolatedstructureinvolvesdeformationonlyintheisolationsystem,thestructureabovebeingtoallintentsandpurposesrigid.Thehighermodesthatproducedeformationinthestructureareorthogonaltothefirstmodeand,consequently,tothegroundmotion.Thesehighermodesdonotparticipateinthemotion,sothatthehighenergyinthegroundmotionatthesehigherfrequenciescannotbetransmittedintothestructure.隔震概念简述component分量；predominant主要的；orthogonal正交12.1IntroductionTheconceptofbaseisolationhasalsoprovidedarichsourceoftheoreticalwork,bothinthedynamicsoftheisolatedstructuralsystemandinthemechanicsoftheisolatorsthemselves.Thistheoreticalwork,widelypublishedinstructuralengineeringandearthquakeengineeringjournals,hasledtodesignguidelinesforisolatedstructuresanddesignrulesforisolators.Inparallelinthe1980s,effortsgotunderwaytodevelopcodesspecificallyapplicabletoseismicallyisolatedbuildingsandinduecourse,codeprovisionswereintroducedcommencingwiththepublicationin1986of“TentativeSeismicIsolationDesignRequirements”bySeismologyCommitteeofStructuralEngineersAssociationofCalifornia(SEAOC).TheseguidelinesandtheirsubsequentrevisionsprovedtobetheprecursortotheintroductionofdesignguidelinesbyFederalEmergencyManagementAgency(FEMA)followedbythe“UniformBuildingCode”and“InternationalBuildingCode”.隔震规范历史简介provisions条款；commencing开始；precursor先驱12.2ConceptofBaseIsolationTodiminishvulnerabilityofabuildingtodamageduringanearthquake,baseisolationhasemergedasaviablestructuraloption.Itisasophisticatedpracticalsolutiontoimproveseismicresponseofabuildingbyminimizingthestructuraldamage,whichwasearliertakentobeunavoidableduringstronggroundmotion.Becauseofthelowhorizontalstiffnessofthisdeformablemedium,italtersthefundamentalperiodofastiffstructuresuchthatitissignificantlyhigherthanthatofthehighenergyimpartinggroundmotions.Asaresult,foritsfundamentalmodeofvibration,thesuperstructureissubjectedtomuchlowerinertiaforceswithconsequentreduction(Fig.12-1)inbaseshear.基础隔震原理简介diminish减小；alters代替；superstructure上部结构12.2ConceptofBaseIsolationOntheflipside,ifthefoundingstratumissoft,thenthereisadistinctpossibilityoftheenhancedperiodduetobaseisolationbeingclosetotheperiodwhereanearthquakeislikelytohaveconsiderableenergy.Suchasituationcanleadtoanincreaseintheresponse.Thus,itcanbesaidthatbaseisolationisbestsuitedforbuildingswithahighnaturalfundamentalfrequency(Tlessthanabout1s)andpreferablythosesupportedonrockorstiffsoils.Reinforcedconcretemomentframedbuildingsuptoabout8–9storeysandthosewithshearwallsupto12–15storeysaresaidtobeidealcandidatesforbaseisolation.隔震适用范围stratum层；candidates候选；12.2ConceptofBaseIsolationIfaframedstructureweresupportedonhardstrata,itwoulddeformasinFig.12-2a.However,whensupportedonisolators,thelateraldisplacementinthefirstmodeisconcentratedatisolatorlevelwhilethesuperstructurebehavesalmostlikearigidbody.Asaresult,forbuildingssupportedonbaseisolators,thereislessneedtoprovideductileenergydissipatingregions(e.g.nearbeam-columnjoints)asinconventionalfixedbasedstructures.However,inviewoflimitedexperienceofsuchsystemsandasamatterofabundantprecaution,codesrecommendretentionofthepresentformofductiledetailing.Thisisalsotoobviatepossiblebrittlefailureunderamaximumcredibleearthquake(MCE)intheregionorearthquakeswithlongperiodenergyinputs.Inaddition,codesalsocallforrigoroustestingoftheproposedisolatorsandpeerreviewofthedesign,sinceitisanemergingtechnologyandfailureofanisolatorsystemcouldprovecatastrophic.