2012河北省专接本应试指导

2012河北省专接本应试指导 河北省专科接本科教育英语考试大纲 评价目标:考试考查应试者对于英语词汇、语法的掌握与运用以及阅读理解能力.考试对应试者的英语词汇,英语语法知识和阅读理解能力的要求分别如下: 一、语言知识 1(词汇 应试者应认知3400个英语单词及其常用词组，熟练掌握其中2000-2500个词汇及其基本的搭配，对学过的单词能够正确发音。 2. 语法 应试者要求能够正确应用英语基础语法项目的全部内容，主要包括: 掌握英语语法结构的情况和对时态、语态的运用能力; 对非谓语动词以及各类从句的掌握情况; 对虚拟语气、强调句以及主谓一致的运用能力。 二、语言运用 1.阅读 应试者应能综合运用英语语言知识和阅读技能来理解一般的英语书面材料.阅读能力主要包括下列几个方面: 1)理解所读材料的主旨和大意，理解事实与细节; 2)理解句子的意义及上下文的逻辑关系; 3) 根据文章进行一定的判断和推理; 4) 根据上下文推测、判断生词的意思; 5) 理解文章的写作意图，作者的见解与态度; 6)阅读速度为每分钟60词。 2.写作: 要求根据提示在 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 的时间内用一定的字数进行 书面表达技能: 准确使用语法和词汇; 使用一定的句型、词汇，清楚、连贯地表达自己的思想和意思。 专接本应试指导 专接本考试 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 型、题量和分值一览表 4. 专接本考试题型、题量和分值一览表 题型 题量 每题分值 总分 5 1 5 语音 10 1 5 情景对话 2 10 (长短各五个) 15 2 30 阅读理解(1) 10 1.5 15 阅读理解(2) 20 1.5 30 完型填空 1 25 作文 120 合计 1( 单词辨音解题技巧 单词辨音常见 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 :分类选择法、对照选择法、分类排列法等。由于英语单词的拼法和读音之间有差异，因此就要求我们不仅能辨认音标，而且要掌握每个音标的正确读音，从而正确拼读出每一个单词。 正确做好单词辨音，最重要的是先理清题意，辨清是哪一种类型，然后看清每题考察的是哪一个字母或字母组合的发音。简而言之，弄清考查题意和范围，是单词辨音题的基本解题思路。 试解几题，以加深印象。 首先需要记清楚几个元音字母在开音节与闭音节中的读音: a: 在重读开音节中:place, datum, fate, hate, late, gate, mate, name; 但:manual, strategy; 在重读闭音节中:fall, mall, small, hall, halt; phantom, fat, daddy, lamb, hat, mad, sadly, happy 在非重读音节中:palace, village, cabbage, luggage, baggage, language; fatigue, placebo, data, drama, sofa, mama, malaria material 其它情况:(在n\th\s前)advance, fast, forecast, grass, glass, arithmetic, grassland; paragraph, parallel, parachute; water, Waterloo; (在w\wh后)watch, wash, what, whatever, whatsoever; Mary; parent, area; many, any; character, characteristic; e: 在重读开音节中: precede; frequent, sequence, strategic; 在重读闭音节中:strength, length, tend, trend, mend, pretend, quench, question, suggestion; 在非重读音节中:bullet, bulletin; strategy, frequent, consequent, frequency, fallen, taken, token; 其它情况:forecast, place, date, fate, cite, site i: 在重读开音节中: pity, figure, city; giant, tiger, pilot, die, lie, pile, rifle, five, hibernate; fatigue, ; 在重读闭音节中: fighter, fright, high, might, slight, fight, mind, find, kind, grind, wind, bind; turnip, hit, issue, illustrate, bit, wind, gift, until, mill, little, fifteen, pick, permit, submit; 在非重读音节中: summit, seminary(温床); 其它情况:radii, hi-fi(高保真度的); clinic; climb u: 在重读开音节中: future, mule(骡子)， mutual, music; solute, solution, pollute, pollution, parachute; 在重读闭音节中:multiple, truck, but, hut, nut, fuck, cut, muddy; 在非重读音节中:illustrate, illustration, status, datum; peanut; manufacture; parachute; 其它情况:datum, triumph; butt(顶撞), butch(平头的)，butcher(屠夫) o: 在重读开音节中: foe, toe, hole, poke; shoe, do; go, dose; 但:does; phenomenon; 在重读闭音节中: forgot, fog, dot, fox, lots, soft; don't, won't; 在非重读音节中:phenomenon, potato, tomato, obtain, observe, solute, solution, absolute, obey; 其它情况:pollute, pollution; 半元音字母y: 在重读开音节中: dye, sly, fly, my, ally; year, yearly; 在重读闭音节中:yell, yet, yellow; gymnast(体操运动员)，gym(健身房) 在非重读音节中:psychology, psycholinguistics, psychologist; city, pity, hearty, muddy; 另外，还需要特别关注下列几点: 1(某些字母的特殊发音placebo, souvenir, recipe, reservoir, manoeuvre, naïve， bourgeois, bourgeoisie; 2. 相同字母的不同发音:machine machinery technique, technical, technician, mechanics teacher research; leader steak breakfast create;heart heard tear beard; lion union; familiar liar; stick fast to one's post \ fasten fastener 3.某些字母不发音: wrestle hasten castle; 4.subtle; know sword psychology honesty comb, tomb bomber climb, limb, lamb, plumber; friend, parliament，maintain; autumn, damn; 4. 由于词性\词义不同而同拼多音:live， lead，row， tear， read，wind, wound; 5. 发音易混淆的形近词:succuss success; weigh height; south southern; southerner southernize; flour flourish; know knowledge; maintain certain mountain; moral morale; 6. 随时间推移而发生语音改变的单词: foreign; 1( 从下列各组单词中，找出一个与括号里所给单词划线部分发音相同的单词。 1)(forgot) A. factor B. lavatory C. watch D. fashion 2) ( sunny ) A. business B. rubbish C. true D. huge 3) ( orderly ) A. doctor B. worldly C. worker D. ordinary 4) ( forest) A. forecast B. foreign C. foreleg D. forefather 2. 下列各组单词的划线部分有三个读音相同，另一个读音不同，请找出这个单词。 1)A. suggestion B. revolution C. action D. promotion 2) A. industrial B. industry C. publish D. public 3) A. yellow B. row C. arrow D. follow 4) A. comrade B. palace C. village D. ordinary 5) A. comb B. tomb C. timber D. bomber 要做好单词辨音题，还应熟记读音特殊的单词，这是单词辨音题的关键。如:al 在下列单词中的读音就该多加注意: ea: heat seat leave lead breathe head breakfast spread breath lead great break steak create creation creativity creative forehead ou: group soup route mouth south loud southern country young shoulder soul au: aunt auntie aunty laugh autumn cause fault ie: piece niece field cities ladies studies friend friendship friendly lie tie die ei: weightlessness weigh freight feint receive deceive seize ceiling receipt height reich((德)帝国) foreign sovereign (君主) oo: good book cook food cool blood flood ear: hear clear fear gear beard tear bear pear wear tear heard heart hearty our: hour flour sour honour colour journal journey tourist tourism tour pour mourn(哀悼) It never rains but it pours. nourish(养育, 施肥) flourish(兴旺) ur: turn nurse hurt surface surplus surprise survive al: half calm palm wall call halt SALT Strategic Arms Limitation Talks chalk talk walk nger: finger longer younger stronger singer ringer th: bath path breadth cloth breathe bathe clothe lathe tion: suggestion question revolution action evolution sion: revision television decision ved: asked looked stopped amazed played naked wanted needed c, g, s, x: city decide nice bicycle courage cave curious cream tricycle monocycle exercise exit text example examination exist exact g: age giant luggage baggage village technology huge pigtail hug eggplant s: fast maps grass stick fast to one‘s post reason nose hose put one's nose into sth. measure pleasure sure insure ensure assure b: climb lamb subtle doubt tomb comb bomb limb plumb h: hour honor honest w: answer sword write two wrong k: knife knee knock know kneel acknowledge p: psychology psy-war psycholinguistics i: friend, parliament; militia, partial, impatient, ancient; 2. 情景对话 情景对话——语境化试题主要检测考生用英语进行话语交际的能力。这类试题多为日常生活中的交际用语，具有强烈的感情色彩和灵活多变、简练等特点。如果考生不把自己 “设身处地”于语境中，不了解英美人的文化、生活习惯，单靠死记硬背语法条目，答题正确率就不会高。因此，关注英汉文化差异是答对这类试题的不二法门。以下是需要注意之处: A: 短对话 1)忌用汉语思维习惯代替英语思维习惯 1. I appreciate your painting very much. _____________ . A. No. Thank you B. No, far from being so C. Thank you. I'm glad you like it. D. Yes, I'm very smart. 2. To tell the truth, I think the movie is fairly dull. ________________ . It's not so bad at all. You see my son likes it very much. A. I can't agree with you B. I agree with you C. Come on D. You are wrong 3. What's wrong with you, Peter? You look tired. _________________ . A. It doesn't matter B. I have got a headache C. It's kind of you D. No matter 4. You look smart with the new hat. __________________ . A. No. Thank you B. No, you are kidding C. Thank you. I am very glad you like it. D. Yes, I really look good with the hat 5. - I hope you don‘t mind my pointing out your mistake. - ____________________ A.Of course. B. Not at all. C. You are welcome. D. Yes, I don‘t. 6. -Do you mind my taking this seat? - ______________________ . A. Yes, sit down , please. B. No, of course not C. Yes, take it please. D. No, you can‘t take it. 7. -I like your earrings. - ________________. A. No, I am being flattered. B. Thanks. I got them in Mexico last year. C. No, they are not good at all. D. You are kidding, aren‘t you? 8. – Oh, you speak very good English. _ ____________________ . A. Yes, my English is quite fluent. B. No, no, my spoken English is very poor. C. Thanks, I am proud of it. D. Thank you, but there is still much to be improved in my spoken English. 9. _ These are all typical Chinese dishes made for you. ________________ . _ Thank you very much. A. Please eat yourself B. Please help yourself to them C. Don't be polite D. Eat as much as possible 10. _ You must look after yourself and keep healthy. _ ______________________ . A. Of course, thanks B. No problem C. Don't worry about it D. I will, thanks 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.B 6.B 7.B 8.D 9.B 10.D 2) 忌生搬硬套语法规则 1.- If you won‘t do it, _______ . A. nor do I B. neither shall I C. neither I do D. neither I shall 2.- Is she going to school? - No, _____________ . A. she doesn‘t B. she‘s cycling C. she gets by bus D. to the shop 3.- I didn‘t pass the monthly exam! - ________ next time, and you‘ll succeed. A. To work hard B. Work hard C. Working hard D. Hard-working Lay down your arms and you'll be spared. 4.- Let‘s go for a film show. - _____________ . A. Yes B. No, I wouldn‘t C. Yes, I would D. All right, let‘s 5. Good morning. Can I help you? _ ___________________ . A. No, you can't B. Not at the moment, thanks C. Yes, please D. Yes, thank you 6. _ Hi, Jack, how did you like the film last night? _ __________________________ . A. Yes, I did B. No, I didn't C. It was a waste of time D. Don't mention it 7. _ Would you like to go fishing with us tomorrow? _ ______________________ . A. I don't like B. It sounds interesting but I have lots of homework to do C. I don't know D. Wait and see 8. _ Please let me help you. _ ______________________ . A. Yes, please do B. No, you needn't do it C. Of course, if you wish D. No, thanks. I can manage. 9. _ Hello, is that Shanghai Airlines? _ _________________________ A. Yes, can I help you? B. Yes, what do you want? C. Yes, you are right. D. Yes, right number. 10. _ You like pale. Are you all right? _ _____________________ A. Yes, I am not all right. B. No, I am all right. C. I've got a headache. D. It doesn't matter. 1.B 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.B 6.C 7.B 8.D 9.A 10.C 3) 忌不了解英美人的文化习俗 1. You think the new English woman teacher is very young and want to know how old she is, you should say _____________ A.How old are you? B.Please tell me how old you are. C.We all think you look young. D.What's your age? 2.- Have a good flight? - _________________ . A. Not at all bad, thank you B. I‘m glad to hear that. C. You too. D. The same to you. 3.- You have a good sense of humor. _ ___________________ . A. Really? You are flattering me. B. Thank you. C. You are kidding, aren‘t you? D. No, not at all. 4.- The cake is really delicious. - ________________ . A. No, it has been spoiled. B. You must be making a joke about me. C. Thanks, but it didn‘t turn out exactly right. D. No, it‘s nothing but an ordinary cake. 5. I must leave now. Thank you for seeing me off. - _________________ . A. Good luck B. Be careful C. Good lucky D. Hurry to catch the bus 6. Shall we meet at 6:00 or at 7:00? _ ____________ . A. Any time is bad. B. At any time C. Yes, at 6:00 D. Well, either time will do 7. I'm very sorry for having broken your mirror. _Oh, really? __________ . A. It doesn't matter B. That's right C. No problem D. Thank you 8. You've won the football game. Congratulations! _ __________________ . A. It's nice of you to say so B. We're really lucky C. No one else could do it D. Oh, not really 9. _ Thank you for saving me out of the fire. _ ___________________________ . A. I'm so happy B. No, never mind C. My pleasure D. With pleasure 10._ Our family are traveling to Germany for the Beer Festival. _ ______________________ ! A. Congratulations B. See you later C. Have fun D. Take care 1.C 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.A 6.D 7.A 8.B 9.C 10.C 4) 忌只注意孤立句子的语法正确，而忽略了语境所表达的完整确切的意义 1. _ You must have had a good time at the party last night, didn't you? _ ______________ . Actually, it was a bit boring. A. Not really B. I suppose so C. Oh, great D. That's OK 2. _ I'm afraid that I can't finish the task as soon as planned. _ ________________________ . A. Don't be afraid B. I suppose so C. Don't mention it D. Take your time 3. _ Mom, may I play the computer game for a while? _ ______________ ! Dad is in the study. A. Help yourself B. It's up to you C. Behave yourself D. Do what you like 4. _ Excuse me, where is the washroom, please? _ ___________________ . A. I know where it is B. Follow me C. Oh, it's over there D. I don't know 5.- We could have walked to the station; it was so near. - Yes. A taxi _____________ at all necessary. A. wouldn‘t be B. hadn‘t been C. wasn‘t D. won‘t 6. _ _________________? _ Yes, I'd like a hamburger and a coke. A. What do you have for your lunch B. May I take your order C. What's your favorite food D. Is that your lunch 7. I suppose he is not yet twenty, ____ ? A. don‘t I B. do I C. is he D. isn‘t he 8. I don‘t think he is up to the job, ____ ? A. don‘t I B. do I C. isn‘t he D. is he 9. _ _________________ ? _ It seems to be clearing up. A. What's the weather B. What's the temperature C. What is the weather like today D. How's the climate 10. _Will you please pass me the book, Bill? _ Sure. _______________________ . A. Give it to you B. Take it C. Here you are D. Hold it 11. _ Would you like some more soup? _ __________ . It is delicious, but I've had enough. A. Yes, please B. No, thank you C. Nothing more D. I'd like some 12. _Mr. Gordon asked me to remind you of the meeting this afternoon. Don't forget it! _ OK, _______________ . A. I don't B. I won't C. I will D. I do 13. _ I'm dead tired. I can't walk any farther, Jenny. _ _______ , Tommy. You can do it. A. No problem B. No hurry C. Come on D. That's OK 14. _ I'm sorry I'm late. I got held up in the traffic on my way here. _ ________________ . A. Don't be late next time B. You should be blamed C. It doesn't matter, I'm also late D. Never mind. Come and sit down 15. _ Mike was late for Mr. Smith's oral class this morning. _ ________ ? As far as I know, he never came late to class. A. Why not B. What for C. How come D. So what 16. _ Andrew won't like it, you know. _ ______ ? I don't care what Andrew thinks! A. So where B. So how C. So what D. So why 17. _ How did you find your visit to Qingdao, Joanna? _ _______________ . A. I went there alone B. First by train and then by ship C. Oh, wonderful indeed D. A guide showed me the way 18. _ I suggest we buy some flowers for her birthday present. _ ____________________ . A. I don't think it will work B. Well, I'm afraid not C. That sounds like a good idea D. Come on, that's not fair 19. _ Peter, I lost your pen at the lecture. I suppose I should pay for it. _ _______________________ . A. Take it easy B. Don't mention it C. OK D. Forget it 20. _ Can you follow what I'm saying? _ ___________________________ . A. Yes. I follow you B. Sorry, I can't C. Yes, I feel a bit of difficulty D. No, I don't follow you 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.C 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.D 9.C 10.C 11.B 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.C 16.C 17.C 18.C 19.D 20.B 5) 忌不注意语境中某些词组、短语、句型的习惯用法 1. - Do you know our town at all? - No, this is the first time I ________ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming 2.- Don‘t be so hasty. Take your time, boy. - __________________ . A. Here‘s mine B. Here it is C. Thank you, I will D. I‘m afraid 3.- I was lucky actually, because it was the third time I _______ China that year. A. have visited B. visited C. had visited D. would visit 4.- She thought I was talking about her daughter, _ __________ in fact, I was talking about my daughter. A. whom B. where C. which D. while 5. What do you think of your English teacher? _ __________________ . A. I miss him very much B. He is very kind C. I think much of him D. I don't think much of him. 6. Excuse me, sir. Could you hold the suitcase for me? _ ________________ . A. It's a pleasure B. My pleasure C. Thank you D. With pleasure 7. Whose advice do you think I should take? _ _______________ . A. You speak B. That's it C. It's up to you D. You got it 8. Hello. Could I please speak to Helen? _ __________________ . A. This is Helen speaking B. I'm Helen C. It is me D. Yes, that is me 9. _ Let me introduce myself. I am Albert. _ ____________________ . A. What a pleasure B. It's my pleasure C. Pleased to meet you D. I'm very pleased 10. _Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow. _ ___________________________ . A. I don't B. I won't C. I can't D. I haven't 1.B 2.C 3.C 4.D 5.B 6.D 7.C 8.A 9.C 10.B B: 长对话 长对话除了需要注意上述五点之外，还要注意对话的主题与前后文的衔接，避免跑题及前言不搭后语。 Sample A A: Haven‘t seen you for a long time. Glad to see you, Mary. B:______11________ A: I wonder if you are free next Friday evening. B: Oh, _____12_______ Why? A: We‘ll have an evening party that night. And I ____13________ to take part in it. B: Thank you. I‘ll try to attend it. A: ___14_______ See you! B: _____15________ A. nothing special. B. Glad to see you, too. C. How do you do? D. It‘s wonderful. E. See you then. F. Hope to see you that night! G. have the pleasure of inviting you 11.B 12.A 13.G 14.F 15.E Anything to declare, Sample B A: Can I help you, madam? B: Yes. ______11_______ . How much is it? A: 30 pounds. B: Oh. ______12 ______ And it looks too big for me. A: Yes, it is. It‘s XL. B: How much is that dress over there? The short green one. A: 15 pounds. B: Ah, that‘s not too expensive. ____13______ A: But I think it‘s not big enough for you, madam. _____14_________ B: Yes, this is too small for me. Have you something like this, but bigger? I am of medium size. A: _____15________ A. And the color is very nice. B. Just a moment, please, madam. C. Stay where you are, please. D. I like this blue dress. E. it‘s small size. F. That‘s quite cheap. G. That‘s quite expensive. 11.D 12.G 13.A 14.E 15.B Sample C A: What's wrong with you? B: 11 . A: How are you feeling now? B: 12 . A:Let me take your temperature. It's cold. Nothing serious. B: 13 . A: Did you eat anything for breakfast? B: 14 . A: Well, take this medicine three times a day. 15 , and drink more water. B: Thank you. A. I am feeling even worse B. No, I didn't feel like eating anything C. Really? But I feel very serious D. This morning I had a pain in my head E. OK, thank you F. No, I didn't G. Have a good rest 11.D 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.G Sample D A: Haven't seen you for a long time. Glad to see you, Mary. B: 11 . A: I wonder if you are free next Friday evening. B: 12 . Why? A: We'll have an evening party that night. And I 13 to take part in it. B: Thank you. I'll try to attend. A: 14 . See you! B: 15 . A. Nothing special B. Glad to see you, too C. How do you do D. It's wonderful E. See you then F. Hope to see you that night G.Have the pleasure of inviting you 11.B 12.A 13.G 14.F 15.E Sample E A: Hello, may I speak to Betty, please? B: Hello. 11 . A: Oh Betty, are you free this evening? B: 12 . A: I've got two tickets for a concert this evening. 13 ? B: Of course, 14 . A: Let's make it at 7 o'clock at the entrance of the theatre. See you later. B: 15 . A. Would you like to go with me B. See you then C. I would love to D. Thank you very much E. This is Betty speaking F. Yes, I suppose so G. You are welcome 11.E 12.F 13.A 14.C 15.B Sample F A. I am free this afternoon. 11 . B. OK. But I hate love stories. Any films about war on today? A. 12 . How about the theatre? B. 13 . A. Let's go to the concert. 14 ? B. Yes, light music. But now you only hear noisy music. A. 15 . Why not go to the library to borrow some books? We both like reading. B. OK, let's. A. You like music very much, don't you B. It doesn't matter C. Shall we go to the cinema D. Well, most plays are badly written E. Never mind F. What are you going to do then G. I'm afraid not 11.C 12.G 13.D 14.A 15.F 3. 阅读理解 阅读理解现在分为两个部分，即:阅读理解(1)和阅读理解(2)。 阅读理解(1) 阅读能力主要包括下列几个方面: 1)理解所读材料的主旨和大意，理解事实与细节; 2)理解句子的意义及上下文的逻辑关系; 3) 根据文章进行一定的判断和推理; 4) 根据上下文推测、判断生词的意思; 5) 理解文章的写作意图，作者的见解与态度; 6)阅读速度为每分钟60词。 常考十二大题型及解题技巧 1.倒着考/反着考题型 所谓倒着考，就是将文章中的某一句话，倒着考一遍。命题模式为:文章中说B导致C;问题中问为什么会有C这一结果,答案应为:因为B。所谓反着考，即将文章中的某一句话，反过来考一遍。 例1: During the hours when you labor through work you may say that you‘re ―hot‖. That‘s true. The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues(自言自语)as: ―Get up, John! You‘ll be late for work again!‖ The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has. Question: Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage? A. Unawareness of energy cycles. B. Familiar monologues. C. A change in a family member‘s energy cycle. D. Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members. 这是一道极为典型的倒着考题目。最后一句话说:当丈夫和妻子意识到这些energy cycles 意味着什么，以及每一个家庭成员有怎样的 energy cycle 时，许多家庭争吵停止了。简而言之:明白了，不吵了。问:为什么吵架,答案也就非常简单了，即不明白。答案为A。 例2: In fact, the analysis showed, normal children aged 9 to 17 exhibit a higher level of anxiety today than children who were treated for mental illness 50 years ago. Question: According to an analysis, compared with normal children today, children treated as mentally ill 50 years ago _______ . A. were less isolated physically B. were probably less self-centred C. probably suffered less from anxiety D. were considered less individualistic Key: C 例3: Reading is thought to be a kind of conversation between the reader and the text. The reader puts questions, as it were, to the text and gets answers. In the light of these he puts further questions, and so on. For most of the time this ―conversation‖ goes on below the level of consciousness. At times, however, we become aware of it. This is usually when we are running into difficulties, when mismatching is occurring between expectations and meaning. When successful matching is being experienced, our questioning of the text continues at the unconscious level. Question: Reading as a kind of conversation between the reader and the text becomes conscious only when ____ . A. the reader‘s expectations agree with what is said in the text B. the reader has trouble understanding what the author says C. the reader asks questions and gets answers D. the reader understands a text very well Key: B 例4: Editor, While a new school term is about to begin, perhaps we should reconsider the matter of examination. In July, two writers (Letters to the Editor) praised the cancellation of exams because they believe ―tests don‘t tell the whole story.‖ As a teacher who has worked in four countries, I have had the experience that a student who earns good marks is generally a good student. And that a student‘s final mark in a subject is usually a grade average of the year‘s work. Of course there are exceptions, but they do not have the frequency that would give an unfair picture of a student‘s ability. The simple fact is that proper class work, diligent exam studies and good marks are almost certain indicators of a student‘s future performance. The opposite, almost certainly, incompetent. There is no acceptable substitute for competition and examination of quality. How could teachers and future officials determine what a student has learned and remembered should we simply take the students from fair and formal exams? It is misguided if not ignorant. And surely the ―graduates‖ of such institutions will lack trustworthiness, not to mention being rejected by foreign universities for graduate or other studies. When all is said and done, I sense that a fear of failure and a fear of unpleasant comparison with others is at the bottom of most ban-exams talks. Excellence and quality fear nothing. On the contrary, they seek competition and desire the satisfaction of being the best. Question: In the opinion of the author, why do some people insist on banning exams? A. Because they think exams don‘t tell the whole story. B. Because they are afraid exams are not fair. C. Because they are afraid of failure and being compared with others. D. Because they think exams can not show what they have learned and remembered. 文中提到 ―I sense…‖ 显系作者的观点, 故选C。 例5: And increasingly, especially in the large business or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the special professional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know the requirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of their trade; the higher you climd the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, the greater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities or professional knowledge. Question: According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is _____ . A. less important than awareness of of being a good employee B. as important as the ability to deal with public relations C. more important than employer-employee relations D. as important as the ability to cooperate with others in the organization Key: A 例6: Trees should only be pruned(修剪) when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately, the number of such reason is small. Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage results from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way. First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size. The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape. Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier. You may cut out diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus causing wounds. The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the center and so preventing the free movement of air. One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but it is a wound that will heal. Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk. It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as possible. It is essential to make the area which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness. You should allow the cut surface to dry a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose. Pruning is usually done in winter, for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without interference from the leaves and it is, too, very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed. If this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly. 1. Pruning may be done to _____. A. make the tree grow taller B. improve the shape of the tree C. get rid of the small branches D. make the small branches thicker 2. Trees become unhealthy if a gardener _____. A. allows too many branches to grow in the middle B. does not protect them from the wind C. forces them to grow too quickly D. damages some of the small side branches 3. A special substance is painted to the tree _____. A. to make a wound smooth B. to prevent disease entering a wound C. to cover a rough surface D. to help a wound to dry 4. A good gardener prunes a tree _____. A. at intervals throughout the year B. as quickly as possible C. occasionally when necessary D. regularly every winter 5. What was the writer‘s purpose when writing this passage? A. To give practical instructions for pruning a tree B. To give a general description of pruning. C. To explain how trees develop diseases. D. To discuss different methods of pruning. Key: 1.B 2.A 3.B 4.C 5.B 2.转折处出题 学生应该对阅读文章中出现转折的地方特别加以注意。表示转折的标志词有:but, in fact, however, nevertheless, while等。在用skimming手法了解文章大意时，见到此类词可先划圈，因为出题概率较高，而且具体做题时也更容易找到。 例1: Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night‘s sleep or a three-day vacation. I don‘t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild. Question: Raising children, in the author‘s opinion, is__________ . A) a moral duty B) a thankless job C) a rewarding task D) a source of inevitable pain 学生在读了两句后似乎感到，抚养小孩很辛苦，但是在见到表示转折的But一词后就应敏感地理解作者的真实看法。作者说:决定不生孩子的夫妇永远不明白看着孩子茁壮成长的快乐。抚养孩子是很有收获的，很有回报的。答案应该是C。许多学生误选A项(一种道德上的职责)，这是想当然所致。这一点在做阅读理解题时应该切忌。 例2: Most people would agree that, although our age exceeds all previous ages in knowledge, there has been no corresponding increase in wisdom. But agreement ceases as soon as we attempt to define ―wisdom‖ and consider means of promoting it. There are several factors that contribute to wisdom. Of these I should put first a sense of proportion: the capacity to take account of all the important factors in a problem and to attach to each its due weight. This has become more difficult than it used to be owing to the extent and complexity of the special knowledge required of various kinds of technicians. Suppose, for example, that you are engaged in research in scientific medicine. The work is difficult and is likely to absorb the whole of your mind. You have no time to consider the effect which your discoveries or inventions may have outside the field of medicine. You succeed (let us say) as modern medicine has succeeded, in enormously lowering the infant death-rate, not only in Europe and America, but also in Asia and Africa. This has the entirely unintended result of making the food supply inadequate and lowering the standard of life in the parts of the world that have the greatest populations. To take an even more dramatic example, which is in everybody‘s mind at the present time: you study the makeup of the atom from a disinterested(无利害关系的) desire for knowledge, and by chance place in the hands of a powerful mad man the means of destroying the human race. Therefore, with every increase of knowledge and skill, wisdom becomes more necessary, for every such increase augments(增强) our capacity for realizing our purposes, and therefore augments our capacity for evil, if our purposes are unwise. Questions: 1.Disagreement arises when people try to decide _______ . A. how much more wisdom we have now than before B. what wisdom is and how to develop it C. if there is a great increase of wisdom in our age D. whether wisdom can be developed or not 2.According to the author, ―wisdom‖ is the ability to ______ . A. carefully consider the bad effects of any kind of research work B. give each important problem some careful consideration C. acquire a great deal of complex and special knowledge D. give suitable consideration to all the possible elements in a problem 3. Lowering the infant death-rate may ______ . A. prove to be helpful everywhere in the world B. give rise to an increase in population in Europe C. cause food shortage in Asia and Africa D. raise the living standard of the people in Africa 4.The author uses the examples in the passage to illustrate his point that _______ . A. it‘s extremely difficult to consider all the important elements in a problem B. success in medical research has its negative effects C.scientists may unknowingly cause destruction to the human race D. it‘s unwise to be totally absorbed in research in scientific medicine 5.What is the author‘s idea? A. It is unwise to place the results of scientific research in the hands of a powerful mad man. B. The more knowledge one has, the wiser one becomes. C. Any increase of knowledge could lead to disastrous results without the guidance of wisdom D. Wisdom increases in proportion to one‘s age. Key: 1. B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.C 例3 ―While many good and useful claims are being made, it is clear there is a long way to go in ensuring shoppers are adequately informed about the environmental impact of the products they buy,‖ said Consumers International director Anna Fielder. Question: As indicated in this passage, with so many good claims, the consumers _____ . A. are becoming more cautious about the products they are going to buy B. are still not willing to pay more for products with green labeling C. are becoming more aware of the effects different products have on the environment D. still do not know the exact impact of different products on the environment 答案: D 例4 Exercise is one of the few factors with a positive role in long-term maintenance of body weight. Unfortunately, that message has not gotten through to the average American, who would rather try switching to ―light‖ beer and low-calorie bread than increase physical exertion. Question: What is said about the average American in the passage? A. They tend to exaggerate the healthful effect of light beer. B. They usually ignore the effect of exercise on losing weight. C. They prefer ―light ‖ beer and low-calorie bread to other drinks and food. D. They know the factors that play a positive role in keeping down body weight. 