隔震框架的变形precaution预防措施；retention保留；rigorous严格的12.2ConceptofBaseIsolationFig.12-2DisplacedMDOFsystem:(a)fixedbasedand(b)onisolators12.2ConceptofBaseIsolationIsolatorsshouldbelocatedsuchthatthereisampleaccesstothemformaintenance,repairandreplacement,ifnecessary.Afulldiaphragmshouldbeemployedtodistributelateralloadsasuniformlyaspossibletotheisolators.Generally,isolatorscanbeplacedatthebottomofcolumnsatbasementslablevel.Thislocationhastheadvantagethatnospecialtreatmentisrequiredforelevatororservicelinesastheytraversethebearinglevel.Ontheotherhand,iftheyareplacedattopofbasement,thenelevatorshaftandinternalstaircaseandcladdingdetailsmayrequirespecialtreatmentbelowfirstfloorlevel.隔震支座布置位置ample充足；diaphragm隔板；traverse穿越；shaft井；cladding包层12.2ConceptofBaseIsolationIsolatorsdosubstantiallyenhancethefundamentalperiodofastiffstructurebutattheexpenseofincreasedbuildingdisplacements.Thefirstmodedeformationoccursattheisolationlevelonly.Therealchallengewhiledesigningabaseisolatedstructureistheneedtocontroldisplacementsduringamajorearthquakewhilemaintaininggoodperformanceformoderatelevelearthquakes.Sincethesuperstructurewillfunctionessentiallyaslinearlyelastic,thestructuralframeworkisexpectedtoremainundamagedevenduringamoderate-levelearthquake.隔震支座布置位置essentially理想中的；moderate-level中级的；12.3BaseIsolationSystemsBaseisolationisnowamaturetechnologyandisusedinmanycountries,andthereareanumberofacceptableisolationsystems,theconstructionofwhichiswellunderstood.Nevertheless,theconceptappearstohaveanirresistibleattractiontoinventors,andmanynewanddifferentsystemsofisolatorsareproposedandpatentedeachyear.Manyofthesenewsystemswillprovetobeimpracticalandsomemightactuallybelethal,butthenumbercontinuestoincreaseyearbyyear.Mostsystemsusedtodayincorporateeitherelastomericbearings,withtheelastomerbeingeithernaturalrubberorneoprene,orslidingbearings,withtheslidingsurfacebeingTeflonandstainlesssteel(althoughotherslidingsurfaceshavebeenused).Systemsthatcombineelastomericbearingsandslidingbearingshavealsobeenproposedandimplemented.隔震支座类型irresistible不可抗拒的；neoprene氯丁橡胶Teflon特氟龙；12.3BaseIsolationSystemsNaturalrubberbearingswerefirstusedfortheearthquakeprotectionofbuildingsin1969forthePestalozziSchoolinSkopje,Macedonia.Thebearingsarelargerubberblockswithoutthesteelreinforcingplatesusedtodayandcompressbyabout25%undertheweightofthebuilding.Thebearingshaveaverticalstiffnessthatisonlyafewtimesthehorizontalstiffnessandtherubberisrelativelyundamped.ThissystemwastestedontheshaketableattheEERCin1982.Characteristicofisolationsystemsofthiskind,thehorizontalmotionisstronglycoupledtoarockingmotion,sothatpurelyhorizontalgroundmotioninducesverticalaccelerationsintherockingmode.Thesystemalsohasfoam-glassblocksoneithersideofarubberbearingthatareintendedtoactasfusestopreventmovementinthebuildingunderwind,internalfoottraffic,orlowseismicinput.Thesystemisstillinplaceandismonitoredfromtimetotime.弹性体系简述EERC地震工程研究所；foam-glass泡沫玻璃；12.3BaseIsolationSystemsLow-dampingnaturalrubberbearingsandsyntheticrubberbearingshavebeenwidelyusedinJapaninconjunctionwithsupplementarydampingdevices,suchasviscousdampers,steelbars,leadbars,frictionaldevices,andsoon.TheelastomerusedinJapancomprisesnaturalrubber,whileinFranceneoprenehasbeenusedinseveralprojects.Theisolatorshavetwothicksteelendplatesandmanythinsteelshims,asshowninFig.12-3.Therubberisvulcanizedandbondedtothesteelinasingleoperationunderheatandpressureinamold.Thesteelshimspreventbulgingoftherubberandprovideahighverticalstiffnessbuthavenoeffectonthehorizontalstiffness,whichiscontrolledbythelowshearmodulusoftheelastomer.Thematerialbehaviorinshearisquitelinearuptoshearstrainsabove100%,withthedampingintherangeof2-3%ofcritical.Thematerialisnotsubjecttocreep,andthelong-termstabilityofthemodulusisgood.