答案: B 3. Seem/look/sound/ appear 处出题 作者经常借助这类词用以引用他人或一般人的看法，其实并不代表作者的真正表达的含义，你得继续往下看。 例1: Learning how to use a computer is not that difficult, and it gets easier all the time as programs become more ―user-friendly‖. Let us assume that in the future everyone is going to have to know how to use a computer to be a competent citizen. What does the phrase― learning to use a computer‖ mean? It sounds like ―learning to drive a car‖. That is, it sounds as if there is some set of definite skills that, once acquired, enable one to use a computer. In fact, ―learning to use a computer‖ is much more like ―learning to play a game‖, but learning the rules of one game may not help you play a second game, whose rules may not be the same. There is no such a thing as teaching someone how to use a computer. One can only teach people to use this or that program, and generally that is easily accomplished. Question: According to the author, the phrase ―learning to use a computer‖ means learning__________ . A) a set of rules B)the fundamentals of computer science C) specific programs D) general principles of programming 作者在原文出现的题干后用了“sounds like”和“sounds as if ”说明许多人是这样认为的，也就是他人的看法，许多考生据此误选,项。作者本人真正的意思应该体现在下面小节的解释，最主要的段尾句“one can only teach people to use this or that program,„„”。故,项正确。 例2: People tend to be more impressed by evidence that seems to confirm some relationship. Thus many are convinced that their dreams are prophetic(预言的) because a few have come true; they neglect or fail to notice the many that have not. Consider also the belief that ―the phone always rings when I am in the shower.‖ If it does ring while you are in the shower, the event will stand out and be remembered. If it doesn‘t ring, that nonevent probably won‘t be even registered(留下印象). Question: In your opinion, which of the following statements will the author of this passage probably agree to? A.Dreams are prophetic because some of them did come true. B.Dreams may come true if clearly remembered. C.Dreams and reality are closely related. D.Dreams cannot be said to be prophetic even though a few have come true. 答案:D 例3: The market is a concept. If you are growing tomatoes in your backyard for sale you are producing for the market. You might sell some to your neighbor and some to the manager of the local supermarket. But in either case, you are producing for the market. Your efforts are being directed by the market. If people stop buying tomatoes, you will stop producing them. If you take care of a sick person to earn money, you are producing for the market. If your father is a steelworker or a truck driver or a doctor or a grocer, he is producing goods or service for the market. When you spend your income, you are buying things from the market. You may spend money in stores, supermarkets, gas station, and restaurants. Still you are buying from the market. When the local grocer hires you to drive the delivery truck, he is buying your labor in the labor market. The market may seem to be something abstract. But for each person or business who is making and selling something, it‘s very real. If nobody buys your tomatoes, it won‘t be long before you get the message. The market is telling you something. It‘s telling you that you are using energies and resources in doing something the market doesn‘t want you to do. 1. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A. Selling and Buying B. What Is the Market? C. Everything You Do Is Producing for the Market. D. What the Market Can Do for You? 2. All of the following acts are producing for the market EXCEPT _____. A. working in a bank B. printing a book C. attending a night school D. growing beans for sale 3. You are buying from the market when you _____. A. borrow a book from the library B. look after your children C. drive to the seaside for a holiday D. dine at a restaurant 4(In what way is the market very real for each person or business who is making and selling something? A. It tells you what to produce. B. It tells you how to grow tomatoes. C. It provides you with everything you need. D. It helps you save money. 5. In the opinion of the author, the market _____ . A. is nothing but an empty concept B. is something abstract C. is closely related to all of us D. has nothing to do with us Key: 1.B 2.C 3.D 4.A 5.C 4.例证考题 在最近几年的考试中例证题都有出现。命题模式:作者先陈述一种观点、看法，然后举例作为证明。问题问你这个例子说明了什么,很简单，就是说明或证明前面提出的观点。 例1: The importance of the product life cycle to marketers is this: Different stages in the product life cycle call for different strategies. The goal is to extend product life so that sales and profits do not decline. One strategy is called market modification. It means that marketing managers look for new users and market sections. Did you know, for example, that the backpacks that so many students carry today were originally designed for the military? Question: The author mentions the example of ―backpacks‖ to show the importance of ______ . A. pleasing the young well as the old B. increasing usage among students. C. exploring new market sections D. serving both military and civil needs 斜体部分就是作者的观点(营销经理们需寻找新的用户和新的消费群体)，随后的举例就是证明这一观点。,项为正确答案，误选,、,两项的同学都是犯了就事论事的毛病，应该避免。 例2: The record of the past half century has established, I think, two general principles about human disease. First, it is necessary to know a great deal about underlying mechanisms before one can really act effectively; one had to know that pneumococcus(肺炎球菌) causes lobar(叶的) pneumonia before one could begin thinking about antibiotics. Second, for every disease there is a single key mechanism that dominates all the others. If one can find it, and think one‘s way around it, one can control the disorder. This generalization is hard to prove and arguable ____ it is most like a strong feeling than scientific assertion, but I believe that the record thus far tends to support it. The most complicated multicell, multi-tissue, and multi-organ diseases I know are tertiary(第三期的) syphilis(梅毒), chronic(慢性的) tuberculosis(结核), and pernicious(恶性的) anemia(贫血). In each, there are at least five major organs and tissues involved and each appears to be affected by a variety of environmental influences. Before they came under scientific appraisal, each was what we now call a ―multifactorial disease‖. And yet, when all the necessary facts were in, it was clear that by simply switching off one thing ____ the spirochete(螺旋体), the tubercle bacillus(结核菌), or a single vitamin deficiency ___ the whole array of disordered and seemingly unrelated pathological(病理学的) mechanisms could be switched off, at once. Question: The author uses the example of lobar pneumonia to show that ______ . A.understanding the cause of a disease precedes curing it B.the record of the past half century is one of medical progress C.antibiotics led to an understanding of underlying disease mechanisms D.many diseases are now called multifactorial 答案:A 例3: Attention to detail is something everyone can and should do ___ especially in a tight job market. Bob Crossley, a human-resources expert notices this in the job applications that come across his desk every day. ―It‘s amazing how many candidates eliminate themselves,‖ he says. ―Resumes(简历) arrive with stains. Some candidates don‘t bother to spell the company‘s name correctly. Once I see a mistake, I eliminate the candidate,‖ Crossley concludes. ―If they cannot take care of these details, why should we trust them with a job?‖ Can we pay too much attention to detail? Absolutely not. Perfectionists struggle over little things at the cost of something larger than they work toward. ―To keep from losing the forest for the trees‖, says Charles Garfield, associate professor at the University of California, San Francisco, ―we must constantly ask ourselves how the details we‘re working on fit into the larger picture. If they don‘t, we should drop them and move to something else.‖ Garfield compares this process to his work as a computer scientist at NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration((美国)国家航空和航天局). ―The Apollo II moon launch was slightly off-course 90% of the time.‖ Says Garfield, ―But a successful landing was still likely because we knew the exact coordinates of our goal. This allowed us to make adjustments as necessary.‖ Knowing where we want to go helps us judge the importance of every task we undertake. Too often we believe what accounts for others‘ success is some special secret or a lucky break(机遇). But rarely is success so mysterious. Again and again, we see that by doing little things within our grasp well, large rewards follow. Question: The example of the Apollo II moon launch is given to illustrate that _____ . A.minor mistakes can be ignored in achieving major objectives B. failure is the mother of success C. adjustments are the key to the successful completion of any work D. keeping one‘s goal in mind helps in deciding which details can be overlooked 本文作者在第一\二段表明了对Attention to detail 的肯定看法。接着又对too much attention to detail 持否定态度，由此提出细节或局部与目标或全局的关系。第四段作者以Apollo II moon launch 为例具体说明细节与目标的关系。作者的观点倾向于在明确目标的前提下注意细节。故选答案: D。 例4: At some time in your life you have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don‘t act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior. Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural to another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject. Question: In the second paragraph the author‘s intention of mentioning ―death‖ is _______ . A. to show that death is an old taboo in the United States B. to illustrate the changes that have happened to some taboos C. to promote the sales of two important books D. to reveal his interest in this taboo topic 答案: B 例5: In the 1990s, everyone believed that education was the key to economic success. A college degree, even a postgraduate degree, was essential for anyone who wanted a good job as one of those ―symbolic analysts‖. But computers are proficient at analyzing symbols; it is the messiness of the real world that they have trouble with. Therefore, many of the jobs that once required a college degree have been eliminated. The others can be done by any intelligent person, whether or not he has studied world literature. This trend should have been obvious in 1996. Even then, America‘s richest man was Bill Gates, a college drop-out who did not need a lot of formal education to build the world‘s most powerful information technology company. Question: The author gives the example of Bill Gates to _____ . A. show the importance of formal education B. tell readers how to build a computer company C. illustrate the development of information technology D. prove the trend mentioned before 此题是典型的例证考题。作者在前文说到许多在过去需要持大学学历文凭才能得到的工作如今已没有了，大学高等教育文凭将逐渐失去重要性，这是一个趋势。作者以比尔.盖茨为例正是要证明作者的观点, 即现在高等教育文凭重要性下滑的趋势。 例6: Violin prodigies(神童), I learned, have come in distinct waves from distinct regions. ththMost of the great performers of the late 19 and early 20 centuries were born and brought up in Russia and Eastern Europe. I asked Isaac Stern, one of the world‘s greatest violinists, the reason for this phenomenon. ―It is very clear,‖ he told me. ―They were all Jews and Jews at the time were severely oppressed and ill-treated in that part of the world. They were not allowed into the professional fields, but they were allowed to achieve excellence on a concert stage.‖ As a result, every Jewish parent‘s dream was to have a child in the music school because it was a passport to the West. Another element in the emergence of prodigies, I found, is a society that values excellence in a certain field and is able to nurture(培养) talent. Nowadays, the most nurturing societies seem to be in the Far East. ―In Japan, a most competitive society with stronger discipline than ours,‖ says Isaac Stern, ―children are ready to test their limits every day in many fields, including music. When Western music came to Japan after World War II, that music not only became part of their daily lives, but it became a discipline as well.‖ The Koreans and Chinese, as we know, are just as highly motivated as the Japanese. That‘s a good thing, because even prodigies must work hard. Next to hard work, biological inheritance plays an important role in the making of a prodigy. J. S. Bach, for example, was the top of several generations of musicians, four of his sons had significant careers in music. Questions: 1.Japan is described in the passage as a country that attaches importance to _____ . A. all-round development B. the learning of Western music C. strict training of children D. variety in academic studies 2.Which of the following titles best summarizes the main idea of the passage? A. Jewish Contribution to Music B. Training of Musicians in the World C. Music and Society D. The Making of Prodigies 答案: 1. C 2. D 5.指代题 试卷问题通常这样出:原文中某一段某一行中的it/them/they/theirs\this等指代什么,做这类题，记住两个字“回指”，也就是往回看。因为只有上文提到了某一事物，下文才可用这类词。 例1: The statuses we assume often vary with the people we encounter, and change throughout life. Most of us can, at very high speed, assume the statuses that various situations require. Much of social interaction consists of identifying and selecting among appropriate statuses and allowing other people to assume their statuses on a constant mental process of appraisal and interpretation. Although some of us find the task more difficult than others, most of us perform it rather effortlessly. Question: In the last sentence of this paragraph, the pronoun ―it‖ refers to ― ______ ‖ . A.fitting our actions to those of other people appropriately B. identification of other people‘s statuses C. selecting one‘s own statuses D. constant mental process 首先明确，it就是指代让步状语从句中的“task‖一词，再往回看，即指上句中宾语从句中的最主体部分“fit our actions to those of other people‖, 所以答案是,。 例2: For any given task in Britain there are more men than are needed. Strong unions keep them there in Fleet Street, home of some London‘s biggest dailies. It is understood that when two unions quarrel over three jobs, the argument is settled by giving each union two. That means 33 per cent over-manning, 33 per cent less productivity than could be obtained. A reporter who has visited plants throughout Europe has an impression that the pace of work is much slower here. Nobody tries too hard. Tea breaks do matter and are frequent. It is hard to measure intensity of work, but Britons give a distinct impression of going at their tasks in a more leisurely way. But is all this so terrible? It certainly does not improve the gross national product or output per worker. Those observant visitors, however, have noticed something else about Britain. It is a pleasant place. Street crowds in Stockholm, Paris, and New York move quickly and silently heads down, all in a hurry. London crowds tend to walk at an easy pace(except in the profitable, efficient city, the financial district). Every stranger is struck by the patient and orderly way in which Britons queue for a bus; if a saleswoman is slow and out of stock she will likely say, ―Oh dear, what a pity;‖ the rubbish collectors stop to chat and call the housewives ―Luv‖. Crime rises here as in every city but there still remains a gentle tone and temper that is unmatched in Berlin, Milan or Detroit. In short, what is wrong with Britain may also be what is right. Having reached a tolerable standard, Britons appear to be choosing leisure over goods. Question: The word ―this‖ (Line 1, Para.3) refers to the fact that _____ . A. there are more men on any given job than are needed B. 33 per cent over-manning leads to 33 per cent less productivity C. it is difficult to measure the intensity of work D. Britons generally do not want to work too hard 此题中―this‖虽然出现在第三段, 答案却在第二段中找。因为这个“this”在这儿是承上的。第二段讲述了一个记者参观了欧洲的工厂得出了一个结论:这儿的工作节奏很缓慢。没有人很卖力干活。喝茶休息很重要很频繁。虽然很难测量工作强度，英国人明显给人一种工作闲散的感觉。由此我们可以断定“this”指的是英国人工作闲散这种状况，故选D。 6.推论题 考试中推论题的标志词有: infer/inference/suggest/imply/implication/conclude/ conclusion 等。这类题，考生们普遍感到棘手，做起来没有把握。应该承认，推论题属比较难的题，其间的分寸不易把握。选项中某一选项和原文的某句话相同，不能选，也就是说，不能原地不动，但也不能走得太远，即大大超越了原文。只需在原来证据的基础上往前稍稍走一步。 例1: It is important for family members, and doctors and nurses to understand these patients‘ communications in order to truly understand their needs, fears, and fantasies(幻想). Most of our patients welcomed another human being with whom they could talk openly, honestly and frankly about their trouble. Many of them shared with us their tremendous need to be informed, to be kept up-to-date on their medical condition, and to be told when the end was near. We found out that patients who had been dealt with openly and frankly were better able to cope with the approach of death and finally to reach a true stage of acceptance prior to death. Question: It may be concluded from the passage that______ . A. dying patients are afraid of being told of the approach of death B.most doctors and nurses understand what dying patients need C.dying patients should be truthfully informed of their condition D. most patients are unable to accept death until it is obviously inevitable 从斜体句可以看出，被坦诚处理的病人能够更好地对待死亡的来临，并最终达到真正地接受死亡。既然告知病人真实病情并没有如常人想象的那样让病人感到恐惧，使他们的病情恶化，相反这些病人能够更好地对待死亡的来临，那么我们据此可以推论出:临死的病人应该被真实地告知病情。也就是我们常说的病人应该具有知情权。C项正确。 例2: Americans usually consider themselves as friendly people. Their friendships, however, tend to be shorter and more casual than friendships among people from other cultures. It is not uncommon for Americans to have only one close friend during their lifetime, and consider other "friends" to be just social acquaintances. This attitude probably has something to do with American mobility and the fact that Americans do not like to be dependent on other people. They tend to "compartmentalize (分隔， 细分)" friendships, having "friends at work", "friends on the softball team", "family friends", etc. Because the United States is a highly active society, full of movement and change, people always seem to be on the go. In this highly charged atmosphere, Americans can sometimes seem brusque (唐突的， 粗鲁的) or impatient. They want to get to know you as quickly as possible and then move on to something else. Sometimes, early on, they will ask you questions that you may feel are very personal. No insult is intended; the questions usually grow out of their genuine interest or curiosity, and their impatience to get to the heart of the matter. And the same goes for you. If you do not understand certain American behavior or you want to know more about them, do not hesitate to ask them questions about themselves. Americans are usually eager to explain all about their country or anything "American" in which you may be interested. So much so in fact that you may become tired of listening. It doesn't matter, because Americans tend to be uncomfortable with silence during a conversation. They would rather talk about the weather or the latest sports scores, for example , than deal with silence. On the other hand, don't expect Americans to be knowledgeable about international geography or world affairs, unless those subjects directly involve the United States. Because the United States is not surrounded by many other nations, some Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world. Questions: 1.The general topic of the passage is ______ . A. American society B. American culture C. Americans' personality D. Americans' activities 2.According to the passage, we know Americans ______ . A.appreciate the friendship very much B.often help each other in their lives C.always seem to be on the go D.know a lot about international affairs 3.The phrase "highly charged" most probably means _________ . A.highly responsible B.extremely free C.full of mobility and change D.very cheerful 4. It can be inferred from the passage that _________ . A.Americans' character is affected by their social and geographical environment B.Americans want to participate in all kinds of activities C.curiosity is characteristic of Americans D. Americans do not know how to deal with silence 5.According to the passage, Americans tend to ignore the rest of the world because _____________ . A.they are too proud of themselves B.they are not interested in other countries C.they are too busy to learn about other countries D.their country does not have many neighboring nations 答案:1.C 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.D 例3: The fridge is considered a necessity. It has been so since the 1960‘s when packaged food first appeared with the label: ―store in the refrigerator.‖ In my fridgeless Fifties childhood, I was fed well healthily. The milkman came daily, the grocer, the butcher(肉商), the baker, and the ice-cream man delivered two or three times a week. The Sunday meat would last until Wednesday and surplus(剩余的) bread and milk became all kinds of cakes. Nothing was wasted, and we were never troubled by rotten food. Thirty years on, food delivery have ceased, fresh vegetables are almost unobtainable in the country. The invention of the fridge contributed comparatively little to the art of food preservation. A vast way of well-tried techniques already existed___ natural cooling, drying, smoking, salting, sugaring, bottling… What refrigeration did promote was marketing___ marketing hardware and electricity, marketing soft drinks, marketing dead bodies of animals around the globe in search of a good price. Consequently, most of the world‘s fridges are to be found, not in the tropics where they might prove useful, but in the wealthy countries with mild temperatures where they are climatically almost unnecessary. Every winter millions of fridges hum away continuously, and at vast expense, busily maintaining an artificially cooled space inside and artificially heated house____ while outside, nature provides the desired temperature free of charge. The fridge‘s effect upon the environment has been evident, while its contribution to human happiness has been insignificant. If you don‘t believe me, try it yourself, invest in a food cabinet and turn off your fridge next winter. You may miss the hamburgers(汉堡包), but at least you‘ll get rid of that terrible hum. Questions: 1.Why does the author say that nothing was wasted before the invention of fridges? A. People would not buy more food than was necessary. B. Food was delivered to people two or three times a week. C. Food was sold fresh and did not get rotten easily. D. People had effective ways to preserve their food. 2.Who benefited the least from fridges according to the author? A. Inventors B. Manufacturers C. Consumers D. Traveling salesmen 例3: Human needs seem endless. When a hungry man gets a meal, he begins to think about an overcoat; when a manager gets a new sports car, a big house and pleasure boats dance into view. Many needs of mankind might be regarded as making up several levels. When there is money to satisfy one level of needs, another level appears. The first and most basic level of needs involves food. Once this level is satisfied, the second level of needs, clothing and some sort of shelter, appears. By the end of World War II, these needs were satisfied for a great majority of Americans. Then a third level appeared. It included such items as automobiles and new houses. By 1957 or 1958 this third level of needs was fairly well satisfied. Then, in the late 1950s, a fourth level of needs appeared: the ―life-enriching‖ level. While the other levels involve physical satisfaction, that is, the feeding, comfort, safety, and transportation, this level stresses mental needs for recognition, achievement, and happiness. It includes a variety of goods and services, many of which could be called ―luxury‖ items. Among them are vacation trips, the best medical and dental care, and recreation. Also included here are fancy goods and the latest styles in clothing. On the fourth level, a lot of money is spent on services, while on the first three levels more is spent on goods. Will consumers raise their sights to a fifth level of needs as their income increases, or will they continue to demand luxuries and personal services on the fourth level? A fifth level would probably involve needs that can be achieved best by community action. Consumers may be spending more on taxes to pay for government action against disease, ignorance, crime, and prejudice. After filling our stomachs, our clothes closets, our garages, our teeth, and our minds, we now may seek to ensure the health, safety, and leisure to enjoy more fully the good things on the first four levels. Question: It can be inferred from the passage that by the end of World War II, most Americans ______ . A. were very rich B. lived in poverty C. had the good things on the first three levels D. did not own automobiles 例4: 有些推理题, 要求学生依据常识来进行推理, 通过与文章有关的问题既了解考生的文化背景知识, 又检查学生根据常识进行推理判断的能力。要做对这类题，考生平时必须注意利用各种手段来丰富自己的文化背景知识。 More than 30，000 drivers and front seat passengers are killed or seriously injured each year. At a speed of only 30 miles per hour it is the same as falling from a third floor window. Wearing a seat belt saves lives; it reduces your chance of death or serious injury by more than half. Therefore drivers or front seat passengers over 14 in most vehicles must wear a seat belt. If you do not, you could be fined up to ,50. It will not be up to the drivers to make sure you wear your belt. But it will be the driver‘s responsibility to make sure that children under 14 do not ride in the front unless they are wearing a seat belt of some kind. However, you do not have to wear a belt if you are reversing your vehicle or you are making a local delivery or collection using a special vehicle; or if you have a valid medical certificate which excuses you from wearing it. Make sure these circumstances apply to you before you decide not to wear your seat belt. Remember you may be taken to court for not doing so, and may be fined if you can not prove to the court that you have been excused from wearing it. Question: This text is taken from _____ . A. a medical magazine B. a police report C. a legal document D. a government information booklet 本篇文章陈述的是汽车驾驶员和前排旅客必须系上安全带, 有常识的考生很容易判断出文章与警察有关, 因此答案为B。 例5 答案: 1.D 2.C 3. D 4.B 7.语义题 painless delivery; bending moment ;grain-filling 实际上就是猜测词义。手法有许多:利用文中的举例;利用文中说明词义的同位语或定语;利用文章中所出现的与某生词或词组意思相反的内容;利用文章中不同的话对同一概念解释;利用基本的构词方法等等。当然，最主要，也是最可靠的方法应该是依据该词或词组或句子所出现的context , 即上下文或语境。早年考得比较多是一单词或一词组，而近年多半考查学生对一简短句子在文中的含义理解。记住:比较肤浅的字面或句面解释通常不选。 1)根据经验\常识推测词义 (1)After finishing their meal at the restaurant, Mark got on the motorbike, and his wife sat behind him on the pillion. They roared off into the darkness. Which of the following is most probably close to the word ―pillion‖ in meaning? A. front seat B. saddle C. back seat D. stand (2)Abraham was about 2.34meters tall and, no matter where he went, he was always careful of his head. One day when he got through the door of his friend‘s house he hit his head on the lintel and hurt himself much. Which of the following probably means the same as the word ―lintel‖? A. wall B. window C. door plank D. breast summer (3) Before I go grocery shopping, I often cut coupons out of the newspaper. That way, I can save a lot of money on food and household things. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word ―coupons‖? A. bank notes B. notices C. complimentary tickets D. advertisements (1) C (2) D (3) C 2)根据定义\解释\上下文相关信息猜测词义 (1)The purpose of the campaign was to catch ―ringers‖, students who take tests for other students. (2)Oceanography has been defined as ―the application of all sciences to the study of the sea‖. (3)Just before the exam Carl‘s hands shook and sweated so much that he could not hold a pen. His heart beat fast and his stomach ached, even though he knew the subject very well. He really had a strange phobia about taking tests. (4)A hobby, as I see it, is an activity that takes up most of your spare time and all of your spare money. At least that has been my experience since I became interested in photography. (1)冒名顶替者, 枪手; (2)海洋学; (3)恐惧症;(4)业余爱好 3)根据同义词或复述线索猜测词义 例1: Botany, the study of plants, occupies a peculiar position in the history of human knowledge. For many thousands of years it was the one field of awareness about which human had anything than the vaguest of insights. It is impossible to know about today just what our Stone Age ancestors knew about plants, but from what we can observe of pre-industrial societies that still exist, a detailed learning of plants and their properties must be extremely ancient. 例2: Some foreign teachers mistake Chinese students‘ reticence for indifference. In fact, these silent scholars are simply the inevitable product of an educational style that does have changed little since Confucian scholars sat mutely at their master‘ feet. Like American children at dinner, Chinese students are to be seen and not heard. The word ―reticence‖ in Line One most probably means _____ . A. talkativeness B. silence C. carefulness D. seriousness 例3: In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates(硝酸盐) and nitrites(亚硝酸盐) commonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food additives caused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food. The word ―carcinogenic‖ means most nearly the same as ____ . A. trouble making B. color retaining C. money making D. cancer causing 答案: 1. B 2. D 4)根据举例猜测词义 The Christmas dinner includes poultry for the main course(e.g. chicken, turkey, duck, goose), salads, breads and vegetables, and features a variety of desserts, for example, pies, puddings, and ice cream. (1)家禽; (2)甜点 5)根据反义词猜测词义 (1)She seems happy today, although she is usually morose. (2)Peter was not frugal since he spent money freely. (3)Males in the community are responsible for looking after the home and taking care of children; females hunt, fish, and settle interfamily disputes. (4)Unlike her gregarious sister, Jane is a shy, unsociable girl who does not like to go to parties or to make new friends. (5)As regards the development of moral standards in the growing child, consistency is very important in parental teaching. To forbid a thing one day and excuse it the next is no foundation for morality. Also, parents should realize that ―example is better than precept‖. If they are not sincere and do not practise what they preach(说教), their children may grow confused, and emotionally insecure when they grow old enough to think for themselves, and realize they have been to some extent fooled. A sudden awareness of a marked difference between their parents‘ principles and their morals can be a dangerous disappointment. Question: The word ―precept‖ (Line 4, Paragraph 1) probably means ―_________‖. A. idea B. punishment C. behavior D. instruction Keys: (1)郁郁寡欢的, 脾气不好的; (2)女人;(3)爱群居的, 爱交友的; (4)D 6)根据构词法猜测词义 (1)I wiped the streams of sweat from my face with a handkerchief in order to keep them from stinging my eyes. 注: hand(手)+ kerchief(方围巾)=手帕 (2)Jack appears to be very weak, but in fact he is incredibly strong.注:in-前缀表否定+credit表‖相信‖+ible形容词后缀表‖能够的‖+ly副词后缀=令人难以置信地 untaxable 猜词短文练习题 短文例1: Languages are remarkably complex and wonderfully complicated organs of culture. They contain the quickest and the most efficient means of communicating within their respective culture. To learn a foreign language is to learn another culture. In the words of a poet and philosopher, ―As many languages as one speaks, so many lives one lives.‖ A culture and its language are as necessary as brain and body; while one is a part of the other, neither can function without the other. In learning a foreign language, the best beginning would be starting with the non-language elements of the language: its gesture, its body language, etc. Eye contact is extremely important in English. Direct eye contact leads to understanding, or as the Engilish saying goes, seeing eye-to-eye. We can never see eye-to-eye with a native speaker of English until we have learned to look directly into his eyes. Question: ―As many languages as one speaks, so many lives one lives‖ means____ . A. if one learns many foreign languages, one will have a better understanding of his own language B.life is richer and more interesting if one knows several languages C. no matter how many languages one knows, one can never know more than one‘s own culture D. if a person speaks only one language, he will live a very happy life Key: B 例 2. I think it certain that in decades, not centuries: Machines of silicon(硅) will arise first to rival and then exceed their human ancestors. Once they exceed us they will be capable of their own design. In a real sense they will be able to reproduce themselves. Silicon will have ended carbon‘s long control. And we will no longer be able to claim ourselves to be the finest intelligence in the known universe. Question: The word ― carbon‖ stands for______ . A. intelligent robots B) a chemical element C) an organic substance D) human beings 根据上文可以得知silicon 应该指代由硅元素组成的机器人，而carbon指由碳素组成的人类。所正确答案是D项。B项属字面解释。 例3: Acculturation, which begins at birth, is the process of teaching new generations of children the customs and values of the parents‘ culture. How people treat newborns, for example, can be indicative of cultural values. In the United States it is not uncommon to put a newborn in a separate room that belongs only to the child. This helps to preserve parents‘ privacy and allows the child to get used to having his own room, which is seen as a first step towards personal independence. Americans traditionally have held independence and a closely related value, individualism, in high esteem. Parents try to instill these prevailing values in their children. American English expresses these value preferences: children should ―cut the (umbilical) cord ‖ and are encouraged not to be ―tied to their mothers‘ apron strings.‖ In the process of their socialization children learn to ―look out for number one‖ and to ―stand on their own two feet.‖ Many children are taught at a very early age to make decisions and be responsible for their actions. Often children work for money outside the home as a first step to establishing autonomy. Nine-or-ten year-old children may deliver newspapers in their neighborhoods and save or spend their earnings. Teenagers (13 to 18 years) may babysit at neighbors‘ homes in order to earn a few dollars a week. Receiving a weekly allowance at an early age teaches children to budget their money, preparing them for future financial independence. Many parents believe that managing money helps children learn responsibility as well as appreciating the value of money. Question: ―To cut the cord‖ is ______ . A. to become dependent on one‘s parents B. to cut a piece of string C. an expression used by electricians D. to become independent of one‘ parents 由文中不难看出，此处比喻独立，故选D. 例4: One important difference between bumble bees(大黄蜂) and honey bees is that the former has a much longer tongue. It can fertilize plants which the honey bee‘s tongue cannot even reach. It has been said that the bumble bees won the Bore War! The horses that helped to win that war fed on clover(三叶草), a plant which only the bumble bees can fertilize. Without the bumble bees there would be no clover. Question: What does the verb ―fertilize‖ in Paragraph 3 mean? A. to make…productive B. to make…grow faster C. to put fertilizer on D. to make …healthy Fertilizer(肥料)是个常用词, fertilize表示“施肥”也是考生比较熟悉的或容易联想得到的。但从上下文看，大黄蜂fertilize clover，使clover 生长茂盛，为战马提供了充足的草料，从而赢得了战争。据此再结合蜜蜂可传播花粉使植物受粉的常识来推测，fertilize在此处应是“使…受粉”\ ―使…有繁殖能力‖之意, 故A 为正确答案。C是其词汇的常见本义，没有结合语境，通常应首先排除。 短文例5: It would be a mistake，however，to believe that the New World，as a whole，was an oasis(绿洲，令人欢慰的地方)of civilization in the European sense of the term. America had many faces, and to its conquerors it offered a variety of aspects. Christopher Columbus, when he first went ashore, was greeted by the Lucayas(卢卡约人), the agricultural and artistic people. The Spaniards, on the other hand, were shortly to meet a completely different sort of native, the ferocious(凶猛的) cannibals(食人者) of the Caribbean. Question: When the author says ―America had many faces‖, he probably means that the people ____ . A. had a variety of facial characteristics B. were sometimes barbaric(粗野的) but wished to be civilized C.came from many different racial backgrounds D.were at various levels of cultural development 本题考察考生对比喻性说法―America had many faces‖在具体语境中的特殊含义的理解。本段主题是说“新大陆”的文明发展状况，显然作者认为当时各个部落的文明程度不一(a variety of aspects)。因此可推断，此处的many faces是指文明的程度不一而言，故D正确。A、C将faces理解实了，与原文格格不入。C与文中内容不符。 例6: Since we are social beings, the quality of our lives depends in large measure on our interpersonal relationships. One strength of the human condition is our tendency to give and receive support from one another under stressful circumstances. Social support consists of the exchange of resources among people based on their interpersonal ties. Those of us with strong support systems appear better able to cope with major life changes and daily hassels(困难). People with strong social ties live longer and have better health than those without such ties. Studies over a range of illness, from depression to heart disease, reveal that the presence of social support helps fend off (挡开) illness, and the absence of such support makes poor health more likely. Social support cushions stress in a number of ways. First, friends, relatives, and co-workers may let us know that they value us. Our self-respect is strengthened when we feel accepted by others despite of our faults and difficulties. Second, other people often provide us with informational support. They help us to define and understand our problems and find solutions to them. Third, we typically find social companionship supportive. Engaging in leisure-time activities with others helps us to meet our social needs while at the same time distracting(转移……注意力) us from our worries and troubles. Finally, other people may give us instrumental support ___ financial aid, material resources, and needed services ___ that reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems. Question: Which of the following is closest in meaning to the word ―cushion‖ (Line 1, Par. 2) ? A. adds up to B. does away with C. lessens the effect of D. lays the foundation for 例7: The ―balance of nature ‖ is not an empty phrase. Nature provides a population to occupy a suitable environment and cuts down surplus population to fit the available food supply. One means of reducing surplus population is predators; others are parasites and even diseases. Also, population density produces nervous disorders and even drives animals to mass migrations, like the lemmings(游鼠) of Norway who plunge into the sea. Question: According to this passage, the phrase ―balance of nature ‖ means _____ . A. relationship of wildlife to man B. adequacy of the food supply to support its animal population C. ratio of small game to predators D. destruction of predators 例8: A breakthrough in the provision of energy from the sun for the European Economic Community(EEC) could be brought forward by up to two decades, if a modest increase could be provided in the EEC‘s research effort in this field, according to the senior EEC scientists engaged in experiments in solar energy at EEC‘s scientific laboratories at Ispra, near Milan. Question: The phrase ―be brought forward‖ in Line 2 most probably means _______ . A. be expected B. be completed C. be advanced D. be introduced 8.段落归纳题 解答段落大意归纳的考题，特别要注意段首句和段尾句。因为它通常是段落大意。标志词有in general, generally, in a word等。 例1: The temperature of the Sun is over 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit at the surface, but it rises to perhaps more than 16 million degrees at the center. The Sun is so much hotter than the Earth that matter can exist only as a gas, except at the core. In the core of the Sun, the pressures are so great against the gases that, despite the high temperature, there may be a small solid core. However, no one really knows, since the center of the Sun can never be directly observed. Solar astronomers do know that the Sun is divided into five layers or zones. Starting at the outside and going down into the Sun, the zones are the corona(日冕), chromosphere((太阳的)色球层)，photosphere(光球), convection(对流) zone，and finally the core. The first three zones are regarded as the Sun‘s atmosphere. But since the Sun has no solid surface, it is hard to tell where the atmosphere ends and the main body of the Sun begins. The Sun‘s outermost layer begins about 10,000 miles above the visible surface and goes outward for millions of miles. This is the only part of the Sun that can be seen during an eclipse such as the one in February 1979. At any other time, the corona can be seen only when special instruments are used on cameras and telescopes to shut out the glare of the Sun‘s rays. The corona is a brilliant, pearly white, film light, about as bright as the full Moon. Its beautiful rays are a sensational sight during an eclipse. The corona‘s rays flash out in a brilliant fan that has wispy spikelike rays near the Sun‘s north and south poles. The corona is the thickest at the Sun‘s equator. The corona rays are made up of gases streaming outward at tremendous speeds and reaching a temperature of more than 2 million degrees Fahrenheit. The rays of gas thin out as they reach the space around the planets. By the time the Sun‘s corona rays reach the Earth, they are weak and invisible. Question: With what topic is the second paragraph mainly concerned? A. How the Sun evolved. B. The structure of the Sun. C. Why scientists study the Sun. D. The distance of the Sun from the planets. 由文章的第二段第一句话可知B为正确答案。 例2: Of the thousands of different kinds of animals that exist in the world man has learnt to make friends with an enormous number. Some are pets, and offer him companionship; some give protection, and some do hard work which man cannot do for himself. Dogs, which serve man in all three capacities, are found in various breeds in all countries of the world. The Husky can live in the cold polar regions, and the Saluki is at home in the hottest parts of Central Africa. The inhabitants of certain countries are dependent for their very lives on the camel. In the West Indies the little donkey, strong and sure-footed, carrying heavy loads even in mountainous places, is a familiar sight. Trained and tamed for many generations, domestic animals are not accustomed to roaming(到处走动) in search of food and shelter. They look to their masters to provide for their needs, and as long as these are supplied, they are content to do what their masters require. All domestic animals need proper food. It must be suitable for them, sufficient in quantity, fresh and clean. Some people feed a pet dog or cat on odds and ends of table scraps, and then wonder why the animal seems listless(倦怠的) and dull. The quantity of food depends on the size of the animal and the amount of exercise it takes. Overfeeding is as bad as underfeeding. Containers for food and water must be washed regularly if the animal is to maintain good health. Even well cared for, animals may sometimes fall ill. If this happens, the wise master seeks the best advice he can get. All sorts of medicines and treatments are available for sick animals, and in some countries organizations exist to provide them free or at a cheap price. Useful, friendly, hardworking animals deserve to have some time, money and attention spent on their health. QQuestions: 1. What main idea does the author want to convey in the first paragraph? A. There exist thousands of species of animals in the world. B. Man came to establish a close relationship with a number of animals. C. In some regions a donkey seems to be a very useful beast. D. An animal will be useless unless domesticated. 2. When an animal is underfed, it will probably ______ . A. refuse to obey its master B. immediately fall ill C. require its master to offer some food D. seek for food on its own 3. Which of the following is not true of dogs according to the passage? A. They can act as friends, guards, and servants to man. B. They have great adaptation for the environment. C. There live a great variety of breeds of dogs on the globe. D. The Husky and the Saluki are the strongest breed ever known in the world. 4. To keep a domestic animal physically fit, its owner is advised _____ . A. not to hesitate spend enormous amounts of money on it B. to pay attention to its proper feeding C. not to allow it to take excessive amounts of exercise D. to join some sort of pet-keeping organizations 5. Which of the following would be the best title for this passage? A. Domesticated Animals _____ Man‘s Best Friend B. Proper Diet ____ the Road to Health C. The Advantages of Raising Domestic Animals D. Some Tips on Pet-keeping 答案: 1.B 2.A 3.D 4.B 5.A 例3: Your mind like your body is a thing where the powers are developed by effort. This is a principal use, as I see it, of hard work in studies. Unless you train your body you can‘t be a good sportsman, and unless you train your mind you can‘t be much of a scholar. The four miles a boatman covers at top speed is in itself nothing to the good, but the physical capacity to hold out over the distance is thought to be of some value. So a good part of what you learn by hard study may not be retained forever, and may not seem to be of much final value, but your mind is a better and more powerful instrument because you have learned it. ―Knowledge is power,‖ but still more the ability of acquiring and using knowledge is power. If you have a trained and powerful mind, you are bound to have stored it with something, its value is more than in what it can do, what it can grasp and use, than in what it contains; and if it were possible, as it is not, to come out of college with a trained mind and nothing useful in it, you would still be ahead, and still, in a manner, educated. Question: The title that best expresses the main idea of this paragraph is ____ . A. Knowledge Is Power B. How to Retain and Use Knowledge C. Physical and Mental Efforts D. The Trained Mind Is What One Needs 例4: There is much discussion today about whether economic growth is desirable. At an earlier period, our desire for material wealth may have been justified. Now, however, this desire for more than we need is causing serious problems. Even though we have good intentions, we may be producing too much, too fast. Question: What is the main idea of this paragraph? A.The contradiction between economists and the business community. B.The present debate on economic growth. C.The advantages and disadvantages of economic growth. D.The importance of the debate on economic growth. 例5: Some students prefer a strict teacher who tells them exactly what to do. Others prefer to be left to work on their own. Still others like a democratic discussion type of class. No one teaching method can be devised to satisfy all students at the same time. Question: What does this paragraph mainly tell us? A.Students should be told exactly what to do. B.Students should be entitled to democratic rights. C.Students should have the right to decide what to learn. D.No teaching approach can appeal to all students at the same time. 例6: The strength of this shock depends on the size of the fish, but newly born ones only about 5 centimeters across can be made to light the bulb of a pocket flashlight for a few moments, while a fully grown torpedo(电鳐) gives a shock capable of knocking a man down, and if suitable wires are connected, will operate a small electric motor for several minutes. Question: The main idea of this paragraph is that ____ . A.a mature torpedo is capable of producing enough electricity to knock down a man B.the mass of the fish decides the intensity of electric power it generates C.the strength of shock given by a young electric ray can only light the bulb of a pocket flashlight D.to make full use of the energy produced by electric fish, suitable wires should be available 答案:1.D 2.B 3.D 4.B 例7: The aim of the teacher is to get his pupils as quickly as possible over the period in which each printed symbol is looked at for its shape, and arrive at the stage when the pupil looks at words and phrases, for their meaning, almost without noticing the shapes of the separate letters. Question: Which of the following is closest in meaning to the paragraph? A. Pupils should be trained to reach quickly the stage of reading without having to concentrate on the separate symbols. B. Pupils should look at each printed symbol for its meaning as well as for its shape. C. Teachers should help their pupils avoid looking at the shape of the printed symbols. D. Teachers should tell their pupils the different stages of their study. 该段三行实际上是一个句子，考生只需恰当捡出句子的主干“ The aim of the teacher is to get his pupils….and arrive at the stage”即可做出正确的大意归纳。A项正确。 要注意, 有时候一段文章也可没有主题句。此时必须速读全文，了解大意，抓住文章中心内容，加以概括。 例8: The solar salt pond consists of a layer of fresh water on top of a layer of salt water(brine). Sunlight passes through the lighter fresh water and heats up the brine. The fresh water layer acts insulation, keeping heat in the brine and stopping heat loss. Pipes carry the naturally heated brine into a plant. In the plant the heat from the brine is used to turn a turbine and create electricity. Then the brine is cooled and returned to the solar pond. This passage is about _____ . A. how heat is kept in the salt water of a solar pond B. why the solar salt pond is preferred to oil for electricity production C.how a solar salt pond works to produce electricity D. what a solar salt pond looks like 答案:C 9.态度性考题 态度性问题考查学生是否了解文章作者或文中某人对某事物所持观点或态度。命题形式为:What is the author‘s attitude towards sth.? What‘s the tone of the author of the passage?命题时经常出现的词汇有:neutral, objective, subjective, indifferent, friendly, positive, approving, supportive, enthusiastic, optimistic, pessimistic, negative, passive, hostile, cautious, disapproving, critical, ironic, humorous, compromising等。 例1: Divorce rates vary throughout the world. In the United States 1 out of every two recent marriages ends in divorce. If current trends continue by 1990, 1 out of every two children is likely to grow up in a single-parent household during part of the first eighteen years of life. A range of cultural conditions is thought to boost divorce rates. The first is an increasing emphasis on individuals in society, rather than on family units. For example, when women see themselves primarily as wives and mothers and subordinate their needs to those of their families, divorce is less likely. When women focus on their potential for growth and achievement, tolerance for unhappiness drops and divorce rates rise. Another contributing societal condition is the acceptance of divorce. In the United States, churches tend to be tolerant of divorce, and liberalized divorce laws make legal separations easy to obtain. A hundred years ago, families had more holding power because they were the center of life. People obtained work, education, recreation, protection, and status within families. Today, families serve fewer functions. Finally, greater economic prosperity has raised living standards, giving many people the means to live on their own. And for those without money, society assumes some of the costs. Just as cultural customs influence divorce, so, too, does personality. One investigator of personality correlates of divorce studied a sample of Americans who married after World War II. By early adolescence, research participants who later divorced tended to behave in a more self-indulgent and self-dramatizing way and to show less self- control than those who remained in unsatisfying marriages. These qualities could make individuals hard to live and\or likely to settle on divorce as a solution to marital difficulties. Such traits might also incline people to choose divorce-prone(有离婚倾向的) partners. Question: The author‘s attitude toward divorce rates in the United States can best be described as_____ . A. indifferent B. compromising C. worried D. positive Key: C 例2: There is no doubt that Sino-American relations have reached a new stage. In this context, it is important for our two societies to search for areas of cooperation which clearly add to our mutual benefit. In that regard, I am delighted that Global 2000-BOCI is launching two projects in the area of public health. Although ours is relatively quite small, such activities, when combined with our common foreign policy interests and a growing commercial relationship, should help to remove the lingering(拖延的) fragility(脆弱性) in Sino-American relations. Question: Which of the following may best describe the tone of the speech by the former U.S. President Carter? A. Doubtful and uncertain B. Friendly and hopeful C. Serious and critical D. Casual(偶然的) and friendly 卡特的主要观点是:中美关系进入了新阶段, 在这种背景下中美两国寻求合作,显然对彼此都有好处。由此可知他对中美关系持乐观态度，故选B。 例3: Some pessimistic experts feel that the automobile is bound to fall into disuse. They see a day in the not-too-distant future when all autos will be abandoned and allowed to rust. Other authorities, however, think the auto is here to stay. They hold that the car will remain a leading means of urban travel in the foreseeable future. Question: What is the author‘s attitude towards the future of autos? A) Enthusiastic. B) Pessimistic C) Optimistic D) Cautious 这一段提出两种对汽车的未来截然不同的观点，悲观主义者认为汽车将变得毫无用处，他们看到不太遥远的某一天，汽车将被遗弃，甚至生锈。乐观主义者则认为汽车在看得见的将来依然是城市交通的主要工具。猛一看找不到作者的观点，但是通过however 一词可以判断出作者其实是附和第二种观点的，也即是乐观。C 项正确。 例3: Cigarette smoking is believed by most research workers in this field to be an important factor in the development of cancer of the lungs and the throat, and is believed to be related to cancer of the bladder (膀胱) and the oral cavity(口腔). Male cigarette smokers have a higher death rate from heart disease than non-smoking males. Female smokers are thought to be less affected because they do not breathe in the smoke so deeply. The majority of physicians and researchers consider these relationships proved to their satisfaction and say, ―Give up smoking. If you don‘t smoke, don‘t start‖. Some competent physicians and research workers ____ though their small number is dwindling(减少) even further _____ are less sure of the effect of cigarette smoking on health. They consider the increase in respiratory(呼吸的) diseases and various forms of cancer may possibly be explained by other factors in the complex human environment ____ atmospheric pollution, increased nervous stress, chemical substances in processed food, or chemical pesticides that are now being used by farmers in vast quantities to destroy insects and small animals. Smokers who develop cancer or lung diseases, they say, may also, by coincidence, live in industrious areas, or eat more canned food. Gradually, however, research is isolating all other possible factors and proving them to be statistically irrelevant. While all tobacco smoking affects life expectancy and health, cigarette smoking appears to have a much greater effect than cigar or pipe smoking. However, nicotine consumption is not diminished by the latter forms, and current research indicates relationship between all forms of smoking and cancer of the mouth and throat. Filters and low tar(焦油) tobacco are claimed to make smoking to some extent safer, but they can only marginally(非主要地) reduce, not eliminate, the hazard. Questions: 1.The author‘s attitude towards smoking is _____ . A. critical B. approving C. questioning D. subjective 2.The author‘s purpose of writing the passage is to ______ . A. offer advice on how to give up smoking B. explain the influence of cigarette smoking on health C. list the factors that can cause cancer D. compare the opinions on the effect of smoking 答案: 1. A 2. B 例4: Editor, While a new school term is about to begin, perhaps we should reconsider the matter of examination. In July, two writers (Letters to the Editor) praised the cancellation of exams because they believe ―tests don‘t tell the whole story.‖ As teacher who has worked in four countries, I have had the experience that a student who earns good marks is generally a good student. And that a student‘s final mark in a subject is usually a grade average of the year‘s work. Of course there are exceptions, but they do not have the frequency that would give an unfair picture of a student‘s ability. The simple fact is that proper class work, diligent exam studies and good marks are almost certain indicators of a student‘s future performance. The opposite, almost certainly, incompetent. There is no acceptable substitute for competition and examination of quality. How could teachers and future officials determine what a student has learned and remembered should we simply take the students from fair and formal exams? It is misguided if not ignorant. And surely the ―graduates‖ of such institutions will lack trustworthiness, not to mention being rejected by foreign universities for graduate or other studies. When all is said and done, I sense that a fear of failure and a fear of unpleasant comparison with others is at the bottom of most ban-exams talks. Excellence and quality fear nothing. On the contrary, they seek competition and desire the satisfaction of being the best. Question: Which of the following will the author of this passage probably agree with, A. Tests are an effective measure of the students‘ abilities. B. Tests are not effective in measuring the students‘ abilities. C. Tests can only measure some of the students‘ abilities. D. Tests may not be useful for measuring the students‘ abilities. 这是一篇典型的驳论文, 第一段作者提出了要批驳的论点 “考试并不能说明一切”。接下来三段作者用自己的亲身经历和翔实的论据驳斥了 “考试无用论”。在最后一段，作者明确总结:说一千，道一万，我感觉“废除考试论”者的思想根源在于他们害怕失败，害怕比不过别人。由此可知作者明显是赞成把考试作为测试学生能力的手段的，正确答案应为A。 10.因果关系考题 表示因果考题的标志词有:because, because of, in that, for，as, since, that, cause, reason, as a result of…, consequence, result in\from, originate from等。主要考查学生对两个事件之间因果关系的正确理解。 