低阻尼天然橡胶支座简介conjunction连合；endplates端板；creep蠕变12.3BaseIsolationSystemsThelead-plugbearingwasinventedinNewZealandin1975andhasbeenusedextensivelyinNewZealand,Japan,andtheUnitedStates.Lead-plugbearingsarelaminatedrubberbearingssimilartolow-dampingrubberbearingsbutcontainoneormoreleadplugsthatareinsertedintoholes,asshowninFig.12-4.Thesteelplatesinthebearingforcetheleadplugtodeforminshear.Theleadinthebearingdeformsphysicallyataflowstressofaround10MPa(1500psi),providingthebearingwithabilinearresponse.Theleadmustfittightlyintheelastomericbearing,andthisisachievedbymakingtheleadplugslightlylargerthantheholeandforcingitin.Becausetheeffectivestiffnessandeffectivedampingofthelead-plugbearingisdependentonthedisplacement,itisimportanttostatethedisplacementatwhichaspecificdampingvalueisrequired.Lead-plugbearingshavebeenextensivelytestedinNewZealand,andthereareverycompleteguidelinesontheirdesignandmodeling.铅芯橡胶支座简介insert插入；bilinear双线性；12.3BaseIsolationSystemsFig.12-4Lead-plugisolator.12.3BaseIsolationSystemsThedevelopmentofanaturalrubbercompoundwithenoughinherentdampingtoeliminatetheneedforsupplementarydampingelementswasachievedin1982bytheMalaysianRubberProducers’ResearchAssociation(MRPRA)oftheUnitedKingdom.Thedampingisincreasedbyaddingextrafinecarbonblock,oilsorresins,andotherproprietaryfillers.Thedampingisincreasedtolevelsbetween10and20%at100%shearstrains,withthelowerlevelscorrespondingtolowhardness(50-55durometer)andashearmodulusaround0.34MPa(50psi)andthehighlevelstohighhardness(70-75durometer)andahighshearmodulus11.40MPa(200psi).Themethodsofvulcanization,bonding,andconstructionoftheisolatorsareunchanged.高阻尼橡胶支座简介extrafine超等；resins树脂；durometer硬度12.3BaseIsolationSystemsThematerialisnonlinearatshearstrainslessthan20%(Fig.12-5)andischaracterizedbyhigherstiffnessanddamping,whichtendstominimizeresponseunderwindloadandlow-levelseismicload.Overtherangeof20-120%shearstrain,themodulusislowandconstant.Atlargestrainsthemodulusincreasesduetoastraincrystallizationprocessintherubberthatisaccompaniedbyanincreaseintheenergydissipation.Thisincreaseinstiffnessanddampingatlargestrainscanbeexploitedtoproduceasystemthatisstiffforsmallinput,isfairlylinearandflexibleatdesignlevelinput,andcanlimitdisplacementsunderunanticipatedinputlevelsthatexceeddesignlevels.摩擦滑移支座简介crystallization晶化；exploit利用；12.3BaseIsolationSystemsThedampingintheisolatorsisneitherviscousnorhysteretic,butsomewhatinbetween.Inapurelylinearviscouselementtheenergydissipationisquadraticinthedisplacement;inahystereticsystemittendstobelinearindisplacement.TestsonalargenumberofdifferentrubberisolatorsattheEERC(Fig.12-6)demonstratethattheenergydissipatedpercycleisproportionaltothedisplacementaroundthevalueofpower1.5.Thischaracteristiccanbeexploitedsothatitispossibletomodelthebearingresponse,whichcombineslinearviscousandelastic-plasticelements.高阻尼橡胶支座简介hysteretic滞变；proportional成比例的；power幂，乘方；12.3BaseIsolationSystemsApurelyslidingsystemistheearliestandsimplestisolationsystemtobeproposed.Asystemusingpureslidingwasproposedin1909byJohannesAveticanCalantarients,amedicaldoctorinEngland.Hesuggestedseparatingthestructurefromthefoundationbyalayeroftalc(shadedportioninFig.12-7).Asisevidentinhisdiagrams,Calantarientsclearlyunderstoodthattheisolationsystemreducedaccelerationsintheisolatedbuildingattheexpenseoflargerelativedisplacementsbetweenthebuildingandthefoundation,forhedesignedasetofingeniousconnectionsforutilities—inthosedaysrestrictedtogaslinesandsewagepipes—toaccommodatethesedisplacements.Infact,Calantarients’ssystemincorporatedalltheelementsnowconsiderednecessaryinabaseisolationsystem:amethodofdecouplingthebuildingandthefoundation,amethodwherebyutilitylinescanwithstandlargerelativedisplacements,andawindrestraintsystem.