例1: It reflects badly on the order of priorities in our society that schoolchildren can tell you the make of many cars on the road but cannot identify any but the most familiar trees and wildflowers. This is because, generally speaking, the educational system of the United States is squeezed indoors to a degree that stifles young minds. Few schools take advantage of the vast classroom of the outdoors to teach the things that really matter___ the basics of life on a threatened planet. Children study insects larvae(幼虫) and tadpoles(蝌蚪) in paper cups inside a classroom instead of having their knowledge filled out by examining the complex environment in which these creatures actually live. This is a pity, because a child is normally nature‘s most avid(渴望的) student. Every parent knows the propensity(嗜好) of small children to bring home caterpillars(毛虫), grasshoppers, toads(蟾蜍), and other small living things. But parents rarely encourage this instinctive attraction by imparting a knowledge of nature to their children. Too often, the interest of children in the natural world is diverted by the example of their elders into a concentration on the inanimate objects that money will buy. Question: According to the author, children often lose interest in nature because ______ . A. their curiosity is not encouraged B.their environment on the planet is threatened C. they think the indoors is like a schoolroom D. they tend to be afraid of insects and other small living things 答案: A 例2: Thatching is a solitary(独自的) craft, which often runs in families. The craft of thatching as it is practised today has changed very little since the Middle Ages. Over 800 full-time thatchers are employed in England and Wales today, maintaining and renewing the old roofs as well as thatching newer houses. Many property owners choose thatch not only for its beauty but because they know it will keep them cool in summer and warm in winter. Question: Thatched houses are still preferred because of _______ . A. their durability B. their easy maintenance C. their cheap and ready-made materials D. their style and comfort 许多人偏爱茅草做房顶的农舍不仅因为它的美观(style)而且还具有冬暖夏凉的特点(comfort )，答案也就很明显是D项。 例3: The electronic magnet was invented in England by William Sturgeon, who took an iron and bent it into the shape of a horseshoe. This ―horseshoe‖ was coated with varnish and a layer of copper wire was wrapped around it . An electric current was passed through the wire, thus making the rod magnetic. The rod was now, because of magnetic attraction, able to support nine pounds of iron. In the US, a scientist named Joseph Henry improved on Sturgeon‘s electromagnet by insulating the copper wire with silk. He was able to wrap many turns of wire around an iron core without danger of short circuits between the turns. His magnet could hold 2,300 pounds. This experiment prompted Henry to try his hand at converting magnetism into electricity. First he coiled(缠绕) some insulated wire around an iron bar, connecting both ends of the wire to a galvanometer(电流表). The iron bar was placed across the poles of the electromagnet. Then the coil of the electromagnet was connected to a battery. The galvanometer indicated a voltage, then dropped to zero. Henny signaled his assistant to disconnect the coil. The galvanometer showed that once again a voltage had been produced, although this time in the opposite direction. The principle of electromagnetic induction had thus been discovered. Unfortunately for Joseph Henry he did not publish his findings and someone else (Faraday) got the credit for the discovery. Question: Why did Sturgeon‘s electromagnet could support nine pounds of iron? A. Because the iron rod was bent into the shape of a ―horseshoe‖. B. Because the rod was coated with varnish. C. Because a layer of copper wire was wrapped around the rod. D. Because the rod was made magnetic by the passing current. Key: D 例4: Modern mass-production methods lower the cost of making goods, and thus give us better values. At the same time, American ingenuity(创造性) and science are constantly at work improving the quality of products. In this way better quality products at good values are continually being brought to the people of all income groups. As an example of how this works, when facial tissues were first put on the market in 1924, they were made in limited quantities and sold at 65 cents per box of 200. People liked these facial tissues immediately and began asking for them when they went into different stores. Because there was such a demand for the product, manufacturers began making tissues in larger and larger quantities. Because manufacturers were making tissues in greater quantities, their production costs were lowered, so that the cost of tissues went down. In the meanwhile, the quality of facial tissues was constantly improving, because more manufacturers went into the business of making tissues, and each manufacturer strove to make his product better than his competitors‘. Today, instead of costing 65 cents, a box of 200 facial tissues costs around one-third of that price, and they are both softer and stronger. When people are free to compete ____ when they are free to make more things and make them better _____ everyone benefits. Questions: 1. Producing facial tissues in large quantities resulted in _____ . A. a poorer product B. a monopoly of the industry by one manufacturer C. increased production costs D. decreased production costs 2. Improved quality of facial tissues resulted from _____ . A. mass-production methods B. popular demand for a better product C. a decrease in price D. competition among manufacturers 3. From this article, we can see that lower prices and improved quality occur ______ . A. as a result of the effect of one on the other B. always at the same time C. independently of each other D. through the kindness of manufacturers 答案:1. D 2. D 3.C 例5: In England recently three foreign gentlemen approached a bus stop. They studied the information on the sign attached to the concrete post and decided which bus to take. About five minutes later the bus they wanted came along. They prepared to board it. Suddenly there was a clamor(吵闹声) behind them. People rushed onto the bus and tried to push them out of the way. Someone shouted insulting remarks about foreigners. The bus conductor came rushing down the stairs to see what all the trouble was about. The three foreign gentlemen looked puzzled and embarrassed. No one had told them about the British custom of queuing for a bus so that the first person who arrived at a bus stop is the first to get on the bus. Learning the language of a country isn‘t enough. If you want to ensure a pleasant visit, find out as much as possible about the manners and customs of your hosts. You will probably be surprised just how different they can be from your own. A visitor to India would do well to remember that people there consider it impolite to use the left hand for passing food at table. The left hand is supposed to be used for washing yourself. Also in India, you might see a man apparently shaking his head at another and assume that he is disagreeing. But in many parts of India a rotating movement of the head is a gesture that signifies agreement or acceptance. Nodding your head when offered a drink in Bulgaria is likely to leave you thirsty. In that country you shake your head to signify ―yes‖; a nod indicates ―no‖. Arabs are known for their sumptuous(豪华的) hospitality. At a meal in countries on the Arabian Peninsula, you will find that any drinking vessel is repeatedly refilled as soon as you drain it. The way to indicate that you have had enough is to take the cup or glass in your hand and give it a little shake from side to side or place your hand over the top. In Europe it is quite usual to cross your legs when sitting talking to someone even at an important meeting. Doing this when meeting an important person in Thailand, however, could cause offence. It is considered too informal an attitude for such an occasion. Also when in Thailand avoid touching the head of an adult ____ it‘s just not done. Questions: 1.Why did someone at the bus stop shout insulting remarks about the foreigners? A. They were rude and impolite to that person. B. They had tried to push that person out of the way. C. They had not waited in a queue to get on the bus. D. They did not know the language well enough. 2.What must you do if you wish to ensure a pleasant visit to a foreign country? A. Master the language of that country. B. Speak less and watch more. C. Wait and see unless you are sure of success. D. Learn more about the culture as well as ensuring a command of the language. 答案: 1. C 2. D 11.主旨性考题 主旨性考题，顾名思义，要求考生判断文章的中心思想。标志词有:main idea, main topic, best title, subject, theme, purpose of the writer等。 注意:有超过一半的文章主旨出现在文章的开头和结尾。正确选项特征为概括、宏观、抽象。 例1: The appeal of advertising to buying motives can have both negative and positive effects. Consumers may be convinced to buy a product of poor quality or high price because of an advertisement. For example, some advertisers have appealed to people‘s desire for better fuel economy for their cars by advertising automotive products that improve gasoline mileage. Some of the products work. Others are worthless and a waste of consumers‘ money. Sometimes advertising is intentionally misleading. A few years ago a brand of bread was offered to dieters(节食者) with the message that there were fewer calories(卡，热量单位) in every slice. It turned out that the bread was not dietetic(适合于节食的), but just regular bread. There were fewer calories because it was sliced very thin, but there were the same number of calories in every loaf. On the positive side, emotional appeals may respond to a consumer‘s real concerns. Consider fire insurance. Fire insurance may be sold by appealing to fear of loss. But fear of loss is the real reason for fire insurance. The security of knowing that property is protected by insurance makes the purchase of fire insurance a worthwhile investment for most people. If consumers consider the quality of the insurance plans as well as the message in the ads, they will benefit from the advertising. Each consumer must evaluate her or his own situation. Are the benefits of the product important enough to justify buying it? Advertising is intended to appeal to consumers, but it does not force them to buy the product. Consumers still control the final buying decision. Question: The passage is mainly about______ . A.ways to protect the interests of the consumer B. how to make a wise buying decision C.the function of advertisements in promoting sales D.the positive and negative aspects of advertising 通过文章首句:广告诱发购买动机具有消极和积极的两方面影响,不难了解文章主要围绕这两方面展开，故D项正确。 例2: The way people hold to the belief that a fun-filled, pain-free life equals happiness actually reduces their chances of ever attaining real happiness. If fun and pleasure are equal to happiness, then pain must be equal to unhappiness. But in fact, the opposite is true: more often than not, things that lead to happiness involve some pain. As a result, many people avoid the very attempts that are the source of true happiness. They fear the pain inevitably brought by such thing as marriage, raising children, professional achievement, religious commitment (承担的义务), self-improvement. Ask a bachelor(单身汉) why he resists marriage even though he finds dating to be less and less satisfying. If he is honest he will tell you that he is afraid of making a commitment. For commitment is in fact quite painful. The single life is filled with fun, adventure, excitement. Marriage has such moments, but they are not its most distinguishing features. Couples with infant children are lucky to get a whole night‘s sleep or a three-day vacation. I don‘t know any parent who would choose the word fun to describe raising children. But couples who decide not to have children never know the joys of watching a child grow up or of playing with a grandchild. Understanding and accepting that true happiness has nothing to do with fun is one of the most liberating realizations. It liberates time: now we can devote more hours to activities that can genuinely increase our happiness. It liberates money: buying that new car or those fancy clothes that will do nothing to increase our happiness now seems pointless. And it liberates us from envy: we now understand that all those who are always having so much fun actually may not be happy at all. Question: What is the author trying to tell us? A. Happiness often goes hand in hand with pain. B. One must know how to attain happiness. C. It is important to make commitments. D. It is pain that leads to happiness. Key: A 例3: Many a young person tells me he wants to be a writer. I always encourage such people, but I also explain that there‘s big difference between ―being a writer‖ and writing. In most cases these individuals are dreaming of wealth and fame, not the long hours alone at a typewriter. ―You‘ve got to want to write,‖ I say to them, ―not want to be a writer.‖ The reality is that writing is a lonely, private and poor-paying affair. For every writer kissed by fortune there are thousands more whose longing is never rewarded. When I left a 20-year career in the U.S. Coast Guard to become a freelance writer(自由撰稿人), I had no prospects at all. What I did have was a friend who found me my room in a New York apartment building. It didn‘t even matter that it was cold and had no bathroom. I immediately bought a used manual typewriter and felt like a genuine writer. After a year or so, however, I still hadn‘t gotten a break and began to doubt myself. It was so hard to sell a story that barely made enough to eat. But I knew I wanted to write. I had dreamed about it for years. I wasn‘t going to be one of those people who die wondering, What if? I would keep putting my dream to the test—even though it meant living with uncertainty and fear of failure. This is the shadowland of hope, and anyone with a dream must learn to live there. Question: The passage is meant to __________. A. warn young people of the hardships that a successful writer has to experience B. advise young people to give up their idea of becoming a professional writer C. show young people it‘s unrealistic for a writer to pursue wealth and fame D. encourage young people to becoming a writer career Key: A 例4: Americans are proud of their variety and individuality, yet they love and respect few things more than a uniform, whether it is the uniform of an elevator operator or the uniform of a five-star general. Why are uniforms so popular in the United States? Among the arguments for uniforms, one of the first is that in the eyes of most people they look more professional than civilian(百姓的) clothes. People have become conditioned to expect superior quality from a man who wears a uniform. The television repairman who wears a uniform tends to inspire more trust than one who appears in civilian clothes. Faith in the skill of a garage mechanic is increased by a uniform. What easier way is there for a nurse, a policeman, a barber, or a waiter to lose professional identity(身份) than to step out of uniform? Uniforms also have many practical benefits. They save on other clothes. They save on laundry bills. They are tax-deductible(可减税的). They are often more comfortable and more durable than civilian clothes. Primary among the arguments against uniforms is their lack of variety and the consequent loss of individuality experienced by people who must wear them. Though there are many types of uniforms, the wearer of any particular type is generally stuck with it, without change, until retirement. When people look alike, they tend to think, speak, and act similarly, on the job at least. Uniforms also give rise to some practical problems. Though they are longlasting, often their initial expense is greater than the cost of civilian clothes. Some uniforms are also expensive to maintain, requiring professional dry cleaning rather than the home laundering possible with many types of civilian clothes. Question: The best title for this passage would be _______. A. Uniform and Society B. The Importance of Wearing a Uniform C. Practical Benefits of Wearing a Uniform D. Advantages and Disadvantages of Uniforms Key: D Question: The passage is mainly about______ . A.ways to protect the interests of the consumer B. how to make a wise buying decision C.the function of advertisements in promoting sales D.the positive and negative aspects of advertising 通过文章首句:广告诱发购买动机具有消极和积极的两方面影响,不难了解文章主要围绕这两方面展开，故D项正确。 例5: While I was studying at Yale, I had the good fortune to meet many intelligent and talented Chinese students that found it hard for them to communicate freely with Americans, even though they had been studying in communicating with Americans. ―I know so many English words and my grammar is perfect,‖ they would say to me, ―but I still cannot communicate very well with Americans.‖ The problem is that although they have all the parts to make the machine, they lack the simple theory to make the machine functional. ―Although you understand English well enough,‖ I would reply, ―you still don‘t understand how native speakers use the language to achieve their ends.‖ When I came to Beijing to teach English, I realized that this grasp of how language is used socially was absent not only in the classroom but also in all walks of life(各行各业的人). An American who is a fan of the Chinese women‘s football team once said to me, ―Why is it that no one goes to watch the team? It‘s because they don‘t believe it‘s interesting enough.‖ ―Right. No one is interested in the Chinese women‘s football team,‖ I replied, ―because they don‘t believe that it‘s interesting.‖ ―But if the team had someone competent to handle public relations, then that person could make people interested in the team,___ could , in effect, persuade people that it was interesting. Did you know that a good advertiser was able to turn Florida into a favorite vacation spot for old people and convince people that eating ice cream in winter was a good idea? Marketing and public relations(PR) don‘t exist in China.‖ His last remark was perhaps an exaggeration. But it is substantially true that Chinese lack marketing and public relations skills. And this is because they lack a subtle(精妙的, 精致的) understanding of how language can be used. Without that understanding, they cannot create these skills or even readily assimilate(吸收) them from other cultures. Americans are so adept at marketing and PR because they understand the power of language. If Chinese wish to communicate with Westerners, they must also come to understand this power. The path to such an understanding is the field known as rhetoric(修辞学). Principles derived from rhetoric govern the use of language to shape opinion in the west. Rhetoric means different things to different people, but essentially it is the analysis of language as power ___ as a way to communicate with others and persuade them to accept your views, but also as power to understand yourself and the world around you. Thus rhetoric is about communication and self-expression. And you must first understand how others think and feel before you can enable them to understand how you think and feel. For example, if you were a Westerner applying for a job, you would first strive to tell the firm what you could do for them before telling the firm what they could do for you. As Americans put it, you have to do your homework before you go to a serious job interview: find out what the company does, what it needs, what its executives(主管) are looking for in potential employees. Then as much as possible present yourself in line with(同…一致) what you have discovered. Essentially this means what you must plan, order and adjust your words to suit your audience. The assumption(假设) behind rhetoric is that we can only comprehend the world through language; it is language that shapes our understanding of the world and others. Accordingly, someone who can control language can shape (and perhaps even control) others‘ perceptions(感知). That is why in America marketing and public relations are so pervasive(普遍深入的) __ because Americans believe that language can be used to change the way people think, and that language is used to express oneself. The Chinese view modesty as a virtue and easily equate(使…相等) self-expression with arrogance(傲慢态度); they tend to be introspective(反省的), even introverted(性格内向的). Little wonder then that they find rhetoric as alien(外国的)as Western argumentativeness(好与人辩论) and outspokenness(直言不讳). However, if a Chinese wishes to communicate with an American, then he should understand the Western approach to language fist(此处指语言的使用). And if a Chinese develops an awareness of rhetoric, he may eventually discover that he too, in some sphere or other of his life, has been using rhetoric without knowing it. In the end, rhetoric is more than just an approach to language __ it is a theory of life and living. Questions: 1.What does the passage mainly discuss? A. Chinese students are good at English grammar and know many English words. B. For Chinese students, they have a great task to improve their eloquence(口才). C. Chinese students should learn some about the rhetoric. D. Chinese students should take hold of the knowledge of marketing and public relations. 2.Which of the following conclusions does the passage support? A. Marketing and public relations don‘t exist in China. B. If a Chinese develops an awareness of rhetoric, he may eventually discover that in his life, he has been using rhetoric without knowing it. C. The assumption behind rhetoric is that we can only comprehend the world through language. D. The Chinese view modesty as a virtue and easily equate self-expression with arrogance. 3.With what topic is Paragraph 6 mainly concerned? A. Chinese lack marketing and public relations skills. B. If Chinese wish to communicate with Westerners, they must also come to understand the power of language. C. Chinese lack a subtle understanding of how language can be used. D. Americans are so adept at marketing and PR because they understand the power of language. 答案: 1.B 2.B 3.B 12.细节性考题 细节性考题为阅读理解考题的基本考题。笔者统计了近年两次考试的40道阅读题目，细节题共有27题，占阅读题量的近70%。此类考题相对简单，因此是我们的拿分部分，有必要争取全部细节性考题答题正确。所谓细节题就是把 文章中某一句话甚至半句话拿出来单考，理解对了，答案就选对了。关键是找准题干，也就是location(定位)要对。做细节理解题时, 要特别留心1. 做正误判断题时，要仔细对比状语部分有无改变，概念是否已被偷换，是否存在张冠李戴现象等;Which of the following statements is true\ false\ not true? Which of the following statements is true of sb. \ sth.? Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage? 2. 做补全句子题时，要注意在表述原文意思准确的前提下，语法是否正确，句子是否完整，前后衔接是否得当;3.在做寻找细节内容题时，要看准who(whom), what, where, how, when, why诸点;4. 在做数字计算题时，要谨慎注意数字之间的加减乘除关系，提放隐藏的机关。 例1: The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the "Net" was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the "Web" in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video. Question: Which of the following statements is not true? A. The World Wide Web first appeared in 1990. B. The World Wide Web has collected a lot of Internet sites for people to search for information from. C. The World Wide Web is a network of computerized typewriters. D.Besides text links, the World Wide Web allows people to make graph, image and even video links. 答案:C 例2: India has the largest number of poor and hungry people ____ about 360 million, 40 percent of its population. Population growth has virtually nullified(使……无价值) the potential impact of the impressive growth in domestic food production. The burden of hungry and poverty falls disproportionately(不相称地) on women and their children. The maternal mortality rate, estimated at 340 for every 100,000 live births, is one of the highest in the world. There are now more severely malnourished children under five years of age in India than in all of sub-Saharan Africa. Of the estimated 184 million underweight children worldwide, 40 percent are in India, and their number continues to increase. Poverty is particularly severe among the tribal and scheduled castes who live in the forests that cover 22 percent of the country. Forest resources are being fast depleted. Sixty-two percent of the tribal groups and 54 percent of scheduled groups live below the poverty line. To alleviate(缓解) India‘s ―silent‖ emergency and prevent wide-scale disaster, it is necessary to address the root cause of poverty and improve the health, nutrition, education and training of the poor. Implementing poverty alleviation programs on the scale required will need considerable resources and a substantial reallocation of public expenditure including international aid. WFP‘s (World Food Programs) contribution is provided through 12 ongoing development projects, with a total WFP commitment of $ 285 million. Questions: 1. India has a population as large as ____ million. A. 144 B. 360 C. 900 D. 460 2. How many underweight children are there in India now according to the passage? A. about 55 million B. about 73 million C. 184 million D. some 84 million 答案: 1.C 2.B 例3: What should be the reasons for the higher rate of suicide in rural areas? There are several possible explanations. Certainly, economic stress is one of the factors that everybody talks about in terms of producing an idea of suicide and suicide behavior. And very intense economic problems are more common right now in rural areas than in urban areas. Some people say there's the educational level. Our research doesn't seem to confirm this. We think the major factor is the ready availability of pesticides. People in the city would take half a bottle of sleeping pills, would be taken to the emergency room and watched out, would be well and go home two hours later. In the rural areas, you might take half a bottle of pesticide and be dead two hours later. So our understanding is that one of the reasons for high rates in rural areas is that more of those attempted suicides are actually becoming completed, because the method they use is very dangerous and the treatment resources in rural areas are poor. In our finding, 62% of all the suicides in the country are from pesticide or from rat poison. And of those, more than half of them received medical treatment but medical treatment wasn't successful. So, if we could just improve the medical treatment they receive, we could save 50,000 lives a year, decreasing the suicide rate by 18%. Question: The author attributed the comparatively higher rate of suicide in rural areas mainly to ____ . A. educational level B. economic stress C. divorce D.the ready availability of pesticides 答案: D 例4: stWe are fortunate to live in the 21 century with all the benefits of modern science and technology. We do not have to draw water from deep wells. Instead we use running water. We do not have to go on foot to the nearest town to buy daily necessities. Instead, we drive in our cars. When the temperature gets too high in summer or too low in winter, we just turn on the air-conditioner. In short, life for us is much easier than in the past centuries, and we live a longer life, enjoy better health and have access to more comforts. However, not all things that come with the advance of science and technology are benefits. Destruction of our environment is one obvious example. Less obvious but nevertheless equally harmful is fatness and the health problems it causes in people, such as high blood pressure and heart trouble. On the other hand, in modern societies, opportunities seem to get less and less equal. While a few lucky ones accumulate wealth quickly, the vast majority of people struggle to make ends meet. And the widening gap between the haves and the have-nots leads directly or indirectly to violence and crime. It seems to us high time to reconsider our policies concerning technology and development. While continuing our efforts to pursue the most up-to-date technology, we need to seek a balance between economic and social development. We should devote more of our resources to education and the cultivation of civic virtues, so that economic development will bring the greatest benefits to the vast majority of our people. Question: Which of the following statements is false according to the passage? A.All things that come with the advance of science and technology are not benefits. B.With all the benefits of modern science and technology, our life is much easier than in the past centuries. C.The widening gap between the rich and poor results from modern science and technology. D.It is time that we reflected on our policies on technology and development. 答案:C 例5: “We are not about to enter the Information Age，but instead are rather well into it”. Present predictions are that by 1990, about thirty million jobs in the United States, about thirty percent of the job market, will be computer-related. In 1980, only twenty-one percent of all United States high schools owned one or more computers for student use. In the fall of 1985, a new survey revealed that half of United States secondary schools have fifteen or more computers for student use. And now educational experts, administrators, and even the general public are demanding that all students become ―computer literate‖. ―By the year 2000 knowledge of computers will be necessary in over eighty percent of all occupations‖. Soon those people not educated in computer use will be compared to those who are print illiterate today. Question: In 1990, the number of jobs having nothing to with computers in the United States will be reduced to _______ million. A) 30 B)100 C) 40 D) 70 本题涉及―Present predictions are that by 1990, about thirty million jobs in the United States, about thirty percent of the job market, will be computer-related.‖ 该句明确指出在1990年―thirty million‖的工作与电脑有关, 且占了全部工作市场的30%。换句话说，当年在工作市场中与电脑无关的工作占其工作总量的70%。我们可设整个工作总量为X，便可得一方程式30%X,30 million，解方程可算出X等于100 million，再拿100 million 减去30 million 得出70 million，即为答案，故选D。 例6: In one way of thinking, failure is part of life. In another way, failure may be a way towards success. The ―spider-story‖is often told. Robert Bruce, leader of the Scots in ththe 13 century, was hiding in a cave from the English. He watched a spider spinning a web. The spider tried to reach across a rough place in the rock. He tried six times to span the gap. On the seventh time he made it and went on to spin his web. Bruce is said to have taken heart and to have gone on to defeat the English. Edison, the inventor of the light bulb, made hundreds of models that failed before he found the right way to make one. Once he was asked why he kept on trying to make a new type of battery when he had failed so often, he replied, ―failure? I have no failures. Now I know 50,000 ways it won‘t work. ‖ So what? First, always think about your failure. What caused it,Were conditions right? Were you in top form yourself? What can you change to make things go right next time? Second, is the goal you‘re trying to reach the right one? Try to do some thinking about this question, ―if I do succeed in this, where will it get me?‖ This may help you prevent failure in things you shouldn‘t be doing anyway. The third to bear in mind about failure is that it‘s part of life. Learn to live with yourself even though you may have failed. Remember, ―you can‘t win them all‖. Question: Which of the following statements is NOT true? A. Edison had failed hundreds of times before he found the right way. B. The ―spider-story‖is often told to encourage those that are in failure. C. We should learn to accept failure. D. We should not often think about our failure. 答案:D 例7: Intelligent young people want to go to university, and it is logical for a country to provide university places for them to ensure that there will be good trained men and women to run the Government and industry in the future. So in the 1960s the Government set up a number of new universities in Britain to give everyone with sufficient opportunity to study. But now something has gone wrong. There is still fierce competition to go to university to study arts subjects, but many places for scientists are not taken up. The new university concentrated on science because it seemed practical. They developed new courses so as not to imitate traditional university education. Why have their calculations proved wrong? One reason is that a lot of young people can get enough qualifications to work in industry by going to technical school. But this does not explain why the majority of students still prefer arts subjects to science subjects. Question: What makes the new university different from the traditional ones? A. Their curriculum is more scientifically planned. B. There are more art students in them. C. There are more science subjects in them. D. They are equipped with more modern facilities. 答案:C 例8: By 1970, according to a World Wildlife Fund report, only 4,500 tigers survived throughout the world___ half of them in India. Mr. Foresters, who followed and counted tiger footprints, estimated that in May 1972 only about 1,800 tigers existed in India. Project Tiger supported by W.W.F. was immediately launched. Nine tiger reserves were created, with armed guards protecting them. The project provided opportunities for researchers from India and abroad to study tigers in the reserves and gather previously unavailable information about their habits. Studies show that a male tiger may control a hunting territory of between 10 and 20 sq. kms, depending on its age, size and strength. The territory of a male includes the smaller territories of three or four tigresses. A tiger marks the boundaries of its territory by spraying urine(尿) and other bodily liquids on bushes. But it tries to avoid territorial fights, being guided by the distinctive body smell of other tigers. Tigers fight to death only when a tigress is defending her young, or when a tiger is guarding a tigress from the attention of the other males. The popular image of the tiger is that of a merciless and unconquerable hunter. But studies show that it catches only one of 20 victims(牺牲品) it has tried to attack. Fears have recently developed that Project Tiger has been too successful. It has enabled the tiger population to double (by mid-80s) but India‘s human population has also grown out of control. Currently it is 750 million and likely to be 900 million by the end of the century. Land problem is becoming serious and many rural people feel bitter about the fact that some rich forests are reserved for tigers. A growing number of attacks by tigers on man has added to the hostility(敌意). Questions: 1.The ultimate aim of Project Tiger is to _____ . A. study the growth rate of tigers B. protect tigers from being killed C. promote the breeding of young tigers D. analyze the behavioral patterns of tigers 2.Studies have shown that _________ . A. a tigress never attacks until attacked B. the tigress is not as fierce as the tiger C. a tiger usually fights another tiger to defend its own territory D. the tiger is not an efficient hunter as is commonly described 3.According to the passage, a tiger‘s territory __________ . A. remains unchanged B. is often defended by tigresses C. expands as the tiger grows up D. is the cause of most fights 4.Some people are afraid that Project Tiger ________ . A. has been carried too far B. has not received enough attention C. has failed to achieve its goal D. is not worth the money spent on it 5.The author seems _________ . A. to be enthusiastic about Project Tiger B. to have a matter-of-fact attitude towards Project Tiger C. to have a hostile attitude towards Project Tiger D. to be satisfied with Project Tiger Keys: 1.B 2.D 3.C 4.A 5.B 例9: Divorce, once an unusual event, is now common. Divorce rates have been rising in all Western countries. In many countries the rates are rising even faster than in the United States. In 1910 the divorce rate for the United States was 87 per 1,000 marriages. In 1965 the rate had risen to an estimated figure of well over 300 per 1,000 in many parts of the country. At the present time 40 per cent of all brides are between the ages of fifteen and eighteen; half of these marriages break up within five years. As our population becomes younger and the age of marriage continues to drop, the divorce rate will rise to much higher levels, and most divorces today involve families with children. Divorce affected less than 15% of children born in 1955. Today, that percentage has doubled. It has been estimated that a third of the children born in 1980s will experience a parental divorce before they reach age 18. Researchers are only beginning to understand the many ways that divorce can affect children. Under present arrangements in which marriages seem to be lifetime contracts and then are broken through various tricks or terrible battles in court, the children do suffer. Marriage and divorce turn lovers into enemies, and the child is left to thread his way through the emotional wreckage of his parents‘ lives. Financial support of the children is not really a problem in our society today. Lasting emotional support of children by loving adults is a serious problem in America, and it is an extremely urgent problem in many families where divorce is unthinkable. If the bitter stage of divorce could be avoided by frank acceptance of short-term marriages, both adults and children would benefit. If husbands and wives and ex-husbands and ex-wives can treat each other politely and generously, their children will benefit. Questions: 1.Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage? A. Divorce used to be a very uncommon phenomenon. B. The financial support of the children from divorced families is beyond question. C. A short-term marriage will benefit both parents and children. D. Families should hold a correct attitude toward the breakdown of marriages. 2.What is the author‘s attitude towards the divorce problem in the United States? A. Indifferent B. Defensive C. Pessimistic D. Concerned 3.The percentage of children affected by divorce at the time when the author wrote this article was ______ . A. approximately 30% B. 87‰ C. 15% or so D. 300‰ 4.Which of the following is not true? A. About a third of children born in 1980s will undergo a parental divorce in the United States. B. In 1965 the divorce rates in the United States rose to much higher than 300‰. C. ―The divorce rates in the United States are rising fastest in the world,‖ said the author. D. According to the author, only less than 15% of children born in 1955 were affected by divorce in the U.S. 答案: 1. C 2. D 3. A 4. C 例10: In the history of the human race, the use of prisons as punishment for crimes is of fairly recent origin. A long time ago, prisons were merely places of preliminary detention(拘留). People were locked up in them to wait for torture, execution, or other cruel punishment. In the late Middle Ages the people of Europe became angry about the cruelties of that system and protested. Therefore, less cruel techniques of punishment were used, such as banishment(流放) and imprisonment The early settlers of America brought with them the idea of isolating prisoners. They could not see or talk to each other and could not read and exercise by themselves. After a long isolation, the prisoners could be released because they would not commit any more crimes. The Walnut Street Jail in America operated on this idea. In the latter part of the eighteenth century, however, a religious group stopped that system. At the end of the nineteenth century, a new idea was introduced. It permitted prisoners to work together in groups during the day. It also reduced problems of administration. Afterward many prisons were built in America and abroad which operated on this idea. Questions: 1.The existence of the prison as punishment __________ . A. started long ago B. first appeared in the Middle Ages C. has a short history D. is for murderers 2.The prisons in the past were __________ . A. comfortable B. unbearable C. acceptable D. futile(无效的) 3.When prisoners were isolated, ______________ . A. they were alone and forbidden to contact with other people B. they were not allowed to be with others except lunch time C. they lived alone and occasionally needed others‘ help D. they should read and exercise by themselves 4.All the following statements are true EXCEPT ____________ . A. The new idea about the prison was accepted at the end of the nineteenth century B. Banishment and imprisonment were considered as comparatively less cruel punishment C. Isolation system proved to be very successful D. The new idea about the prison was spreading quickly and widely in the world 5.__________ might serve as the most appropriate title. A. Modern Prison B. The Prison and the New Idea C. Isolation and Punishment D. The Development of the Prison Keys: 1. C 2.B 3.A 4.C 5.D 例11: Higher education is given in colleges and universities. The average course is four years. Students choose a ―major‖ subject and take many courses in this subject. After four years, they get a bachelor‘s degree. Then the students may go on to graduate school and with a year or two of further study get a master‘s degree. After another year or two of study or research, they may get a still higher degree as doctor of philosophy. Higher education trains people to become teachers, nurses, engineers, dentists or do other professional work. Lawyers and doctors must go to school longer than four years. Question: Which of the following is false according to the paragraph? A. Higher education is given at colleges and universities. B. Lawyers and doctors must go to school longer than four years. C. The students go on to graduate school and with a year or two of further study get a doctor‘s degree. D. Students choose a ―major‖ subject and take many courses in this subject. Key: C 例12: Atoms are all around us. They are the bricks of which everything is made. Many millions of atoms are contained in just one grain of salt, but despite their small size they are very important. The way an everyday object behaves depends on what kinds of atoms are in it and how they act. For instance, you know that most solid objects melt if they get hot enough. Why is this? It is the effect of the heat on the object‘s atoms. All atoms move constantly. When they are hot, they move faster. Usually the atoms in an object hold together and give the object its shape. But, if the object grows hot, its atoms move so fast that they break the force that usually holds them together. They move out of their usual places so that the object loses its shape. Then we say that the object is melting. Questions: 1.The author says that the way an object behaves depends on the _____ . A. kinds of atoms in it B. number of atoms in it C. way its atoms behave D. both A and C 2.According to the author atoms in an object move __________ . A. at all times B. only when the object is heated C. when they grow hot D. unless the object has melted 3.An object holds its shape because its atoms ____________ . A. usually hold together B. move very fast C. are very hot D. are not moving 4.When its atoms leave their usual places, we say that an object is _____ . A. shrinking B. expanding C. changing places D. melting Keys: 1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 阅读综合练习: Passage 1 Though some people have suggested that women should return to house- work in order to leave more jobs for men, the ideas have been rejected by both women and men in public opinion polls. Lately some union officials have suggested that too many women are employed in types of work more suitable for men and that women should step aside to make way for unemployed young men. They argue that women _____ especially women in their childbearing years actually delay economic development and result in lower productivity, poor quality and inefficiency. To solve the problem, they have suggested that the working women stay at home while their husbands or brothers were given double wages. They argue that under these circumstances, families would retain their same level of income, and women could run the house and raise children much batter. The suggestion has been flatly rejected 9 out of 10 people polled. A hundred persons in a big city were questioned last summer. Out of 50 women, 46 said they were unwilling to leave their jobs, no matter what the situation. The other 4 said they would like to return home if their jobs could be taken by their sons or daughters. Of 50 men polled, only 6 said they would like to see their wives resign their jobs, if it meant higher wages for themselves. Some other people have suggested another way called "phased employment" theory. The theory suggests that a woman worker take leave from her job when she is seven months pregnant and stay off the job until her baby reaches the age of 3. It suggests that women on leave receive 75 percent of their normal salary and be allowed to return to work after the 3-year period. This will benefit children, women, their families and the society. Some of those polled, both women and men, felt the idea is a good one. It definitely seems to be more acceptable than the suggestion that women return to home forever. 1. Some union officials have suggested that women should return home because _____________ . A.all of them are employed in unsuitable types of work B.most skilled male workers are now unemployed C.their participation in work has a bad influence on the economic development D.nowadays no one can take care of children except women 2.Some union officials have suggested that if women give up their jobs, ___ . A.they should be allowed to attend school to be trained B.their jobs should be taken over by the male members of their families C.their children should also leave their kindergartens D.the male employees in their families should receive double wages 3.According to the passage, the suggestion that women should return to housework was _________ . A.welcomed by both men and women B.welcomed by men only C.welcomed by women only D.opposed by most men and women 4.From the passage we can see "phased employment" means ________ . A.two or more women share the same job B.women stay at home on weekdays and go to work on weekends or holidays C.a woman should resign her job forever if she has a child D.women are allowed to take leave from their jobs during their childbearing years 5.According to the "phased employment" theory, during a woman's leave from her job ___ . A.her work should be done by her husband or brothers B.either her husband or her brothers will be given double wages C.her family can still keep the normal level of income D.her family's income level will be a little lower than it normally is 答案:C D D D D Passage 2 A rapid means of long-distance transportation became a necessity for the United States as settlement spread ever farther westward. The early trains were impractical curiosities, and for a long time the railroad companies met with troublesome mechanical problems. The most serious ones were the construction of rails able to bear the load, and the development of a safe, effective stopping system. Once these were solved, the railroad was established as the best means of land transportation. By 1860 there were thousands of miles of railroads crossing the eastern mountain ranges and reaching westward to the Mississippi. There were also regional southern and western lines. The high point in railroad building came with the construction of the first transcontinental system. In 1862 Congress authorized two western railroad companies to build lines from Nebraska westward and from California eastward to a meeting point, so as to complete a transcontinental crossing linking the Atlantic seaboard with the Pacific. The government helped the railroads generously with money and land. Actual work on this project began four years later. The Central Pacific Company, starting from California, used Chinese labor, while the Union Pacific employed crews of Irish laborers. The two groups worked at remarkable speed, each trying to cover a greater distance than the other. In 1869 they met at a place called Promontory in what is now the state of Utah. Many visitors went there for the great occasion. There were joyous celebrations all over the country, with parades and the ringing of church bells to honor the great achievement. The railroad was very important in encouraging westward movement. It also helped build up industry and farming by moving raw materials and by distributing products rapidly to distant markets. In linking towns and people to one another it helped unify the United States. 1.The major problems with America's thrailroad system in the mid 19 century lay in ________ . A.poor quality rails and unreliable stopping systems B.lack of financial support for development C.limited railroad lines D.lack of a transcontinental railroad 2.The building of the first transcontinental system ________ . A.brought about a rapid growth of industry and farming in the west B.attracted many visitors to the construction sites C.attracted laborers from Europe D.encouraged people to travel all over the country 3.The best title for this passage would be ______________ . A.Settlement Spread Westward B.The Coast-to-Coast Railroad: A Vital Link C.American Railroad History D.The Importance of Trains in the American Economy 4.The construction of the transcontinental railroad took ___ years. A.9 B.7 C.4 D.3 5.What most likely made people think about a transcontinental railroad? A.The possibility of government support for such a task B.The need to explore Utah C.The need to connect the east coast with the west D.The need to develop the railroad industry in the west 答案:A A B D C Passage 3 Battles are like marriages. They have a certain fundamental experience they share in common; they differ infinitely, but still they are all alike. A battle seems to me a conflict of wills to the death in the same way that a marriage of love is the identification of two human beings to the end of the creation of life—as death is the reverse of life, and love of hate. Battles are commitments to cause death as marriages are commitments to create life. Whether, for any individual, either union results in death or in the creation of new life, each risks it—and in the risk one commits himself. As the servants of death, battles will always remain horrible. Those who are fascinated by them are being fascinated by death. There is no battle aim worthy of the name except that of ending all battles. Any other conception is, literally, suicidal. The fascist worship of battle is a suicidal drive; it is love of death instead of life. In the same idiom, to triumph battle over the forces which are fighting for death is—again literally—to triumph over death. It is surgeon’s triumph as he cuts a body and bloodies his hands in removing a cancer in order to triumph over the death that is in the body. In these thoughts I have found my own peace, and I return to an army that fights death in the name of life and hope. It is a good army. Believe in it. 1. According to the author, battles are similar to marriages in that they are ______. A. conflicts B. commitments C. involved with the life struggle D. ends 2. Although the author says that battles are horrible, he also says that ______. A. most people find fascination in them B. there is no battle aim worthy of the name C. one should love life and not death D. fighting to end battles is justifiable 3. The article says that the individual, in the battle and in marriage, must ______. A. make a union B. compromise his beliefs C. take the risks he has committed himself to D. recognize that death is the reverse of life 4. “The servants of death” (Para. 2) refers to _______. A. the battles B. those who are fascinated by death C. the worshipers fascism D. the weapons used in battle 5. It is suggested in the passage that the author tends to ______. A. think about life and death B. avoid any battles C. consider becoming a surgeon D. recognize that life and hope can triumph if one fights for them Passage 4 The best friend a man has in the world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter that he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those who we trust with our happiness and our good name may become traitors to their faith. The money that a man has, he may lose. It flies away from him, perhaps when he needs it most. A man’s reputation may be sacrificed in a moment of ill-considered action. The people who are prone to fall on their knees to do us honor when success is with us may be the first to throw the stone of ill-will upon our heads when failure settles us. The one absolutely unselfish friend that man can have in this selfish world, the one that never deserts him, the one that never proves ungrateful or treacherous is his dog. A man’s dog stands by him in prosperity and in poverty, in health and in sickness. He will sleep in the cold ground, where the wintry winds blow and the snow drives severely, if only he may be near his master’s side. He will kiss the hand that has no food to offer, he will lick the wounds and sores that come in encounter with the roughness world. He guards the sleep of his poor master as if he were a prince. When all other friends desert, he remains. When riches take wings and reputation falls to pieces, he is as constant in his love as the sun in its journey through the heavens. If fortune drives the master forth an outcast, friendless and homeless, the faithful dog asks no higher privilege than that of accompanying him, to guard him against danger, to fight against his enemies. And when the last scene of all comes, and death takes his master in its embrace and his body is laid away in the cold ground, no matter if all other friends pursue their way, there by the graveside will the noble dog be found, his head between his paws, his eyes sad but open in alert watchfulness, faithful and true even in death. 6. When his master dies, the dog ____ ___. A. dies too B. leaves with sadness C. cries again and again D. remain to guard his grave 7. According to this passage, ___ ____. A. people are selfish while the dog is always loyal to its master B. the money that a man has flies away when he needs it for his dog C. a man may have a reputation if he ahs a selfish dog D. the dog kisses his master’s hand in order to get some food 8. What conclusion can you arrive at 9. from this passage? A. In this selfish world, we may develop confidence in the dog rather than in human. B. No matter how poor the man is his dog will always treat him as a prince. C. When friends leave, it is the dog that remains. D. Dogs do not care much about prosperity and poverty. 9. What’s the tone of this passage? A. Critical B. Deliberate C. Cynical D. Passionate 10. The best topic for this passage is _____. A. dog, the faithful friend of human beings B. dog, the guard of human beings C. man prefers the dog to other animals D. dog is clever and a loyal animal Passage 5 The world is not only hungry, it is also thirsty for water. This may seem strange to you, since nearly 75% of the earth’s surface is covered with water. But about 97% of this huge amount is sea water, or salt water. Man can only drink and use the other 3%--the fresh water that comes from rivers, lakes, underground, and other sources. And we cannot even use all of that, because some of it is in the form of icebergs and glaciers. Even worse, some of it has been polluted. However, as things stand today, this small amount of fresh water, which is constantly being replaced by rainfall, is still enough for us. But our need for water is increasing rapidly almost day by day. Only if we take steps to deal with this problem now can we avoid a severe worldwide water shortage later on. A limited water supply would have a bad effect on agriculture and industry. Let me give you just one small example of how necessary water is to industry. Did you know that to produce a single ton of steel, it takes about 91,000 litres of water. We all have to learn how to stop wasting our precious water. One of the first steps we should take is to develop ways of reusing it. Experiments have already been done in this field, but only on a small scale. The systems that have been worked out resemble those used in spacecraft. 11. “The world … is also thirsty for water.” This means that _____. A. we have not enough fresh water to meet our future needs B. people all over the world are thirsty for water C. we are now facing a serious problem of worldwide water shortage D. we cannot make use of all the fresh water on earth 12. According to the passage, only about _____ of the earth’s surface is not covered with water. A. 75% B. 97% C. 3% D. 25% 13. We may face a severe worldwide water shortage in the future because _____. A. the small amount of fresh water is constantly being replaced by rainfall B. some of it has been polluted seriously C. some of it is in the form of icebergs and glaciers D. our need for fresh water is increasing rapidly 14. According to the passage, one of the first steps we should take to stop wasting our fresh water is _____. A. to handle the problem from now on B. to have lectures on the subject C. to develop ways of reusing it D. to work out systems that resemble those used in spacecraft 15. The passage is mainly discussing ______. A. water and the earth B. fresh water on earth C. water shortage problem D. experiments on how to reuse fresh water Passage 6 One phase of the business cycle is the expansion phase. This phase is a two-fold one, including recovery and prosperity. During the recovery period there is ever-growing expansion of existing facilities, and new facilities for production are created. More businesses are created and older ones expanded. Improvements of various kinds are made. There is an ever-increasing optimism about the future of economic growth. Much capital is invested in machinery or “heavy” industry. More labor is employed. More raw materials are required. As one part of the economy develops, other parts are affected. For example, a great expansion in automobiles results in an expansion of the steel glass, and rubber industries. Roads are required; thus the cement and machinery industries are stimulated. Demand for labor and materials results in greater prosperity for workers and suppliers or raw materials, including farmers. This increases purchasing power and the volume of goods bought and sold. Thus prosperity is diffused among the various segments of the population. This prosperity period may continue to rise and rise without an apparent end. However, a time comes when this phase reaches a peak and stops spiraling upwards. This is the end of the expansion phase. 16. What will most probably be discussed in the following paragraphs? A. Cyclical industries B. The status of the farmer C. The higher cost of living D. The recession period 17. The best title for this passage is _____. A. The Business Cycle B. The Recovery Stage C. An Expanding Society D. The Period of Good Times 18. Prosperity in one industry ______. A. reflects itself in many other Industries B. will spiral upwards C. will affect the steel industry D. will end abruptly 19. Which of the following industries will probably be a good indicator of a period of expansion? A. Toys B. Machine tools C. Foodstuffs D. Farming 20. During the period of prosperity, people regard and the future _____. A. cautiously B. in a confident manner C. opportunely D. indifferently 答案: 1-5 B D C A D 6-10 D A A D A 11-15 C D D C C 16-20 D D A B B Passage 7 Do you find getting up in the morning so difficult that it‘s painful ? This might be called laziness, but Dr. Kleitman has a new explanation. He has proved that everyone has a daily energy cycle. During the hours when you labor through your work you may say that you‘re ―hot‖. That‘s true .The time of day when you feel most energetic is when your cycle of body temperature is at its peak. For some people the peak comes during the forenoon. For others it comes in the afternoon or evening. No one has discovered why this is so, but it leads to such familiar monologues(自言自语)as, ― Get up, John! You will be late for work again!‖ The possible explanation to the trouble is that John is at his temperature-and-energy peak in the evening. Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean and which cycle each member of the family has. You can‘t change your energy cycle, but you can learn to make your life fit it better. Habit can help, Dr, Kleitman believes. Maybe you‘re sleepy in the evening but feel you must stay up late anyway. Counteract(对抗)your cycle to some extent by habitually staying up later than you want to. If your energy is low in the morning but you have an important job to do early in the day, rise before your usual hour. This won‘t change your cycle, but you‘ll get up steam(鼓起干劲)and work better at your low point. Get off to a slow start which saves your energy. Get up with a leisurely yawn and stretch. Sit on the edge of the bed a minute before putting your feet on the floor. Avoid the troublesome search for clean clothes by laying them out the night before. Whenever possible, do routine work in the afternoon and save tasks requiring more energy or concentration for your sharper hours. 