摩擦滑移支座历史简介separating分开；talc滑石；ingenious巧妙的；12.3BaseIsolationSystemsFig.12-7Calantarients’sbaseisolationsystemusingalayeroftalcastheisolatingmedium.12.3BaseIsolationSystemsWhenslidingisolatorsareprovided,thebuildingissupportedonsurfacesofstainlesssteelslidingagainstaverylowfrictionmaterialliketeflon.Thispermitstransmissionofshearforcesacrossisolatorinterfaceonlytotheextentoffrictionalresistancebetweenslidinglayers.Suchasystemisrelativelylessexpensiveandisidealforretrofitting.Itiseffectiveoverawiderangeoffrequenciesnormallyprevalentininputgroundmotions.Anotheradvantageisthatthemaximumtransmissibilityofaccelerationtothesuperstructureislimitedtothemaximumforcethatcangenerateatthefrictionalinterface.摩擦滑移支座优点简述retrofit翻新；prevalent广泛的；transmissibility可传递性Inaslidingisolator,sincethefrictionalforcegeneratedisproportionaltotheweightitsupports,thecenterofmassandcenterofresistancenaturallycoincide.Asaresult,thesesystemsarelesssensitivetotorsionalcoupling.Manyvariationsofhisfundamentalsystemhavebeendeveloped,whichincludeaslidingsurfacewithvaryingcurvature,twocylindricalslidingsurfaceswithdifferentcurvatureswhichareplacedperpendiculartoeachother,etc.However,thesystemmostfrequentlyadoptedanddescribedhereinisanisolatorwithasinglesphericalslidingsurface.AschematicofsuchanisolatorisshowninFig.12-8.摩擦滑移支座简介coincide一致；curvature曲率；perpendicular垂直的；schematic简图12.3BaseIsolationSystemsFig.12-8Typicalslidingoscillator.12.3BaseIsolationSystemsAconsiderableamountoftheoreticalanalysishasbeendoneonthedynamicsofstructuresonslidingsystemssubjectedtoharmonicinputortoearthquakeinput.Forexample,asarepresentationofabase-isolatedbuilding,WestermoandUdwadiastudiedtheperiodicresponseofalinearoscillatoronacoulombfrictionslidinginterface.Contrarytothegeneralperceptionthatfrictionwillalwaysreducetheresponse,theyfoundthattheresponsemaybelargerthanthatforthesamefixed-basemodelandthatthesingledegreeoffreedommodelhadsubharmonicresonancefrequenciesgeneratedbytheslidinginterface.TheresponseofasimilarmodeltoearthquakeinputwasstudiedbyMostagheletal.摩擦滑移支座理论发现harmonic谐波；linearoscillator线性振子；subharmonic垂直的；12.3BaseIsolationSystemsTheassumptionofcoulombfrictionisgenerallyusedinthesetheoreticalanalysesbutisunlikelytobeanaccuraterepresentationofrealbehavior.Themostcommonlyusedmaterialsforslidingbearingsareunfilledorfilledpolytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE,orTeflon)onstainlesssteel,andthefrictionalcharacteristicsofthissystemaredependentontemperature,velocityofinterfacemotion,degreeofwear,andcleanlinessofthesurface.MuchtestingworkhasbeendoneontheseaspectsofthemechanicalbehaviorofsuchslidingcomponentsandanextensivereviewwasdonebyCampbellandKong.摩擦滑移支座摩擦特新因素简介polytetrafluoroethylene聚四氟乙烯12.3BaseIsolationSystemsThissystemwasdevelopedintheearly1970sforapplicationtonuclearpowerplantfacilities.Theutilitydevelopedastandardnuclearpowerplantwiththesafetygradeequipmentqualifiedfor0.2gacceleration.Whenthestandardplantwastobelocatedatsitesofhigherseismicity,itwasisolatedtokeeptheequipmentaccelerationlevelsbelowthequalificationvalue.Thesystemcombineslaminatedneoprenebearings(essentiallystandardbridgebearingsmanufacturedtohigherqualitycontrolstandards)withlead-bronzealloyincontactwithstainlesssteel,theslidingsurfacebeingmountedontopoftheelastomericbearing.Thecoefficientoffrictionoftheslidingsurfaceissupposedtobe0.2overtheservicelifeoftheisolator.Theneoprenepadhasaverylowdisplacementcapacity,probablynotmorethan±5.0cm(2in.).Whenthedisplacementsexceedthis,theslidingelementprovidestheneededmovement.Electricité-de-France系统简介facilities设施；lead-bronzealloy铅铜合金；12.3BaseIsolationSystemsAcombinationelastomericandslidingsystemwasdevelopedandtestedontheshaketableattheEERC.Inthissystem,theinteriorcolumnsofthestructurewerecarriedonTeflononstainlesssteelslidingelementsandtheexteriorcolumnsonthelow-dampingnaturalrubberbearings.Theelastomericbearingsprovidedrecenteringcapabilityandcontrolledthetorsionofthestructurewhiletheslidingelementsprovideddamping.EERC组合系统简介interior内部的；recenter回到中心位置；12.3BaseIsolationSystemsTheTASSsystemwasdevelopedbytheTAISEICorp.inJapan.Inthissystem,theentireverticalloadiscarriedonTeflon-stainlesssteelelements.Inaddition,laminatedneoprenebearingsthatcarrynoloadareusedtoproviderecenteringforces.TheTeflonslidingsurfacehasapressureofaround10MPa(1450psi),andthecoefficientfrictionrangesfrom0.05atslowslidingspeedstoaround0.15athigherspeeds.Thedisadvantagesofthissystemarethatbecausetheelastomericbearingscarrynoverticalload,theyexperiencetension,andthevelocitysensitivityoftheslidingsurfacemakesmodelingofthesystemquitedifficult.TASS系统简介TAISEI大成；tension拉力；12.3BaseIsolationSystemsTheresilient-frictionbaseisolation(R-FBI)bearingattemptstoovercometheproblemofthehighfrictioncoefficientofTeflononstainlesssteelathighvelocitiesbyusingmanyslidinginterfacesinasinglebearing.Thusthevelocitybetweenthetopandbottomofthebearingisdividedbythenumberoflayerssothatthevelocityateachfaceissmall,maintainingalowfrictioncoefficient(Fig.12-9).Inadditiontotheslidingelements,thereisacentralcoreofrubberthatcarriesnoverticalloadbutprovidesarestoringforce.Testsofthissystemfoundthattherubbercoredidnotpreventthedisplacementfrombeingconcentratedatasingleinterface;therefore,acentralsteelrodwasinsertedintherubbercorethatimprovedthedistributionofdisplacementamongtheslidinglayers.AshaketableexperimentaltestprogramusingR-FBIbearingsandafive-story,40-tonsteelframemodelwascarriedoutattheEERCin1988.自复位摩擦隔震系统简介resilient自复位；rod棍棒；12.3BaseIsolationSystemsFig.12-9Resilient-frictionbaseisolationsystem.12.3BaseIsolationSystemsThefrictionpendulumsystem(FPS)isafrictionalisolationsystemthatcombinesaslidingactionandarestoringforcebygeometry.TheFPSisolator,shownschematicallyinFig.12-10,hasanarticulatedsliderthatmovesonastainlesssteelsphericalsurface.Thesideofthearticulatedsliderincontactwiththesphericalsurfaceiscoatedwithalow-frictioncompositematerial.Theothersideofthesliderisalsospherical,coatedwithstainlesssteel,andsitsinasphericalcavity,alsocoatedwiththelow-frictioncompositematerial.Astheslidermovesoverthesphericalsurface,itcausesthesupportedmasstoriseandprovidestherestoringforceforthesystem.Frictionbetweenthearticulatedsliderandthesphericalsurfacegeneratesdampingintheisolators.Theeffectivestiffnessoftheisolatorandtheisolationperiodofthestructureiscontrolledbytheradiusofcurvatureoftheconcavesurface.摩擦摆系统简介pendulum自复位；schematically要领的；articulate铰接的12.3BaseIsolationSystemsFig.12-10Schematicoffrictionpendulumsystem.12.3BaseIsolationSystemsTheGERBsystemforseismicisolationwasdevelopedoriginallyforthevibrationisolationofpowerplantturbinegeneratingequipment.Ituseslargehelicalsteelspringsthatareflexiblebothhorizontallyandvertically.Theverticalfrequencyisaround3-5timesthehorizontalfrequency.T