1.If a person finds getting up early a problem, most probably_______ . A. he is a lazy person B. he refuses to follow his own energy cycle C. he is not sure when his energy is low D. he is at his peak in the afternoon or evening 2.Which of the following may lead to family quarrels according to the passage? A. Unawareness of energy cycles. B. Familiar monologues. C. A change in a family member‘s energy cycle. D. Attempts to control the energy cycle of other family members. 3. If one wants to work more efficiently at his low point in the morning, he should______ . A) change his energy cycle B) overcome his laziness C) get up earlier than usual D) go to bed earlier 4. You are advised to rise with a yawn and stretch because it will_____ . A. help to keep your energy for the day‘s work B. help you to control your temper early in the day C. enable you to concentrate on your routine work D. keep your energy cycle under control all day 5. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE? A. Getting off to work with a minimum effort helps save one‘s energy. B. Dr. Kleitman explains why people reach their peaks at different hours of day. C. Habit helps a person adapt to his own energy cycle. D. Children have energy cycles, too. 试题解析 答案: 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., (,)推断测试题。根据文章第一段可以看出早晨起不来同一个人每天的能量周期有关。根据第二段中约翰的自言自语，以及接下来的解释:“ John is at his temperature-and –energy peak in the evening.‖推理，如果一个人早上不能早起，这个人的能量高峰就有可能在下午或晚上。因此选项,是答案。,项违背了文章第一段第,句所述的事实:“早晨起不来可能有人叫做懒，但克雷曼博士却另有新解。”,项不符合第三段的第,句所述的观点。 (,)语义理解题。本题要求学生看懂文章第二段的最后一句:“Much family quarreling ends when husbands and wives realize what these energy cycles mean, and which cycle each member of the family has.‖ 因此,项unawareness of energy cycles应是答案。 (3) 细节理解题。本题要求学生依据文章第三段中的最后两句信息做出正确判断。文章第三段的最后两句说:“„rise before your usual hour„work better at your low point”因此选项,是正确答案。 (,)推理判断题。根据文章最后一段的第,句:“Get off to a slow start which saves your energy.‖ 这个词组套用了英语中的一句老话:“get off to a good/bad start, 意为“一开头很好(或糟)、一开始就顺利(或不顺利)”。文中将good换成了slow，意思是“一开头慢慢来，这样会节省你的精力”。因此A项是答案。B项和D项文章并未提及。C项不正确可以从文章最后一句得到证实，routine work 是不需要更多的精力和专注的工作的。 (5)综合判断题。根据第二段中“No one has discovered why this is so,„”。既然没人清楚这一点，克雷曼博`士也不可能解释为什么人们会在一天的不同时刻达到能量的高峰。因此B项是NOT TRUE，也就是本题答案。 Passage 8 We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming (把……按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade! Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning. In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher. Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least. And we give them every encouragement to attain this goal. 1. In the passage the author‘s attitude towards ― mixed-ability teaching ‖ is__________ . A) critical B) questioning C) approving D) objective 2. By ―held back‖ (Line 1) the author means ― ‖. A) made to remain in the same classes B) forced to study in the lower classes C) drawn to their studies D) prevented from advancing 3) The author argues that a teacher‘s chief concern should be the development of the student‘s______ . A) personal qualities and social skills B) total personality C) learning ability and communicative skills D) intellectual ability 4) Which of the following is Not Mentioned in the third paragraph? A) Group work gives the opportunity to learn to work together with others. B) Pupils also learn to develop their reasoning abilities. C) Group work provides pupils with the opportunity to learn to be capable organizers. D) Pupils also learn how to participate in teaching activities. 5) The author‘ purpose in writing this passage is to_________ . A) argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class B) recommend pair work and group work for classroom activities C) offer advice on the proper use of the library D) emphasize the importance of appropriate formal classroom teaching 试题解析: 答案:1.C 2.D 3.B 4.D 5.A 1)作者态度判断题。根据文章第一段的内容，可以看出作者对混合编班持“赞同的”态度，因此答案选C。如果作者持“客观的”态度的话，则人称代词不能用we ，因此，选项D不是答案。A项“批评的”和B项“怀疑的”与文章里作者的态度相反，显然不对。 2)词义理解题。根据上下文，hold back 这个词组的意思是“阻挡，阻止„发展”，因此选项D正确。 3)推理判断题。 从第二段的第3句:“We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability„”可以看出教师主要关心的应该是学生的total personality, 其中包括academic ability 或intellectual ability, personal qualities 和social skills.因此答案应该是选项B。 A项C项和D 项不全面，不能全面反映出作者的观点。 4)段落理解题。 该段中的“to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills‖ 表明选项A和C都已提到，因而都不是答案。该段中的 ―learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyze and evaluate‖ 包含了选项B所提的learn to develop their reasoning abilities 的内容，因此B项也是文章中提到过的。唯有选项D在段落中找不到依据，因此是该题的答案。 5)主旨判断题 文章中讨论了两种不同的上课方式:streaming pupils 和 mixed-ability teaching, 并列举了前者的弊端和后者的优点. 因此A项是答案. 而B, C, 和D中提到的都是具体做法，所以不是作者写这篇文章的目的。 Passage 9 At some time in your life you have a strong desire to do something strange or terrible. However, chances are that you don‘t act on your impulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action is wrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior. Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo behavior is how it can change over years within the same society, how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can become perfectly acceptable and natural to another point in time. Topics such as death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasant that it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication of important books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye, people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelings about death and, as a result, are more willing to talk about this taboo subject. One of the newest taboos in American society is the topic of fat. Unlike many other taboos, fat is a topic that Americans talk about constantly. It‘s not taboo to talk about fat; it‘s taboo to be fat. The ―in‖ look is thin, not fat. In the work world, most companies prefer youthful-looking , trim executives to sell their image as well as their products to the public. The thin look is associated with youth, vigor and success. The fat person, on the other hand, is thought of as lazy and lacking in energy, self-respect. After all, people think, how can people who care about themselves, and therefore the way they look, permit themselves to become fat? In an image-conscious society like the U.S., thin is ―in‖, while fat is ―out‖. 1.The main topic of this passage is ______ . A. fat ___ taboo in the United States B. unacceptable behaviors in the United States C. some examples of taboos in the United States D. the influence of some important books in society 2.In the second paragraph the author‘s intention of mentioning ―death‖ is to _______ . A. show that death is an old taboo in the United States B. illustrate the changes that have happened to some taboos C. promote the sales of two important books D. reveal his interest in this taboo topic 3.According to this passage, why do most companies employ thin people to promote their products? A. Because thin people eat less and therefore ask for less pay. B. Because thin people tend to be more hardworking than fat people. C. Because thin people are considered vigorous, youthful and more likely to succeed. D. Because thin people are more willing to work for big companies. 4.The sentence ―In an image-conscious society like the U.S., thin is ‘in’, while fat is ‘out’‖ means ―______ ‖. A. thin is inside society; fat is outside society B. thin is invisible; fat is visible C. thin is up-to-date; fat is out of date D. thin is hidden inside one‘s clothes; fat is exposed to others 5.This passage is the least likely to be selected from _____ . A. a newspaper article B. a lecture by a social scientist C. a textbook on American culture D. an article published in Nature 答案: 1. C 2. B 3. C 4. C 5. D Passage 10 Hardly a week goes by without some advance in technology that would have seemed incredible 50 years ago. And we can expect the rate of change to accelerate rather than slow down within our lifetime. The developments in technology are bound to have a dramatic effect on the future work. By 2010, new technology will have revolutionized communications. People will be transmitting more messages down telephone lines that previously have been sent by post. Not only postmen but also clerks and secretaries will vanish in a paper-free society. All the routine tasks they perform will be carried on a tiny silicon chip so that they will be as obsolete(过时的，淘汰的) as the horse and cart after the invention of the motor car. One change will make thousands, if not millions, redundant. Even people in traditional professions, where expert knowledge has been the key, are unlikely to escape the effects of new technology. Instead of going to a solicitor, you might go to a computer which is programmed with all the most up-to-date legal information. Doctors, too, will find that an electronic competitor will be able to carry out a much quicker and more accurate diagnosis and recommend more efficient courses of treatment. In education, teachers will be largely replaced by teaching machines far more knowledgeable than any human being. Most learning will take place in the home via video conferencing. Children will still go to school though, until another place is created where they can make friends and develop social skills. 1. According to the writer, the rate of change in technology ______. A. will remain the same B. will slow down C. will spend up D. can not be predicted 2. The writer expects that by 2010 new technology will have revolutionized communications and ______. A. people needn’t telephone each other B. the present postal system will have disappeared C. people will no longer send letters D. the postmen will have been replaced by silicon chip 3. The word “they” in Line 9, Para.1 refers to ______. A. the tiny silicon chips B. the letters written on paper C. the postmen, clerks and secretaries D. the routine task performed by the postmen 4. From the second paragraph, we can infer that ______. A. professionals won’t be affected by new technology B. doctors won’t be as efficient as computers C. computers can replace lawyers D. expects will lose job in the future 5. In the writer’s view, _____. A. people should get prepared for the future B. there exists no real threat of unemployment C. the advance of technology is not desirable D. machines will have control over men 答案:1.C 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 阅读理解(2) 篇章词汇理解是新增题型，主要考查学生理解篇章和使用词汇的能力，因此也是考查综合运用语言能力的一种题型。 考查方式:仔细通读一篇有10个空格的文章后，从其后的词库(word bank)中选出10个词填入文章空格处，使文章内容完整。词库中共有15个词，每个词只能用一次。 总的解题思路 1、迅速将词库中的词按照词性分类。 2、浏览阅读全文，掌握文章大意和思路，尤其要注意文章的首尾句。 3、仔细阅读全文，结合上下文，边读边做。阅读时，考生首先应该充分运用自己掌握的语法等语言知识将可选范围缩到最小，然后根据上下文、文章的主旨大意或各部分之间的逻辑关系等进行判断并最终做出选择。在选词难于取舍时，把握三个原则:同词再现，近义重复，类义词群聚。 4、完成选词填空后，快速通读全文，看整篇文章是否通顺流畅。 第1节确定空白处的词性和词形 1.如何确定空白处为动词 以下五种情况，空白处可为动词:(1)空白处前为情态动词，包括can, could, will, would, may, might, shall, should, ought to, must，dare, need等，此处需填入动词原形;(2)空白处前有不定式标志to，可填写入动词原形;(3)空白处前后均为名词或代词，则空白处应填入及物动词做谓语，其后的名词或代词做宾语;(4)空白处前为名词或代词，空白处后不接宾语，或者接介词或者副词，此时需填入不及物动词;(5)空白处前为名词或代词作主语，空白处后为形容词，则应填入系动词或动词。 确定了空白处为动词，还要判断空白处应为动词原形还是过去分词或现在分词、第三人称单数形式，这根据上下文提供的语境及语义即可判断。 [例证] The 1990 El Nino lasted until June 1995. Scientists 54 this to be the longest El Nino for 2000 years. Nowadays, weather experts are able to forecast when an El Nino will 55 , but they are still not completely sure what leads to it or what affects how strong it will be. [选项] A. estimate D. notify O. strike [译文] 1990年的厄尔尼诺现象一直持续到1995年6月。科学家们估计它是两千年来持续时间最长的一次厄尔尼诺现象。 现在，气象专家们能够预测厄尔尼诺现象何时会来，但是他们仍然不能完全确定厄尔尼诺的起因，以及什么是影响该现象的强度的因素。 [解析] 两个空白处均应填入动词，作所在句子的谓语。其中，54题用动词的一般现在时，55题用动词原形。分析所给词语可以发现，只有3个动词在形式上符合条件，已列出。54题要求用及物动词，根据上下文可知，本句是科学家们对1990厄尔尼诺现象的评价，只有estimate(估计)适合。55题应填入不及物动词，只有strike有此用法。根据意思来判断，“预测厄尔尼诺现象将会在什么时候”，空白处应填入表示“发生”含义的动词，strike有此含义。 2.如何确定空白处为分词 在以下四种情况，空白处可为过去分词:(1)空白处前为has/have/had，则空白处应填入动词的过去分词一起构成完成时态;(2)空白处前为助动词be的各种变化形式，则应填入过去分词一起构成被动语态;(3)空白处引导后置定语，修饰其前的名词，这时名词为该动词的作用对象;(4)空白处引导句子的状语，表示条件、原因、结果、让步等，这时句子的主语是该动词的作用对象。 在以下三种情况下，空白处可为现在分词:(1)空白处前为助动词的各种变化形式，与现在分词一起构成进行时态;(2)空白处引导后置定语，修饰其前的名词，这时名词是动作的发出者;(3)空白处引导句子的状语，表示伴随、条件、原因、结果等，这时句子的主语是动作的发出者。 [例证] The rainfall is increased across South America, 50 floods to Peru. [选项]A. estimate D. notify L. bringing O. strike [译文]整个南美降雨量增加，给秘鲁带来洪水。 [解析]空白处需填入动词，和介词to搭配，表示“把…..带到/带给”，从意思上判断，可选bring。从句子结构来看，本句两部分之间没有任何and之类的衔接词，故该动词必须以分词形式出现，引导表示结果的状语，可确定答案为bringing. 3. 如何确定空白处为名词 名词在句子中通常作主语或宾语(包括动词的宾语和介词的宾语)，因此。在以下情况下，空白处应为名词:(1)空白处前为冠词a/an/the;(2)空白处前为形容词，此时名词被形容词修饰;(3)空白处前为及物动词，此时名词作动词的宾语;(4)空白处前为介词，此时名词作介词宾语;(5)空白处后为谓语动词，此时名词作句子的主语。 确定空白处填名词后，还要根据上下文、冠词及主谓一致的原则来确定该名词的单复数形式。 [例证] When Roberto Feliz came to the USA from the Dominican Republic, he knew only a few words of English. Education soon became a 47 . “I couldn’t understand anything,” he said. [选项] A. wonder E. nightmare G. acceptance N. breakthrough [译文]当罗伯托。菲利兹从多米尼加共和国来到美国时，他只会几个英语单词。上学读书很快成了他的噩梦。他说:“我一点也听不懂～” [解析]从空白处前的不定冠词a可判断需填入可数名词的单数形式。选项所给的4个名词已列出。根据a不定冠词首先可排除以元音开头的acceptance。联系上文的只会几个英语单词和下文的我什么都听不懂，判断应填入表示消极意义的名词，因此选nightmare噩梦。 4.如何确定空白处为形容词 在以下情况中，空白处可为形容词:(1)空白处后为名词，此时形容词修饰后面的名词;(2)空白处前为名词，此时形容词或形容词短语后置修饰名词;(3)空白处前为副词，此时副词修饰形容词;(4)空白处前为be动词或其他系动词，此时形容词作句子的表语。 [例证] Research has shown that bilingual education is the most 54 way both to teach children English and ensure that they succeed academically. [选项] F. native H. effective J. prominent L. countless [译文] 研究表明，双语教育能最有效地教育孩子们英语，并能确保他们有优异的学习成绩。 [解析] 从空白处前的the和空白处后的名词可判断，这里需要填入一个形容词，修饰way。根据文章对双语教学的肯定态度及后半句的“保证他们在学业上取得成功”，可 以确定这里应填入表示肯定意义的词，据此排除native和countless这两个中性词。而prominent“著名的”常用于修饰人，effective则可用来修饰方式、方法等名词，因此选effective. 5.如何确定空白处为副词 在以下情况中，空白处为副词:(1)如果在空白处前后可以找到句子的主语和谓语，则应考虑空白处是否为副词，用于修饰该动词的程度、状态;(2)空白处后为形容词，此时空白处可能为副词，修饰形容词;(3)空白处后为从句，此时副词作句子的状语，表达转折、因果等逻辑关系。 [例证] In Arizona and Texas, bilingual students 55 outperform their peers in monolingual programs. [选项] C. consistently O. automatically [译文]在亚利桑那州和得克萨斯州，接受双语教育的学生始终比单语学生表现得出色。 [解析]空白处前是句子的主语，空白处后是谓语动词，由此可以判断空白处需填入副词，修饰动词outperform，所给选项中只有两个副词，需结合句意做出判断。consistently“一贯地”表示频率，符合句意;automatically“自动地”，与句意不符，故应排除。 第2节利用词汇关系确定词义范围 1.牢记常用搭配和固定搭配 常用搭配通常包括动词与名词、形容词与名词、副词与动词、副词与形容词，以及动词、名词、形容词与介词的搭配。固定搭配则指人们普遍接受的词语组合方式，理据未必充分，但在组合形式上具有唯一性或不可替代性。搭配中的副词和介词通常是含义简单的虚词，如to, in, for, about, up等，所以考点以动词、名词、形容词为主，副词和介词通常只起到提示的作用。 [例证]As the trade winds lessen in 48 , the ocean temperatures rise, causing the Peru 。current flowing in from the east to warm up by as much as 5C. [选项] A. estimate B. strength F. phenomenon H. attraction M. exhaustion K. starvation N. worth [译文] 随着信风风力的减弱，海洋温度就会上升，从东面流入的秘鲁洋流的水温最多可升高5摄氏度。 [解析]此处需要填入名词，作介词in的宾语。lessen in表示“在….方面减弱/减少”，所给的7个名词选项中，只有strength能与之搭配。 [例证] Given the chance to demonstrate his ability, he 50 confidence and began to succeed in school. [选项] B. acquired D. regained E. hid F. recalled [译文]有了发展才能的机会，他重新树立起信心，开始在学业上取得成功。 [解析]空白处需填入及物动词的过去式作句子的谓语。从平行词and后面的内容及前面的名词confidence来看，此处需填动词是积极意义的(positive)。能与confidence搭配的只有acquired和regained。但根据上文可知，“他”当时已经失去了自信，故“重新树立信心”更合适，所以答案是regained。 2 .辨别词汇的复现关系 词的复现指的是某一词以原词、同义词、近义词、上义词、下义词、概括词或其他形式重复出现在语篇中，语篇中的句子通过这种复现关系达到相互衔接，意义统一完整。因此，考点所要求填写的单词往往在考点之前或之后出现，但要注意的是，答案大多是以复现词的形式出现，通常不会是原词复现。 [例证] El Nino is the name given to the mysterious and unpredictable change in the climate of the world. This strange 47 happens every five to eight years. [选项] A. estimate B. strength F. phenomenon H. attraction M. exhaustion K. starvation N. worth criterion, criteria [译文]“厄尔尼诺”是一种神秘而通常又无法预测的全球气候变化现象的名称。这种奇怪的现象每五到八年发生一次。 [解析]由谓语happens可知此处需要单数名词充当主语。该名词前面有两个修饰语this和strange，表明该名词是用来回指上一句中的名词词组EI Nino或change in the climate。备选名词中，只有phenomenon能够指代这种“变化”。二者构成复现关系。 [例证] The warming of the ocean has far-reaching effects. The hot, humid(潮湿的)air over the ocean causes severe 49 thunderstorms. [选项] E. tropical G. stable J. destructive [译文]海洋变暖会带来深远的影响。海洋上空湿热的空气引起强烈的热带雷暴。 [解析]此处需填入形容词，修饰名词thunderstorms。根据上文的hot一词判断tropical为合适选项。二者构成同义复现的关系。 3. 辨别词汇的同现关系 词的同现指的是意义上相互联系的单词同时出现在同一语篇当中。一篇文章、一个话题，都要求与之相关的词汇。单词意义的差别、所使用的语域不同，所适应的上下文也各有别。考点所要求的单词往往与文章的主题有关，只要明白了文章的主题，在词库中选择与该主题相关的单词，就可以找到答案了。 [例证] In the West Pacific, there are droughts affecting Australia and Indonesia. So while some parts of the world prepare for heavy rains and floods, other parts face drought, poor crops and 51 . [选项] A. estimate B. strength F. phenomenon H. attraction M. exhaustion K. starvation N. worth [译文]在太平洋西岸，旱灾威胁着澳大利亚和印度尼西亚。因此，当世界上一些地方在为强降雨和洪水做准备的时候，其他地方则要面临干旱、庄稼歉收和饥荒。 [解析]此处需要填入名词，与前面的drought和poor crops并列作动词face的宾语，该名词还必须与前两个概念一样表示否定意义，故答案为starvation。这三个并列的名词属于同现关系。 [例证] Calexico, Calif., implemented bilingual education, and now has dropout rates that are less than half the state average and college 56 rates of more than 90%. [选项] A. wonder E. nightmare G. acceptance N. breakthrough [译文]加利福尼亚州的卡莱克西科市实行了双语教育，其现在的辍学率比全州平均水平低一半以上，而大学升学率高出90%以上。 [解析]根据句子结构，空白处所在短语与前面的dropout rates(辍学率)并列作谓语动词has的宾语，在形式上也相应用名词作定语。文章谈的是双语教育，此句中能够和education, dropout rates构成同现关系的备选名词只有acceptance 。acceptance rates指“升学率”。 第3节利用篇章逻辑关系确定词义范围 1.并列关系 若考点所在的部分与其他成分构成并列关系，那么并列关系可以限定待填词的词性、词义、感情色彩等，再结合词汇的同现和复现关系，就能确定正确选项。并列关系常见的标志词是and, or, as well as等。 [例证] He 48 from his teachers, came home in tears, and thought about dropping out. [选项] B. acquired D. regained E. hid F. recalled [译文] 他躲开老师，眼泪汪汪地回到家，想到了退学。 [解析]此处需使用不及物动词的过去时。动词中只有hid可以作不及物动词。从信号词and判断句中三个动词短语构成并列关系，意义上紧密相关，由于两个短语都是表示消极意义，因此需填的动词也应表示消极意义。据此判断，hid为正确选项。 2.其他关系 若考点所在的部分与其他成分构成对比、转折或让步关系，则考点要求的是意义相反的词。对比关系常见的标志词是not…but, rather than, in contrast, on the contrary等;转折关系常见的标志词是but, however, nevertheless等;让步关系常见的标志词是though, although, in spite of, despite等。 若考点所在的部分与其他部分构成比较关系，则考点所要求的是意义相似的词。比较关系常见的标志词是similarly, likewise, as…as, like, parallel等。 若考点所在的部分与其他成分构成因果关系，则应根据其是表示因还是果，再结合上下文的内容甚至常识来判断正确选项。因果关系常见的标志词是because, because of, for, as, since, so, therefore, consequently, thus等。 若考点位于表示举例或解释的句子中，可结合词汇的同现关系推断正确选项。举例和解释常见的标志词是for example, for instance, like, such as, that is, namely等。 若考点所在的部分与其他成分构成补充递进关系，则这些部分谈论的是同一个话题，表达的是同样的意思，因此可以结合词汇的复现和同现关系，确定答案。补充递进关系常见的标志词是furthermore, what is more, moreover, in addition等。 例释: Freezing can keep food fresh and safe to eat. To start the freezing process, it is important to lower the temperature to between 15 and 20 degrees Celsius as 1 as possible. The faster the freezing process, the 2 the taste of the food. A. color F. naturally K. quickly B. taste G. pack L. aging C. fresher H. cooked M. eaten D. changing I. fruitful N. freezer E. removed J. stored O. liquid 1.根据句子结构和语法，此处应填入一个副词，符合的只有F和K。再依据句子的意思，可知K对。 2.根据句型可知，此处应填入一形容词的比较级，构成“The more, the more”, 故选C。 Keys: 1.K 2.C Fruits and vegetables can be spread out inside the 3 . Once the food is frozen, it should be placed in containers and then 4 at a temperature of about 20 degrees Celsius. A. color F. naturally K. quickly B. taste G. pack L. aging C. fresher H. cooked M. eaten D. changing I. fruitful N. freezer E. removed J. stored O. liquid 3. 根据句子结构和语法，此处应填入一个名词，符合的只有A, B, N, O。再根据下文“Once the food is frozen”可知是把食物放入冷藏箱内，所以N正确。 4. 根据句子结构和语法，此处应填入动词的过去分词构成被动语态，符合的只有E, H, J, M。 再依据句子的意思，此处指的应是储存，故选J。 Keys: 3.N 4.J Fruits are usually not 5 before they are frozen. This allows them to keep their fresh 6 . The simplest way to prepare fruits is to cut them up and place them in a container inside the freezer. This is called the “dry pack” method. A. color F. naturally K. quickly B. taste G. pack L. aging C. fresher H. cooked M. eaten D. changing I. fruitful N. freezer E. removed J. stored O. liquid 5.根据句子结构和语法，此处应填入一个形容词作表语或动词的过去分词构成被动语态，符合的只有D, E, H, I, L, M。再根据下文“Vegetables are either cooked or blanched before freezing”, 而生活常识告诉我们水果冷藏保存通常是不用煮的，所以H正确。 6.根据句子结构和语法，此处应填入一个名词，符合的只有A, B, N, O。根据文章可知，“冷冻食品是为了保持其味道”，相比之下保持“颜色”就不符合题意。若为保持水分的话，而此前的“fresh”又与“liquid”(液体)无法搭配。故选B, 保持其新鲜味道。 Keys: 5.H 6.B The second way is the “wet pack” method. The fruit is prepared along with some of its 7 or juice. You can add some sugar to fruits that are 8 juicy. The sugar sweetens the fruit and brings out its natural juices. A. color F. naturally K. quickly B. taste G. pack L. aging C. fresher H. cooked M. eaten D. changing I. fruitful N. freezer E. removed J. stored O. liquid 7. 根据句子结构和语法，此处应填入一个名词，符合的只有A, B, N, O。根据文章中的“The second way”和“or juice”可知wet pack(冷藏)就是把水果以它的“液态”或“汁”的形式存储，所以O正确。 8. 根据句子结构和语法，此处应填入一个副词，符合的只有F和K。再由下文“The sugar sweetens the fruit and bring out its natural juices”，可知这里应该F对，意为天然多汁的水果。 Keys: 7.O 8.F Vegetables are either cooked or blanched before freezing. Blanching means placing the vegetables in boiling water for a few minutes and then quickly placing them into very cold water. Blanching slows down the natural chemical 9 process. All extra water should be 10 before placing the vegetables into containers and freezing. Most foods can be stored frozen for up to one year. A. color F. naturally K. quickly B. taste G. pack L. aging C. fresher H. cooked M. eaten D. changing I. fruitful N. freezer E. removed J. stored O. liquid 9. 根据句子结构和语法，此处应填入一个名词修饰语，符合的有D, I, L, 根据句义可知此处指“Blanching可减缓天然物质的老化过程”，而D不够准确，L作动词用时意为“使。。。变老，使。。。成熟”，故L应为正确答案。 10. 根据句子结构和语法，此处应填入一个形容词或动词的过去分词，符合的有E, D, H, J, I, L, M, 再根据句意“在把蔬菜放在器皿中冷冻之前应把所有多余的水分去掉”，而I是“多产的，富有成果的”，与句意不合，除K(脱掉，去掉，消除)之外，其余的选项都风马牛不相及，故选项K无疑是正确答案。 Keys: 9. L 10. K 阅读理解(2)专项训练 Passage 1 Female cheetahs(猎豹) at the Bronx Zoo in New York just love Calvin Klein‘s Obsession for Men perfume(香水). No, they don‘t ___1___ their favorite perfume behind their ears, but they do enjoy rubbing up against tree trunks __2___ with the scent. Instead this is part of a program of the Wildlife Conservation Society, which ___3___ New York City‘s zoos and aquariums , to keep animals healthy and happy. ―We want to enrich the daily lives of the animals, both __4___ and psychologically,‖ Diana Reiss, senior research scientist at the Conservation Society, told reporter. ―One of the way we do that is offering our animals different kinds of scents to give them ___5___.‖ The scents provide a way to stimulate the animals. Reiss said smell is __6___ to the lives of animals. ―With our cheetahs at the Bronx Zoo, we worked from ___7___ perfumes to expensive perfumes,‖ she said. ―The one they respond to the most is Calvin Klein Obsession for Men. But they also respond to inexpensive perfumes.‖ The wildlife workers test the animals‘ ___8___ to various scents by spraying tree trunks with different perfumes or placing cinnamon or other spices in the animals‘ ___9___. ―We‘ll observe how much time they spend in the area,‖ Reiss said. But not all animals have high-class tastes when it comes to scents, Reiss said. Female cheetahs at the Bronx Zoo may rank Obsession for the Men as their ___10___ perfume. But forget that for the pumas and lynx at the Queens Zoo. They like something that really smells. A. physically B. variety C. apply D. essential E. inexpensive F. response G. sprayed H. favorite I. considerably J. operates K. environment L. regulation M. initial N. frequency O. swear 答案:1. C 2. G 3. J 4. A 5. B 6. D 7. E 8. F 9. K 10. H Passage 2 The Mona Lisa is showing her age, museum curators(馆长) in Paris said while announcing a scientific study of the 500-year-old masterpiece. The thin poplar wood __1___ around Leonardo da Vinci‘s painting is showing signs of warping, causing curators at the Louvre ―some worry‖. The museum has ___2___ a study to evaluate the Mona Lisa‘s vulnerability(易受攻击) to climate changes. The painting will remain on ___3___ during the testing, the Louvre said. ―Its state of preservation is ___4___ the source of some concern,‖ a statement issued by the museum said. Deterioration(变坏) in its wood panel was ―greater than that which has been ___5___ observed,‖ it added. The study , to be conducted by the Centre for Research and Restoration of Museums of France, will better ___6___ what materials the painting is made of. The painting, whose ___7___ smile attracts millions of visitors to the Louvre, is ____ changes and camera flashes. displayed behind glass to protect it from ___8 It will be put in a specially ___9___ room in the Louvre early next year. The Mona Lisa was painted between 1503-1506 and was thought to be named after the sitter, most likely the Florentine wife of Francesco del Giocondo. th It moved to France with da Vinci in the early 16 Century, where it has ___10___ except for a short spell when it was stolen in 1911. The painting was discovered two years later in a Florence hotel. A. mysterious B. previously C. does D. commissioned E. charity F. climatic G. intentionally H. redecorated I. interfere J. display K. determine L. currently M. panel N. suspicious O. remained 答案:1. M 2. D 3. J 4. L 5. B 6. K 7. A 8. F 9. H 10. O Passage 3 Academy Award nominees who go home empty-handed may not have a shiny Oscar to show off, but they may turn out to be the bigger winners in the game of life. According to a study published in British Medical Journal on December 21, Oscar-winning screenwriters are more successful, more productive, and more ___1__ than losing nominees; however, they die sooner by about four years. Because success is usually linked to better health, ―this is the first __2___ ever that success is not associated with improved ___3___,‖ says Donald Redelmeier, lead author of the study. Researchers ___4___ down information about every person who was ever nominated for an Oscar since the awards were first handed out 73 years ago. To explain the ___5___ findings, he offers two theories. The first is the ―work-to-death hypothesis.‖ According to Redelmeier, screenwriters are more ___6__ to lead unhealthy lifestyles. Meaning they smoke more, exercise less, and work a lot of late-night hours, which translates into not enough sleep. Screenwriters don‘t have a boss to report to, which brings into ___7__ Redelmeier‘s second explanation, the ―part-hearty hypothesis.‖ ―When you become a successful screenwriter, you gain status without daily accountability, and as a ___8___ your success may lead you to more alcohol, more parties, and more obesity,‖ he says. Redelmeier hopes his study will ___9___ how important it is to lead a healthy lifestyle. ―The bottom line,‖ he says, ―is that greater success may ___10__ lead to worse health if people fail to look after themselves.‖ A. longevity B. flourish C. apt D. sometimes E. tracked F. respected G. account H. miracle I. occupation J. puzzling K. stress L. consequence M. internal N. fairly O. restrained 答案:1. F 2. I 3. A 4. E 5. J 6. C 7. G 8. L 9. K 10. D Passage 4 The Hakka people are seen as a united people in China. This character is especially __1___ among overseas Hakkas. They share their good and bad times together. This spirit of unity and cooperation is ___2___ in the culture of Hakka Earth Buildings. It was because when it was hard for individuals to survive on their own, people had to help each other and learn to unite and cooperate. Only in this way could they hope to ___3__ more. The design and ___4___ of Hakka Earth Buildings made it easy to pull together all the weaker forces and form one stronger force. With this stronger force, better results could be achieved in terms of developing business as well as improving living ___5___. A Hakka Earth Building used to hold together the __6___ interest of a family clan(家族) or a whole village community. But now this fortress-like(城堡般的) structure can no longer meet the needs of a __7___ society. People have moved out. Hakka Earth Buildings have recorded a __8___ of history as well as the life road of several generations of the Hakka people. For those later generations who have never lived and will never live in these earth buildings, they may well become a tourist __9___ in the villages. But the __10___ tradition represented by these earth buildings should be kept and passed on by the Hakka people as their won family culture and ethnic culture. A. generating B. standards C. modern D. achieve E. unique F. vain G. period H. attraction I. constitution J. rooted K. distinguish L. structure M. almost N. shared O. remarkable 答案:1. O 2. J 3. D 4. L 5. B 6. N 7. C 8. G 9. H 10. E 4( 完形填空:大纲要求与学习方法、考试技巧 第一节《大纲》对完形填空部分的要求 完形填空是专接本英语考试的一个组成部分。〈考试大纲〉指出“完形填空部分的目的是测试学生综合运用语言的能力。”即理解篇章和使用词汇和语法的能力。完形填空题是“在一篇题材熟悉，难度适中的短文(约150词)内有10个空白，每个空白为一题，每题有四个选择项，要求考生在全面理解内容的基础上选择一个最佳答案，使短文的意思和结构恢复完整”。 第二节 完形填空:学习方法、考试技巧 由于完型填空的最终目的在于测试考生语篇水平上的语言知识的综合运用，我们可以确定:完型填空试题主要包括语言知识和篇章结构两大类。其中理解上下文关系尤其重要。 根据完型填空试题的这种规律，考生在答题时应遵循以下步骤: 1(首先浏览全文，了解文章梗概。 2. 参照四个选择项中的解题信息，尽量填上所有空白。如有不确定的答案，暂时搁置一边。 3. 再次浏览全文，根据上下文中的信息词语、逻辑关系和意义上的连贯性，排除错误选项，补上第一步搁置下来的答案。 4. 最后通读全文，检查所选答案是否使原文在结构和意义上都恢复了完整。 A.词汇水平试题答题技巧 词汇水平试题主要用于考查学生对词汇和惯用法的掌握程度和使用能力。这类题和单纯的词汇题有些相仿。做这类题常见方法如下: 1)从上下文中寻找信息，即根据上下文的意思来决定词的选择。做这类题一定要弄懂文章的意思。 One day, a little girl whom he had never seen before walked _____ into his shop and demanded twenty cigarettes. Mr. Johnson was so surprised by her confident manner that he forgot to ask his usual questions. A. nervously B. heavily C. hesitatingly D. boldly 正确选项为D。四个选项均为副词都可在句中作状语，来修饰动词walked。但从上下文具体语境来看，B首先可排除，再依据令店主吃惊的her confident manner, 可排除A\C, 显然D最为妥当。 When we are very frightened and worried, our bodies produce certain chemicals to help us fight what is troubling us. These _____ produce the energy needed to run away fast from an object of fear and in modern life, that‘s often impossible. A. matters B. objects C. chemicals D. elements 正确选项为C。四个选项都是名词复数形式，可充当相同语法成分。解题关键是上下文要能联系在一起，使意思连贯。此前提到身体产生chemicals, 从词汇逻辑意思上看，上下文说的是同一件事，故选C。 2)词的习惯用法和搭配: 某些词虽然可能有几个意思, 但在不同的文章中, 不同的语境下却只能有一个解释。这类题主要测试考生对一词多义的辨识能力，同时某些词的搭配也有自己的习惯，所以考生平时要多注意词的活用搭配。 A third group would like a president whose —— of office would last seven years，but who should not stand for re-election. A. term B. period C. semester D. interval 正确选项是A。四个选项都表示时间，但具体含义不同。Period 指特定的一段时间，interval指间歇时间，而term 和semester都可以用来指学期，但从上下文信息词president 来看，此处显然指的是总统任期，所以按习惯用法只能选term，因semester 没有任期之意。 Speaking quickly but almost in a whisper，she — everyone that the pilot had fainted and asked if any of the passengers knew anything about machines — or at least how to drive a car. A. announced B. explained C. conveyed D. informed 正确选项为D。这四个词都具有“使…知道”的含义，但每个动词的用法不同。Announce(宣布)句型为announce (to sb.)that clause; explain(解释)句型为explain to sb. that clause; convey(转告)句型为convey to sb. that clause; inform(告诉, 通知)句型为inform sb. that clause\ inform sb. of sth.。据此可知，只有D 项inform后可直接跟名词或代词，原文空格后有everyone，因此D对。 A woman has joined the ranks of Italian radio‘s play-by-play commentators of the games, which are not televised ____ . A. live B. alive C. lively D. lived 依据文中电视实况播送, 该用be televised live 才符合习惯用法，因而选A。 3.易混词和词组的辨别:这些词和词组包括同义词、意义接近的短语、拼写相近的词，测试考生对常用词和短语的掌握程度。 This year the government decided to —— on foreign aid and to try to rely on the country‘s own resources. A. cut down B. cut up C. cut off D. cut out 正确选项为A。本题要求考生根据上下文意思来判断由cut构成的哪一个短语才符合这里的上下文。cut down削减;cut up切碎;cut out删掉;cut off切断。 Having passed what I considered the worst obstacle，our spirits —，we made towards the left of the cliff，where the going was better，though rather steep. A. rose B. raise C. arose D. aroused 正确选项为A。rose是rise 的过去式，此处意为精神、情绪的高涨、振奋。B、D均为及物动词，因首先排除，C虽也是不及物动词但其意为“发生、出现”。 B(句法水平试题应试技巧 句法水平上的完型填空主要测试考生正确、熟练运用语法知识的能力。例如，动词的谓语形式和非谓语形式;句子的词序;句子结构和连接;虚拟语气的动词形式等。句子水平题与语法题不同之处在于:这种试题还是要注意上下文中的线索，以免误入歧途。 1(根据有关信息词套用语法规则 He wore dark glasses to avoid —. A. recognizing B. to be recognized C. recognized D. being recognized 根据语法规则, 句中信息词avoid只能用名词或动名词做其宾语, 又根据逻辑关系, 此处需用被动语态, 故选D。 A computer kept on giving a wrong order to the module‘s landing system: it told it ____ . A. not landing B. to not landing C. not to land D. to not land 正确选项为C。从题句中可以看出，空白处需要一个作宾语补足语的动词不定式。因此A、B可以排除。此外根据语法规则，动词不定式的否定形式是在不定式前加not构成。因此选C。 2.根据选择项的不同确定答案:四个选项可能意义不同，也可能在语法功能上不同，我们可以从这些不同中，参照题句的意思和结构，直接选出答案来。 The general term for ___ storms is “cyclone”. A. so severe B. such severely C. such severe D. so severely so good a book; such a good book; such good books; such clean water; so few\many good books; so little\much clean water; 正确选项为C。storms前面需要一个定语来修饰它。而B、D为副词短语可以排除。A又只能修饰带不定冠词的单数可数名词，故C必为正确答案。 An American survey of over 100，000 people shows that，despite changing social 1 in society， there is a 2 between being married and being fit. 1)A(sizes B(molds C(shapes D(patterns 2) A(bond B(relation C(link D(comparison 答案:1.D 2.C In the United States, parents don‘t arrange marriages for their children. Teenagers began 1 in high school and find mates through their own 2 and social contacts. 1) A. matching B. dating C. appointment D. engagement 2)A. economic B. practical C. academic D. interracial 答案: 1.B 2.C 3.在上下文中寻找信息词: 有的时候,单纯从原题句中难以确定正确答案, 而需要从前后文中去寻找线索才行。 Was it wise to continue the journey and land the men on the moon? The same trouble ____ happen again after the landing. The men might not be able to link up with the Command Module and get back to Earth. A. may B. might C. must D. ought to 四个选项均为情态动词，A\B项表示猜测和可能性, C\D 项表示一种客观要求。从题句意义来看，这里应表一种可能性，故而先排除C、D。再从上下文来看，全文用了过去式，且下文同样表示可能性的句子使用了might 一词，因而应选B。 _____ people like to live in big cities in order to take advantage of the facilities there. Others want to live in the countryside to get fresh air and enjoy the quietness. A. Many B. A lot of C. Some D. Those 依据后文的Others, 前面空格处应填入Some才符合英语习惯，故选C。 The _____ food is cooked and served may greatly affect children‘s appetite. A. method B. approach C. process D. way 依据句首的冠词，此空应填入一名词。再据其后的从句断定指代该词的关系副词应做从句的状语，再考虑定语从句的关系副词被省掉又仅限于三个先行词time, way, distance, 答案便不难得出。 C(语篇水平试题答题技巧 这部分试题主要测试考生在语篇水平上灵活运用语言知识、分析理解篇章结构的能力。其中主要包括一些起承上启下作用的语篇连接词以及对上下文逻辑关系的理解等。 1(理解上下文内在逻辑关系:根据选择项提供的线索，仔细阅读上下文，推敲其内在逻辑关系。 The flight was due to leave at 8:30 a.m.，so he had to be at the airport about 7:30 in the morning. He set his alarm for 5:45, and went to sleep. ____, he forgot to wind the clock, and it stopped shortly after the midnight. A. Fortunately B. Luckily C. Unfortunately D. Happily 正确选项为C。 Some words can be guessed from looking at their forms. ____, you may never have seen ―untaxable‖ before, but the different parts of the word ___ un, tax, able should often tell you something and help you guess the meaning. A. However B. Consequently C. For instance D. To begin with 正确选项为C。四个选项均为语篇连接词。A表转折关系，B表因果关系，C表举例说明上文陈述的事实，D用于首先列举事实或观点。从上下文逻辑关系来看，作者显系先提出一种观点，再举例加以说明，故选C。 2.根据上下文信息和常识推断正确答案:有时候，仅靠语言知识和上下文信息还不能判断出正确答案，这时，考生的知识面宽就显得尤其重要了。 Many, many years ago, people would say to each other on parting: ―God be with you‖. As this was ___ over and over millions of times, it gradually became shortened to ―good-bye‖. 2.A. revised B. reviewed C. repeated D. reproduced 根据语言在不断复述中逐渐演变, 因此选C。 It must have been after two o‘clock in the morning when the last guests begged their leave, and although we had enjoyed their company, my wife and I were quite ___ to shut the door behind them. A. regretful B. sorrowful C. thankful D. reluctant 正确选项为C。四个选项均为形容词。A表“遗憾的”，B表“伤心的”，C表“欣慰的”，D表“不情愿的”。本题解题关键在于文中提到的请客和送客出门的时间。请客当然会使主人感到高兴。但最后一批客人凌晨两点才告辞，时间拖得如此之久，主人肯定会累得疲惫不堪。但客人走时，主人肯定会带有“谢天谢地，客人们总算满意地离开了”这样的欣慰之情，因此选C最恰当不过了。 综合填空综合练习 Directions: There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C. and D). You should choose the One that the best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. Passage 1 It seemed to me that it would be murder to shoot him. 1 that age I had never shot an elephant and never wanted to. 1. A. On B. For C. At D. Of Somehow it always seems worse to 2 a large animal. 3 , there was the beast‘s owner to be considered. 2. A. keep B. kill C. tame D. have 3. A. Besides B. Except C. Since D. However Alive, the elephant was worth at least a hundred pounds; 4 , he would only be 5 the value of his tusks(长牙) ___ five pounds, possibly. 4. A. live B. dead C. lovely D. wounded 5. A. worthy B. worthwhile C. worth D. worth a while But I had got to act quickly. I turned 6 some experienced-looking men who had been there when we arrived and asked them 7 the elephant had been behaving. 6.A. for B. out C. into D. to 7. A. what B. how C. why D. when They all said 8 same thing: he took no notice 9 you if you left him alone, but he might 10 if you went too close to him. 8. A. the B. a C. an D. one 9. A. at B. for C. of D. on 10. A. blame B. charge C. strike D. yell It was perfectly clear to me what I ought to do. I ought to walk up to within, say, twenty-five yards of the elephant and 11 his behavior. 11. A. control B. test C. see D. design If he charged I could shoot. If he took no notice of me it would be safe to leave him 12 his owner came back. 12. A. until B. before C. after D. once But also I knew that I was going to do no such thing. I was a poor shot with a rifle and the ground was soft mud into 13 one would sink at every step. 13. A. those B. when C. which D. where If the elephant charged and I 14 him, I would have as much chance 15 a toad(蟾蜍) under a steam-roller. 14(A. resisted B. missed C. protected D. lost 15(A. as B. to C. for D. so But even then I was not thinking 16 of my own skin, only of the watchful faces behind. 16. A. specially B. hopefully C. particularly D. peculiarly For 17 that moment, with the crowd watching me, I was not afraid 18 the ordinary sense, as I would have been if I had been alone. 17. A. on B. at C. in D. for 18. A. in B. to C. on D. of The sole thought in my mind was that if anything 19 wrong those two thousand would see me pursued, caught, trampled on and killed. 19. A. became B. turned C. went D. changed If that happened it was quite 20 that some of them would laugh. I took the rifle and lay down on the road to get a better aim. 20. A. like B. probably C. possibly D. probable Key: 1.C 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.A 9.C 10.B 11.B 12.A 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.C 20.D Passage 2 Men have traveled ever since they first appeared on the earth. In primitive times they did not travel for pleasure but to 1 new places 1. A. visit B. explore C. find D. utilize where their herds could feed, or to escape from 2 neighbors, or to find 2. A. hostile B. generous C. pleasant D. friendly more 3 climates. They traveled on 3. A. humid B. tropical C. warm D. favorable foot. Their 4 were long, tiring, and 4. A. trips B. journeys C. travels D. voyages often dangerous. They protected themselves with simple 5 such as 5. A. ways B. weapons C. tools D. methods wooden sticks or stone clubs, and by lighting fires at night and, 6 all, by 6. A. above B. after C. at D. in keeping together. Being intelligent and creative, they soon 7 easier ways of traveling. 7. A. recovered B. discovered C. created D. improved They 8 on the backs of their 8. A. drove B. moved C. ran D. rode domesticated animals; they hollowed out tree 9 and, by using bits of 9. A. branches B. logs C. trunks D. bushes wood as paddles(桨), were able to travel across water. Later they traveled, not for necessity, but 10 the joy and excitement of 10. A. for B. with C. from D. in seeing and experiencing new things. This is still the main 11 why we 11. A. cause B. reason C. goal D. purpose travel today. Traveling, of course, has now become a 12 organized business. There are 12. A. highly B. greatly C. mostly D. largely cars and splendid roads, express trains, huge ships and jet airplanes, all of 13 13. A. that B. these C. which D. those provide us 14 comforts and security. 14. A. with B. for C. in D. under This sounds wonderful. 15 there are 15. A. Because B. Besides C. But D. Furthermore difficulties. If you want to go 16 , 16. A. seaside B. outside C. traveling D. abroad you need a passport and a visa, tickets, luggage, and a hundred and one 17 17. A. important B. other C. many D. different things. If you lose any of them, your journey may be 18 . 18. A. hurt B. injured C. spoiled D. destroyed Scientists have invented machines that can explore 19 space. Eventually 19. A. out B. outside C. outer D. universe there will be cheap day excursions to the moon and honeymoon on Venus. People will be able to fly from one planet to another in nasty(令人极不愉快的) little arrow-shaped tubes. I say ―people‖ because I have no 20 of being one 20. A. mood B. comment C. intention D. interest of them. 答案: 1. C 2. A 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. A 11. B 12. A 13. C 14. A 15. C 16. D 17. B 18. C 19. C 20. C 注释: ,(trips指短途短期的旅行,通常是指去某个地方然后回来;journey侧重于旅途,路途;travel是泛指的旅行;voyages指海上的旅行。据此选,为答案( ,(branches树枝;logs原木，圆木;trunks树干;bushes灌木丛;故,符合题意( 11.why所引导的定语从句所修饰的名词应为reason( 12.highly高度地，非常;greatly大大地;mostly几乎全部地，主要地;largely大部分，主要地( 18.hurt一般指感情或身体伤害;injured指身体伤害;spoiled指损坏或搞糟;destroyed指彻底地毁灭( 20.have intention of doing sth. 有做(((的企图;to be in mood to do \for sth.有做(((的心境;comment on评论;interest in对(((感兴趣( Passage 3 In social life, time plays a very important part. In the United States, guests tend to feel they are not ___1___ regarded if the invitation to a dinner party is extended only three or four days ___2___ the party date. 1. A) mostly B) greatly C) largely D) highly 2. A) in B) after C) at D) before __3__ this is not true in all countries. In other areas of the world, it may be considered foolish to make an appointment too far in ___4___ because plans which are made for a date more than a week away tend to be ___5___. 3. A) Then B) But C) So D) Also 4. A) advance B) ahead C) front D) time 5. A) forgotten B) neglected C) mistaken D) overlooked The ___6___ of time differ in different parts of the world ___7___, misunderstandings arise between people from cultures that ___8___ time differently. 6. A) means B) meanings C) significance D) senses 7. A) Even B) Moreover C) Thus D) Ever 8. A) treat B) deal C) consider D) cope Promptness is much ___9___ in American life, for example. If people are not prompt, they may be regarded as impolite or not fully ___10___ . In the U.S. no one would think of ___11___ a business associate waiting for an hour, it would be too impolite. 9. A) treasured B) valued C) expended D) priced 10. A) acceptable B) responsible C) reasonable D) accountable 11. A) retaining B) preventing C) getting D) keeping When ___12___ meet, a person who is five minutes late is ___13___ to make a short apology. 12. A) equipment B) sames C) parallels D) equals 13. A) expected B) wanted C) asked D) hoped If he is less than five minutes late, he will say a few words of ___14___ , though perhaps he will not ___15___ the sentence. 14. A) description B) explanation C) exposition D) excuse 15. A) achieve B) fulfill C) complete D) accomplish To Americans, forty minutes of waiting is the ___16___ of the ―insult period‖. No matter ___17___ is said in apology, there is little that can remove the ___18_ done by an hour‘s wait. 16. A) period B) limit C) term D) beginning 17. A) how B) who C) what D) which 18. A) destruction B) violation C) damage D) breakage ___19___ in some other countries, a forty minute waiting period was not unusual. Instead of being the very end of the ___20___ waiting scale, it was just the beginning. 19. A) So B) If C) Yet D) Even 20. A) allowable B) conceivable C) agreeable D) receivable 1.选D。 四个选项的含义为mostly(主要地;大部分), greatly(程度大的), largely(在很大程度上), highly(高度低;非常地)。be highly regarded指人受到重视。 2.选D。从上下文的内容看，美国人倾向于把时间提前提前，因此在聚会前通知，即使提前三四天也会让人觉得不礼貌。故此选D。 3.选B。本句的意思是“并不是所有国家都是如此。”前后的内容形成对比，所以用but。 4.选A。本句的意思是“过于提前定下约会可能显得愚蠢。”而能表示“提前”意思的短语只有in advance。 5.选A。这里解释不宜过早订约会的原因。四个选项的含义分别为forgotten (忘记), neglected (不理睬), mistaken (犯错误;误会), overlooked (忽视)。因为是在社会交往中订约会，所以从含义上判断应该是“会忘记”。 6.选B。means(手段;方法), meanings(意义;含义), significance(重要性), senses(也可表示“意义”，但多指词句)。句中所指的是“时间在社会生活中的意义。”所以选B。 7.选C。前句讲“世界上不同地方时间的意义不同。”本句讲“不同文化之间由于时间造成误会。”四个选项even(甚至), moreover(而且), thus(因此), ever(曾经)，只有thus符合逻辑关系。 8.选A。四个选项为treat(对待), consider(考虑), cope(对待), deal(交易;处理)。Deal和cope都是不及物动词，需要与with连用。而consider的含义也不符合句义，故必须选A。 9.选B。treasure(珍视), valued(视某事物有极高的价值), expended(支付;支出), priced(估价;报价)。本句讲“准时在美国极为重视。”意思是美国人认为准时非常重要，用valued即可。 10.选B。acceptable(可接受的), responsible(负责的), reasonable(理性的;合理的), accountable(解释的;可做说明的)。这里的意思是“如果人们不守时，可能会被认为没礼貌。”所说的是人的道德品质，与此有关的应该是responsible。 11.选D。四个选项为retaining (保持;保留), preventing (防止;阻止), getting (使„发生;开始), keep (保持), 与后面的somebody doing 形式搭配。句子的意思是“在美国没有人会想到让一个商业伙伴等待超过一小时。”用keep somebody doing something 含义为“使某人一直„”，所以选B。 12.选D。equivalent的意思是“为等价或等值的事物”，一般不指人。sames是错误形式，same是形容词，不能有复数形式，也不能做主语。Parallels是相似的人或物，但其中有对比的含义，equals是指地位等相等的人。 13.选A。expected (期待;希望), wanted (要求;想要), asked (提问;要求), hoped (希望)。句子的意思是“某人迟到时，与他地位相同的人会期待他做出道歉。” 14.选B。description (描写), explanation (解释), exposition (说明;阐释), excuse (借口)。此处的意思是“迟到的人会说几句话作为解释。” 15.选C。本句的意思是“他甚至不必说完整句话。”四个选项为achieve (达到), fulfill (完成), complete (完成), accomplish (完成;成功)。achieve, fulfill, accomplish都有“成功地做成一件事的含义，”所以选C。 16.选D。本句的意思是“等待四十分钟以上就属于侮辱期了。”换一句话说四十分钟的等待应该是侮辱期的开始。 17.选C。此句用被动语态，指所说的话，所以选what。 18.选C。destruction (破坏;损坏), violation (侵犯;违犯), damage (损害;损伤), breakage (破碎;破损)。此处讲得是人与人之间关系造成的损害，应用damage，breakage一般指事物的破损。 19.选C。本句的意思是“在某些其它国家，四十分钟的等待时间并不少见。”这是在和前面讲到的美国的情况进行对比，故选yet。 20.选A。allowable (可允许的;可容许的), conceivable (可相信的;可想到的), agreeable (令人愉快的;宜人的), receivable (可以接受的)。本句大意为“在这些国家里四十分钟可容许的等待期的开始，而不是结束。” Passage 4 Ten years 1 , there were more than 1.3 million elephants in Africa. 1. A. ago B. before C. since D. after 2 the past ten years, the number has been 3 around 600,000. 2. A.Above B. Over C. After D. Later 3. A. cut off to B. cut in to C. cut down to D. cut after to African elephants are 4 for their 5 ivory tusks(长牙). 4.A. hunting B.hunted C. searching D.searched 5. A.invaluable B.valueless C.worthless D.unworthy Most have been killed by poachers. Poachers are 6 who kill animals illegally. 6. A.elephants B.hunters C.policemen D.officials An adult elephant eats as 7 as 300 pounds a day. In their search for 8 , elephants often move great distances. 7.A.little B.few C.much D.many 8.A.food B.ivory C.gold D.tusks When they 9 find the grasses they prefer, they may strip the land of trees. 9.A.can B.cannot C.must D.must not Today, the area 10 elephant herds live is much 11 than it used to 12 . 10.A.in that B.that C.in which D.which 11.A.larger B.wider C.smaller D.shorter 12.A.being B.is C.are D.be Many areas in their path have been 13 farms. And some elephants have been killed by farmers 14 trampling their crops. 13. A.turned B.turned into C.turned from D.turned to 14.A.of B.for C.because D.before What can we do here in our country about a 15 animal that lives so far away? 15. A.threatening B.threaten C.threatened D.threateningly Our government has passed a law to 16 it. 16.A.kill B.prevent C.get rid of D.protect People cannot 17 or bring in 18 made from ivory or any part of the elephant‘s body. 17.A.export B.emigrate C.import D.immigrate 18.A.items B.particles C.substances D.elements Most countries throughout the world have also stopped ivory imports. It is hoped that the 19 on the sale of ivory will help save the African elephant. But the world‘s largest 20 animal still needs other help. 19.A.encouragement B.ban C.support D.assistance 20.A.sea B.air C.land D.dirt 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.B 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.B 10.C 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.B 15.C 16.D 17.C 18.A 19.B 20.C Passage 5 Man‘s sudden concern 1 the environment has introduced a new 2 into international relations. 1.A.with B.for C.to D.at 2.A.dimension B.way C.method D.sphere It has heightened 3 between rich and poor 4 ; it has introduced a widened range of 5 for potential conflict. 3.A.relations B.scope C.tensions D.fashions 4.A.world B.race C.human beings D.nations 5.A.powers B.economy C.issues D.nations When we 6 environmental problems in a 7 context, the first thing that 8 us is the variety of perspectives and concerns they 9 . 6.A.examine B.look C.insure D.approve 7.A.small B.change C.literature D.global 8.A.makes B.impresses C.force D.express 9.A.brought about B.had brought C.had shown D.evoke Whereas in the industrialized world the 10 is on air and water 11 , the energy shortage and chewing 12 of unspoiled land by urban sprawl(无 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 扩展), 10. A.impress B.focus C.discussion D.action 11. A.waste B.cleaning C.pollution D.usage 12.A.up B.it C.against D.about the concern 13 an African or an Asian will most 14 center on hunger and malnutrition, health, the drying of the soil, the 15 of water, the lack of education and jobs. 13.A.of B.for C.about D.on 14.A.focus B.likely C.concerns D.probable 15.A.energy B.environmental C.potential D.insufficiency Actually, 16 problem of truly global nature affecting the biosphere 17 a whole are rather limited in 18 . 16.A.water B.air C.environmental D.health 17.A.like B.as C.likely D.thus 18.A.amount B.the way C.number D.certain They involve primarily the oceans and atmosphere ____ the commons which are 19 by all and are the 20 of our life-support system. But they also involve trade, investment and technology. 19.A.possession B.problems C.judged D.shared 20.A.basis B.arrangement C.plan D.knowledge 答案:1-5 B A C D C 6-10 A D B D B 11-15 C A A B D 16-20 C B C D A 5(汉英翻译 翻译综合练习 Section A 1. The professor required that ________ (我们交研究报告) by Wednesday. 2. If _____ (我在学校学习的时候努力些) ， I would be having a better job now. 3. Not only____ (他向我收费过高)，but he didn‘t do a good repair job either. 4. There was such a long line at the exhibition ____ (以至于我们不得不等了一个小时). 5. The more you explain, ____(我越糊涂). 6. (要不是停电)，we would have completed the task on time. 7. The victim (本来有机会活下来) if he had been taken to hospital in time. 8. We would rather ______ (你明天再作那个实验). 9. They think it of great importance that (把医疗队及时派到地震灾区去). 10. Since my childhood I have found that _____ (没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力). Key: 1.we (should) hand in our research reports 2.I had studied harder at school 3.did he overcharge me 4.that we had to wait for an hour 5.the more confused I shall be 6.But for the power failure 7.could have had the opportunity to survive 8.you did the experiment tomorrow 9.medical teams be sent to the earth-stricken areas in time 10.nothing is more attractive to me than reading Section B 11. Having spent some time in the city, he had no trouble (找到去历史博物馆的路). 12. _______ (为了挣钱供我上学), mother often takes on more work than is good for her. 13. The first thing you are required to do is to _________(尽快适应新环境). 14. The finding of this study failed to ________(将人们的睡眠质量考虑在内). 15. All flights ________(被取消了)because of the terrible weather, they had to go there by train. 16. The employee was fired as _____ (他被指控偷盗东西). 17. _____ (他本来会给你更多的帮助)，but he was very busy with his work. 18. ______ (你不可能上个星期五在办公室见到过她)，she has been on a business trip to another city for two weeks. 19. At no time and in no circumstances ______ (中国都不会首先使用核武器). 20. He found ________ (自己的中国式幽默很难为英国观众所理解). Key: 11.in finding the way to the history museum 12.To earn money to finance my schooling 13.adapt yourself to the new environment as soon as possible 14.take account of the sleeping quality of people 15.having been cancelled 16.he was accused of stealing things 17.He could have given you more help 18.You can‘t have seen her in the office last Friday 19.will China be the first to use nuclear weapons 20.it hard for his Chinese humor to be understood by the British audiences Section C 21. To his surprise, ______ (孩子们关心的是) the money they can earn rather than the knowledge they can get. 22. He woke up and _____ (发现自己躺在医院里). 23. (要不是他的帮忙)，we could not have finished the task in time. 24. We would have gone to the concert last night, (要是我们明天不参加考试的话). 25. If I had not caught you when you fell off the ladder yesterday afternoon________(你现在就不会在这儿笑了). 26. Senior citizens _____ (有权免费参观这个博物馆). 27. Peter is ________ (有信心赢得校长的职位). 28. Many parents are keen on sending their children to study in foreign countries for believing that this experience will _____ (使孩子接触到不同语言与文化). 29. By contrast, American mothers were more likely ________ (把孩子的成功归因于) natural talent. 30. Please keep all medicines ___ (孩子够不着的地方). Key: 21.what the children are concerned with is 22.found himself lying in hospital 23.But for his help 24.if we were not to take a test tomorrow 25.you wouldn‘t be laughing here now 26.are entitled to visit the history museum free of charge 27.is confident of winning the position of president of the university 28.enable their children to get in contact with different cultures and different languages 29.to owe their children‘s success to their 30.out of the reach of children Section D 31.In fact, Peter would rather have left for San Francisco ____ (而不愿呆在纽约). 32.It was essential that the application forms ____ (必须退还) before the deadline. 33.Not that John doesn‘t want to help you, ____ (而是他没有这个能力). 34.A good many proposals were raised by the delegates, ____ (正如预料的那样). 35.In the advanced course students must take performance tests ___ (每隔一个月). 36.Mark often attempts to escape ____ (罚款) whenever he breaks traffic regulations. 37.A man escaped from the prison last night. It was a long time ____ (之后警卫才发现). 38.You see the lightning the ____ (闪电一发生)，but you hear the thunder later. 39.I suggested he ____ (使自己适应) his new conditions. 40.I don‘t mind your ____ (你延期做出决定) as long as it is not too late. Key: 31.than stayed in New York 32.be returned 33.but that he does not have the ability 34.as was expected 35.every other month 36.being fined 37.before the guard found it 38.instant it happens 39.adapt himself to 40.postponing making a decision Section E 41.I have no objection (再听听你的故事). 42._____(这两本书都不认为)that the danger of nuclear war is increasing. 43.Mr. Johnson preferred ____ (别人给他重活干). 44._____(信不信由你),his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles. 45._____ (即便计算是正确的), scientists can never be sure that they have included all variables and modeled them accurately. 46.He moved away from his parents and (太想念他们以至不能很好地享受)the exciting life in New York. 47.If I (记住关窗的话)，the thief would not have got in. 48.Not until the game had begun ___ (他才到达)the sports ground. 49.The soldier (被指控临阵脱逃)when the enemy attacked. 50.Reading ____ (字里行间的言外之意)，I would like to say that the government are more worried than they will admit. Key: 41.to hearing your story again 42.Neither of the books holds the opinion 43.to be given heavy work to do 44.Believe it or not 45.Even if the calculations are right 46.missed them too much to enjoy 47.had remembered to close 48.did he get to 49.was charged with running away 50.between the lines 6( 写 作 作文 作文构思及列提纲 考试作文一般要求考生在20到30分钟内写出一篇不少于120个词的完整的作文。考生首先要仔细阅读题目要求，用5分钟时间构思内容、写出提纲，再用10到20分钟写正文。一般的作文题目(如说明文)是要求考生对某问题进行说明，运用某些方法加以解释。考生应考虑如何使读者了解你所说明的问题。议论文则常常是要考生比较和证明两种对立的观点，考生要支持一种观点，反驳另一种观点。考生应考虑举出什么论据才能说服读者接受你的观点或劝说。图表作文则要求考生对图表加以描述和解释。作文是考核学生逻辑思维、展开和理清思路、以充分论据证明、并用 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 英语进行写作的能力。 例如:人们在业余时间喜欢从事各种不同的活动。有些人喜欢动，如跑步、打篮球、踢足球或游泳;有些人则喜欢静，如绘画、读书看报、听音乐。比较一下这两种业余活动方式。问题:Which type of activity are you likely to choose, Why, 显而易见，该问题要求你说明这两种活动方式的特点或利弊，然后提出你的观点并说明理由，举出例证。 第一步:尽快写下你所能想到的有关这个话题的所有想法。暂不考虑这些想法的好与坏，可用词、短语、或缩略形式，暂不加以组织。如: Active activities jogging football swimming make body strong good for heart and health Many people do exercise to keep fit make friends work together，therefore teamwork Quiet activities calm relax therefore good for the mind discussing listening to music interesting going to movies，concerts etc. wonderful individual my preferred type of activity reasons examples 第二步: 看一下所写出的词或短语, 再看一下问题, 对所写的文字进行组织、分类、分层次，剔去无关的。 第三步:写出提纲 I. Active activities Healthy for body Good for heart Makes you strong Group activities Make friends Learn to work together,teamwork II. Quiet activities A. Healthy for the mind 1.You can be calm 2.You can relax 3.Enrich your knowledge 4.Improve your morality B. Examples 1.Listening to music is interesting 2.going to movies, and concerts is wonderful III. My preferred type of activity Reasons Examples 第四步: 展开提纲, 写成完整作文。 As we all know, people's activities may be divided into two different kinds: active activities and quiet activities. However, different kinds of activities may benefit us in different ways. As far as people's active activities are concerned, we have jogging, walking, playing various balls, swimming and many other types of physical activities, all of which may do a lot of good to our health, especially to our hearts. Through participating in these active activities, we shall be made stronger and stronger day by day. Besides, most of those activities are usually performed in groups, which may help us make friends with, learn from and learn to cooperate with other people, and eventually, enable us to develop our team spirit. On the other hand, we may also benefit from our quiet activities. As for people's quiet activities, we have listening to music, reading books or magazines, painting, going to movies and concerts, etc., all of which are wonderful because they are both interesting and instructive. Besides, quiet activities may make our minds healthy because they help us keep calm, relax our tired bodies, enrich our knowledge and improve our morality. What is more, quiet activities need neither large space nor companions to keep us company, because most of them may be carried out individually. As far as I myself am concerned, I prefer active activities. As you know, my body was not very strong when young. I made use of active activities to keep fit. I have been very heathy ever since I began to take part in active activities. As a result, I am always fond of active activities. 作文的构思 构思在作文过程中十分重要，这是制订计划的过程，不要误以为是浪费时间。古人云―磨刀不误砍柴功‖, 说的就是这个道理。 句子写作 句子是构成段落、文章的基本单位。首先，一个句子要表达一个完整的意思;其次句子要符合语法规则;再其次句中词语搭配要符合习惯用法，力避出现Chinglish (中文式英语)。句子结构要完整(即:符合五大基本句型1.主语+系动词+表语; 2.主语+谓语(状语) 3.主语+谓语+宾语(或: 间接宾语+直接宾语)) 4.主语 +谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 5.There be +主语(+状语)，努力避免句子成分残缺不全。造句时力求简洁明瞭，能用单词表达清楚的就不用短语，能用短语表达清楚的就不用句子，能用简单句表达清楚的就不用复杂句。在写句子时,下列错误应力求避免: 1.残缺不全句 如: The football game was cancelled. Because most of the players were in bed with flu. 应改成: The football game was cancelled because most of the players were in bed with flu. The film star is famous not only for her attractive appearance but for her successful performance in the play. 应改成: The film star is famous not only for her attractive appearance but for her successful performance in the play as well. Such comments neither contribute nor detract from his reputation. 应改成: Such comments neither contribute to nor detract from his reputation. The receptionist places a single room for me to live. 应改成: The receptionist places a to live in. single room for me He had a need and an interest in learning a second foreign language. 应改成: He had a need in and an interest in learning a second foreign language. He likes his dog more than his wife. 应改成: He likes his dog more than his wife does. Suzhou is nearer to Hangzhou than Nanjing. 应改成: Suzhou is nearer to Hangzhou than Nanjing is. 连写句 Reading is a good way to improve your English, however, it is not the only efficient way. 应改成: Reading is a good way to improve your English. However, it is not the only efficient way. He came to class late this morning, his mother suddenly fell ill, he had to look after her. 应改成: He came to class late this morning because his mother suddenly fell ill, and he had to look after her. He was brought up in the countryside, many of his classmates looked down upon him. 应改成: Because he was brought up in the countryside, many of his classmates looked down upon him. He was sleeping in bed, the rascal attacked him. 应改成: When he was sleeping in bed, the rascal attacked him. She wrote him a love letter he answered her in person. 应改成: She wrote him a love letter and he answered her in person. I didn‘t want to talk to my brother I pretended to be asleep. 应改成: I didn‘t want to talk to my brother so I pretended to be asleep. 悬垂修饰语(非谓语动词短语与形容词短语的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致) After graduating from middle school, my parents sent me to Britain to receive college education. 应改成: After I graduated from middle school, my parents sent me to I Britain to receive college education. 或改成: After graduating from middle school, was sent to Britain to receive college education. I failed the exam last month, consequently, causing me to feel sad for a week. 应改成: I failed the exam last month, which caused me to feel sad for a week. Seeing from the surrounding mountains, the lake down below is like a new moon. 应改成: Seen from the surrounding mountains, the lake down below is like a new moon. Returning to his apartment, his wallet was found missing. 应改成: Returning to his apartment, he found his wallet missing. To learn English well, much practice is necessary. 应改成: To learn English well, we need much practice Afraid to eat any more food, the waiter removed it from his table. 应改成: Afraid to eat any more food, he asked the waiter to remove it from his table. 4.赘词句(即: 句子不够简洁明快) In my opinion, I think your plan is feasible. 应改成: I think your plan is feasible. 或者: In my opinion, your plan is feasible. Learning a foreign language is important to us who are students. 应改成: Learning a foreign language is important to us students. My sister accompanied me to go to the airport. 应改成: My sister accompanied me to the airport. We find the situation that exists at the moment is urgent. 应改成: We find the situation at the moment is urgent. The chairman will give the explanation of the reason for the delay of it. 应改成: The chairman will explain the reason for its delay. The government has decided to improve the living conditions of the people better. 应改成: The government has decided to improve the living conditions of the people. The factory was close to the point of being at bankruptcy. 应改成: The factory was almost bankrupt. It is a good idea to be careful in buying or purchasing magazines from sellers who may come to your door. 应改成: It is a good idea to be careful in buying magazines from sellers who may come to your door. 此外, 写句子时, 要尽量多用常用词, 避免使用没有把握的词。平时养成抄写、熟记名言警句及精彩表达句子的好习惯。例如: Failure is the mother of success. Well begun is half done. East or west, home is the best. More haste, less speed. Health is not valued till sickness comes. Genius is one per cent inspiration and ninety-nine per cent perspiration. A good book is a best friend who never turns his back upon us. It is an ill wind that blows nobody good. Honest is the best policy. Every coin has two sides. 名言警句用词简洁、结构严谨、寓意深刻，可作为说服力很强的论据。 学会使用关联词。关联词语是将文章前后连贯一致的手段。它的作用就是使相互关联的词与词、句子与句子、段落与段落自然衔接起来。读者可根据它们准确地理解作者所要表达的意思。例如: He works hard at mathematics. He is not interested in it. 改成: Although he works hard at mathematics, he is not interested in it. 或者, He is not interested in mathematics. However, he works hard at it. 表示相同的或类似的逻辑关系, 还可以用不同的关联词语。如: (1) The river is polluted. (2) All the living things in it have become extinct. (1)表示原因 (2)表示结果 可连接如下: as a result of which consequently so therefore thus The river is polluted, as a result, all the livings have become extinct. because of this for this reason hence owing to which 段落写作 段落是由句子组成的。构成段落的句子有三种: 主题句(The topic sentence):表示该段的中心思想(the main idea)，特点是概括性。一个段落一般只有一个主题句，主题句位置一般在句首。 扩展句(Developing sentences):对主题句起支持或说明作用的句子(supporting details)。其特点是表义较具体; 结尾句(The concluding sentence):也叫结论句，总结段落主旨大意的句子。 由上述可知，段落的基本结构如下图所示: 主题句 扩展句 扩展句 扩展句 扩展句 … 结尾句 例如: 主题句: There are various reasons why people are fond of challenges. 扩展句(1): What often attracts one is curiosity. 扩展句(2): Usually people show a strong interest in anything unknown to them. 扩展句(3): The next reason is that people are motivated by the attempt of making achievements. 结尾句: Many people often take a great pride in their power of rising to challenges. 段落结构应严谨。主题句应具高度概括性，着墨可以不多，但应开明宗义地提出论点，此即所谓开门见山;扩展句之间应连贯、流畅，并与主题句关系密切，围绕主题句展开，起到支持主题句的作用。结尾句应自然顺势，既不能太突然结束，草草收场，也不能偏离正文主题，来个画蛇添足，尤其不能与全篇发生矛盾，难以自圆其说。整段应浑然一体，条理清楚，逻辑性强。 文章写作 初学写作者可用三段式来练一般题目的写作。各部分功能如下: 引言(Introduction):提出或者引出话题、论点。文字要简洁，通常用一到三个句子即可。开头要写得新颖得体，富有吸引力，才能勾起读者的阅读兴趣。 以下为引言段的常用写作方法 (1)引语。如: A proverb says:―Time is money.‖ But in my opinion, time is even more precious than money. Why? Because when money is used up, we can earn more. However, when time is gone, we will lose it for ever. This is the reason why we must value time. (2)提出别人的观点及论据，以便在正文中通过驳论、对比的方式来证明自己观点的正确性。如: Some people think that the urgent task is to develop economy on a large scale. Many people, especially in rural areas, are living in poverty. Many children cannot afford to receive the compulsory education. They believe that the only way to get rid of poverty is well-developed economy that is bound to bring prosperity. (3)定义法和举例法。如: Pollution refers to all the ways by which man pollutes his surroundings. Man pollutes surroundings in various ways. Man dirties the air with gases and smoke, poisons the water with chemicals and other substances and damages the soil with too much fertilizer and pesticide. Nearly everyone causes pollution in some way. With the rapid development of modern cities, urban vegetation has been greatly reduced. For example, trees have been cut down to make room for new apartment blocks. For another example, public gardens and grassland have been replaced by parking lots. As a result, cities are no longer as green as before. II(正文(Body):说明或论证部分。作者运用某些方法对所提出的问题进行说明，或对所提出的观点，举出充分的论据进行论证。正文部分要注意合理安排层次，使文章内容上下连贯前后呼应，脉络清楚，结构严谨，浑然一体。 III(结尾(Conclusion):通过论证而得出的结论。结尾要简短，通常用一、两个概括性的句子即可。结尾要写得简洁、巧妙，才能令读者思索回味，加深印象。开头、结尾的写法可能会多种多样，但都是为了表现与深化主题，为了增强文章的表达效果。 英语写作速成模块 Models for English Writing 模块作文快速写作流程: 勾画简图(根据题目,提纲,段首句确定命题形式，确立Step 1: 解读题意, 确定题型, 观点,论据，罗列提纲或关键词) Step 2: 选择模块(依据命题形式快速选定合适模块) Step 3: 依图填空, 丰富细节(将具体内容有选择的填入模块。注意多种句式运用，长短句交替出现，连接词的运用，恰如其分地运用修辞手段使文章有闪光点) Step 4: 修改文章, 杜绝错误(避免语法错误，如:主谓是否一致，时态是否对头，语态、语气是否正确，词组搭配是否合乎习惯) A. 观点类模块 对立观点类模块 Different people have different views on _________ . Some people think that ____________________ , while others argue that ____________. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the ______ opinion. For one thing, I firmly believe _________. For another, ____________________ . Just think of _________, who __________ . Taking all these factors into consideration, we may safely come to the conclusion that ________ . Only if _______ can we ____________ , just as the saying goes, ___________ . 利用模块作文范例: My View on Fate Different people have different views on fate. Some people think that fate is predestined and nobody can change it, while others argue that everybody is the master of his fate and he can change it with his own hands. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion. For one thing, I firmly believe all men are born equal and nobody is destined to always succeed or fail in his life. For another, if a person is diligent and determined, he will be able to realize his dream no matter how poor, humble or unlucky he may be. Just think of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite after countless experiments during which he lost his brother and got seriously injured himself. Taking all these factors into consideration, we may safely come to the conclusion that there is no such thing as destined fate in our life. Only if we hold on to our dream can we turn it into reality, just as the saying goes, ―Everybody is the architect of his fortune‖. 2.阐述利弊类模块 Nowadays, ________ is\are playing a more and more important role in people‘s daily life. However, people‘s opinions are still divided on this point. Those who are in favor of _______ claim that it has a lot of advantages. Firstly, __________. Secondly, ___________ . Last but not least, _________. Those who are opposed to _______ hold that there are many disadvantages. In the first place, ________ . In the second place, __________ . Finally, _______ . All in all, we can safely come to the conclusion that the pros outweigh the cons. The past twenty years witnessed the fast development of _______ along with __________ . A brighter future is awaiting us if we make good use of _______ . 利用模块作文范例A: Advantages and Disadvantages of Private Cars Nowadays, private cars are playing a more and more important role in people‘s daily life. However, people‘s opinions are still divided on this point. Those who are in favor of private cars claim that it has a lot of advantages. Firstly, the development of private cars will contribute a lot to national economy as a whole. Secondly, for individuals who own a private car, they will no longer have to wait for the crowded bus. Last but not the least, people can go sightseeing to neighboring scenic spots on weekends in their own cars. Those who are opposed to the development of private cars hold that there are many disadvantages. In the first place, the general living standard is still quite low, so the time is not yet ripe to develop private cars at present. In the second place, large numbers of private cars will again pollute the environment. Finally, the development of private cars has to be in accordance with the fundamental improvement of transportation. If the road is always jammed, how can we enjoy the pleasure of driving? All in all, we can safely come to the conclusion that the pros outweigh the cons. The past twenty years witnessed the fast development of the fast development of the automobile industry along with national economy. A brighter future is awaiting us if we make good use of private cars. 利用模块作文范例B: Computer Nowadays many people prefer computer to other working aids or instruments of labor because it has a significant role in our daily life. Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows. First, computer can greatly improve our work efficiency and save much of our unnecessary repeated work. For example, when we work out a plan and want it delivered to the various units that are subordinate to ours, the only thing we have to do is to send it to them by e-mail with the help of our inter-connected computers. Besides, computer can keep us always well-informed of the current affairs of the whole world. But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are apparent. One of the important disadvantages is that it has become a difficult task for us to keep our confidential information secret. To make matter worse, some evil hackers may easily invade our computer network and change our important data, which may result in our heavy economic losses. Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones. Therefore, I would like to persist in doing my work with the help of a computer rather than to re-pick up our old aids or traditional instruments of labor. 3.提问类模块 ________ is such a common matter that everyone of us may meet it from time to time. People hold different views towards _________ . Some people _________ . Other people view ________ as __________ . Personally, I agree with the second group of people. _____ once said, _______ . Few persons can ________ , and _________ can _________ . From now on I will not _________ . On the contrary, I will __________ because the most glorious moments are those days when I __________ . 利用模块作文范例: Is Failure a Bad Thing? Failure is such a common matter that every one of us may meet it from time to time. People hold different views towards failure in their life. Some people are so sad and frustrated at their unsuccessful attempts that they will never accumulate the courage to have another try. Other people view repeated failures as most natural on the way towards achievement_____ they will keep on trying until they succeed in the end. Personally, I agree with the second group of people. John Vance Cheney once said, ―The soul would have no rainbow had the eyes no tears .‖ If you have only had wonderful things happen to you, how can you become brave? If you can only embrace success and will never accept failure, how can you become mature? Few persons can be successful at the first time, and failure can teach us much more than success. From now on I will not be too much discouraged at failures. On the contrary, I will brace up and stand up to the next challenge, because the most glorious moments are those days when I overcome the feeling of despair and rejuvenate myself with hope and aspiration. 4. 选择类模块 Whenever people ______ , they will come across the problem of whether they should ________ or ______ , and it is natural for different opinions to arise. Some people think we should _________ . They say that ________ . Furthermore, _________ . Therefore, we should _______ . But other people think otherwise. They argue that in an age when science and technology develop at a fantastic speed, we should not only ______ but also _____ . Only when we ______ can we keep up with the pace of social development. In my opinion, we should combine _____ with ______ . First, __________ . Second, _______ . Only in this way can we _________ . 利用模块作文范例: Reading Selectively or Extensively? Whenever people read, they will come across the problem of whether they should read selectively or extensively, and it is natural for different opinions to arise. Some people think we should read selectively. They say that there are so many books in the world that we can‘t read all of them. Furthermore, there are also many bad or vulgar books, which will cause great harm to the psychological and spiritual health of readers. Therefore, we should be careful to choose healthy and instructive books. But other people think otherwise. They argue that in an age when science and technology develop at a fantastic speed, we should not only read books in our own field but also read extensively in both social sciences and natural sciences. Only when we read extensively can we keep up with the pace of social development. In my opinion, we should combine selective reading with extensive reading. First, we should make a careful selection of the books which are most helpful to us. Second, once the selection is completed, we should read as extensive as we can. Only in this way can we make good use of books. B. 谚语类模块 The old proverb (saying) _______ reminds us that __________. Indeed, we can learn many things from it. First of all, ___________. For example, ____________. Secondly,_________. Another case is that _______________. Furthermore, _____________. In my opinion, ______________________________. 利用模块作文范例: More Haste, Less Speed 为什么说“欲速则不达”, 试举例说明 The old proverb (saying) ―More haste, less speed ‖ reminds us that whatever we do we must always stand on solid ground. Indeed, we can learn many things from it. First of all, haste makes waste. For example, when we are deciding where a chemical plant should be located we have to make a serious survey of the place where we are to locate it. If we did a poor job of the survey, we might find, later, the newly-built chemical plant did more harm to us than good. Thus, careless haste will lead to the destination of waste. Secondly, if we do anything in haste, we can hardly have enough time to work out an effective plan for it, as a result of which we may find new unexpected problems here and there, which will cause us to fail to do it successfully. Another case is that when we were carrying out the ―Great Leap Forward‖, the whole nation was in haste of fast development of economy. However, we ignored the natural discipline completely and what turned out was a nation-wide waste of resources. Furthermore, error is sometimes an unavoidable friend of haste. So long as we do anything in haste, it is very likely that we‘ll make mistakes. In my opinion, whatever we do, we should never do it in haste. We should always bear in mind ―More haste, less speed.‖ C. 办法类模块 _________ has always been important to ____ alike. Although this issue has long been discussed and examined, it would not be true to say that unanimous agreement has been reached. In my belief, the more beneficial steps in ______ are as follows. First and foremost, ________ . In the second place, ____________ . Last but not least, _________ . In an era when economy develops at such a high speed, _______ is connected with and vital to every citizen in the city. We can never wish to realize our dream of a _______ until all of us take actions to __________ . 利用模块作文范例: Environmental betterment has always been important to government officials, scientific researchers and common citizens alike. Although this issue has long been discussed and examined, it would not be true to say that unanimous agreement has been reached. In my belief, the more beneficial steps in improving the overall environment of our city are as follows. First and foremost, the overall planners have to come up with a comprehensive development scheme so that all the later projects can be fitted into it under coherent consideration. In the second place, the ratio of green lands has to be largely increased to raise the quality of air and water. Last but not least, common citizens should join in the efforts to protect our environment and battle all the behaviors to pollute our homeland. In an era when economy develops at such a high speed, environmental problem is connected with and vital to every citizen in the city. We can never wish to realize our dream of a cleaner and more beautiful environment until all of us take actions to build, protect and take care of it. D. 图表说明模块 1. 说明图表; 2. 引起变化的原因. 请就下列图表写一篇短文: Why Do People in the Mountainous Regions Live Longer? thArea The investigated Celebrate 100 birthday the mountainous 100,000 50 regions the large cities 100,000 3 Model: From the graph, we know the statistics of ___________. It can be seen easily that _____________. There are many reasons responsible for this situation, and the following are the typical ones. For one thing, __________. In addition, ___________. The main reason is that______. However, the graph may not indicate the future case. ____________ . In the opinion of mine, the more we understand the situation, the better we can do to improve it in the future. 利用模块作文范例: Why Do People in the Mountainous Regions Live Longer? tharea the investigated celebrate 100 birthday the mountainous 100,000 50 regions the large cities 100,000 3 From the graph, we know the statistics of the difference in the length of people‘s lives between urban people and people in the mountainous regions. It can be seen easily that in some mountainous regions nearly 50 out of 100,000 people live to celebrate ththeir 100 birthdays, and many don‘t stop at 100. While in large cities only 3 people in 100,000 reach 100. It‘s obvious that the people in the mountainous regions live longer than those live in cities. There are many reasons responsible for this situation, and the following are the typical ones. For one thing, hard physical work is a way of life for those long-lived people. Their habitual laboring helps develop in them a strong heart and powerful lungs, which is advantageous to their good health. In addition, the environment plays some role . The air over the mountains is very fresh and pollution-free. In such environment the people can live healthily. But in cities, the environment is polluted, which is harmful to people‘s health. The main reason is that being free from urban pressure contributes to the health and life of the mountaineers. . However, the graph may not indicate the future case. With greater importance attached to the improvement of urban environment and more measures taken to harness our polluted environment, the lives of the urban people may also be lengthened for sure. In the opinion of mine, the more we understand the situation, the better we can do to improve it in the future. E. 记叙文模块 Model One (记叙往事类): On September 21, 2003, I witnessed a _________ on ____ Road on my way to ________ . It was around_______ o‘clock in the afternoon and _______ . Hardly had ______________ when ___________ . In my eyes, the major responsibility for this accident was _______ . It was because the wire ___ that the accident took place. ____ was also to blame ____ if the wind had _______ , the consequence would not have been so serious. 利用模块作文范例: On September 21, 2003, I witnessed a fire accident on Zhongshan Road on my way to the supermarket. It was around five o‘clock in the afternoon and the wind was so strong. Hardly had I got to a major crossroads when I heard people shouting ―fire, fire‖, and I stopped. A two-storied house across the street was on fire, and I dialed 119 quickly. The fire brigade came immediately and brought the situation under control quickly. The fire was put out half an hour later, and no serious damage was done. In my eyes, the major responsibility for this accident was not human-related. It was because the wire aged that the accident took place. The weather was also to blame ____ if the wind had not been so strong, the consequence would not have been so serious. Model Two (记叙加感受) (1)It was a Tuesday morning and _______________ . Our ____________________ class was going on as usual, when___________________ suddenly _______________ , who_____________ . (2)___________________________________________ . (3)On my way back to the dormitory, I thought a lot. ___________________ . Moreover, ______________, because only by doing so can we expect to _________ . If we are always ready to ___________ , the world will certainly be a better place to live in ! 利用模块作文范例: (1)It was a Tuesday morning and the temperature dropped abruptly after a night rain. Our English class was going on as usual, when the teacher suddenly stopped her lecture and went to our classmate Li Xiaoming, who leaned his head on the desk, with his eyes closed, cheeks red and lips pale. (2)The teacher touched Xiaoming‘s forehead with her hand, and found that he was running a high fever. She and another classmate helped him to stand up, and I carried him on my back. We hurried to the school clinic, where the doctor found that Xiaoming had caught a bad cold and gave him an injection. After he fell asleep, we quietly left. (3)On my way back to the dormitory, I thought a lot. If we hadn‘t helped Xiaoming, his body would be suffering and his heart aching. Moreover, helping others is equal to helping ourselves, because only by doing so can we expect to get help from others when we are in trouble. If we are always ready to extend our helping hands, the world will certainly be a better place to live in ! F. 书信写作模块 Letter Writing: Model One ( Private letter) _____________ _______ , thI am most happy to receive your June 16 letter and hear that _________ . ______________________________________________________ . I advise you to ____________ . Remember to _______________ . And I will _____________________________ . I looking forward to your reply and wish you a good journey. Best wishes. _______ _______ Model Two ( Business letter) ________________ ______ , (1)___________. I am sorry to occupy your precious time, but I really want to talk about ________________ . (2)________________ . To make matters worse, ____________ . It is true that _________, but ______________ also ______________ . (3) __________________________________________________________ . (4) I am looking forward to your reply. _____________ _____________ 利用模块作文范例: 私人书信: December 20, 2004 Dear Xiao Wang, thI am most happy to receive your June 16 letter and hear that you are going to visit me during the first week of July. Do you still remember our trip to Lijiang in Yunnan Province, which has left me much happiness and enchanting memory? I am looking forward to reliving the exciting experience and having a happy time together again. On the day when you arrive in Shijiazhuang, let‘s go to a typical restaurant to taste local food and dishes, OK? On the next three days let‘s go to visit places of interest, especially the Longxing Temple in Zhengding County, the Anji Bridge in Zhao County, the People‘s Square, and the Hebei Provincial Museum. You should not miss visiting Xibaipo, which is a famous historical site of the revolution. During the last three days I will accompany you to make purchases, especially on Zhongshan Road. If you want to buy clothes or accessories of the newest fashion, I can bring you to the Fuxingge Clothing Market, where you can feel free to bargain with the sellers and pick up some fashionable but inexpensive clothes. I advise you to make preparations before you come. Remember to take your identity card and digital camera. And I will wait for you at the railway station since four o‘clock. I am looking forward to your reply and wish you a happy journey. Best regards. Sincerely yours, Zhang Jianhua 事务书信: thJanuary 12, 2005 Dear Mr. Director, I am Li Ming, a technician from the casting shop. I am sorry to occupy your precious time, but I really want to talk about the canteen service in our factory. The canteen service seems to be getting worse and worse ever since last month. The dishes are so limited that they seem to remain unchanged day after day. To make matters worse, the quantity has been on the decline while the prices are on the rise. It is true that we have a large and clean dining hall, but it still can‘t meet the increasing demand of all the workers and technical staff. If we do not finish our morning exercise ahead of time, some of us cannot find our seats in ten minutes. The service is also far from satisfactory. The waiters and waitresses are so indifferent and cold that they would rather stand still than help the diners. It seems to me that all they have to do is receiving money and handing out bowls and plates. Dining hall is connected with the daily life of every worker and staff member in our factory. The deteriorating quality of dishes and unsatisfactory service have aroused concern from all the workers and staff members. I hope you can help to put an end to this situation and restore our confidence in the canteen service. I am looking forward to your reply. Sincerely yours, LLi Ming 作文实考示例: Write A Job Application Letter answering the following advertisement: EXPORT COMPANY NEEDS Assistant Secretary Must be able to speak and read fluent English, type, and operate computers. Only those willing to work hard and learn need apply. Salary commensurate with ability. Send English and Chinese resume with photo to 14 Tanhua Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong by May 25. A Job Application Letter May 20, 2004 Dear Sir or Madam, Please consider me as an applicant for the position of the assistant secretary that you described in your advertisement in the Yangcheng Evening News of May 5. I have just graduated from the Zhonghua Commercial University. I majored in International Trading. English was my favorite and best subject at school and my English scores were always among the top 10 of my class of fifty students. I am computer-literate and can type in both English and Chinese. Although I have no work experience other than two years‘ part-time job in an export company in summer, I am willing to work hard and I am a fast learner. I‘d very much appreciate the chance to talk to you about my interest in and qualifications for the job. I am looking forward to your reply. Respectfully yours, Zhang Jianhua G. 批驳类模块: Nowadays there is a commonly held belief that _______ . Actually, it is not the real case. On the one hand, __________ . On the other hand, _________ . Most important of all, _____________ . We need to carry out several measures to promote ________ . First, we should __________ . Second, ___________ . 利用模块作文范例: Blood Donation 有些人认为献血有害健康 实际情况并非如此 应采取措施促进献血 Nowadays there is a commonly held belief that donating blood will do harm to a person‘s health. Actually, it is not the real case. On the one hand, the small amount of blood donated will be recovered in a short time. On the other hand, with the development of medical science, it is much safer and more convenient now for people to donate blood. Most important of all, donating blood can help save the lives of dying patients, which is significant to the whole society. We need to carry out several measures to promote blood donation. First, we should impart medical knowledge to common citizens, convincing them that blood donation is not dangerous at all. Second, we should help people realize that helping others is equal to helping ourselves, not only because it is a virtue to be ready to help others, but also because one day we will be those in need of help. H. 原因类模块: Nowadays, every one of us has been confronted with too many instances of _______________ either through the mass media or in daily life. ___________ . Even __________ . We can‘t help asking ourselves: What is wrong with our society? Is _____ going out of style? ________ should and would never go out of style. For any individual, _______ is the prerequisite for him to be respectable and successful in the society. On the one hand, _________ . They will later find out that it is ______ that ______ . On the other hand, ________ will sooner or later _______ . All that has been discussed above points out an undeniable fact that ________ has long been and will always be a national virtue, which all of us should learn by heart and practice with extreme care, because _______ . 利用模块作文范例: It Pays to Be Honest 当前社会上存在许多不诚实的现象 诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实 Nowadays, every one of us has been confronted with too many instances of dishonesty either through the mass media or in daily life. Students cheat in examinations to obtain high scores. Accountants make up false data to win trust and respect from stockholders. Even scientists copy others‘ articles or inventions to seize money or fame. We can‘t help asking ourselves: What is wrong with our society? Is honesty going out of style? Honesty should and would never go out of style. For any individual, honesty is the prerequisite for him to be respectable and successful in the society. On the one hand, those who view integrity as the most important virtue and put it into practice will be rewarded in the long run. They will later find out it is honesty that puts meaning into his life. On the other hand, those who desert honesty for immediate profits will sooner or later be found out cheating and labeled as dishonest, and people will never believe him any longer. All that has been discussed above points out an undeniable fact that it pays to be honest. Honesty has long been and will always be a national virtue, which all of us should learn by heart and practice with extreme care, because ―Honesty is the best policy‖. Probable Titles: 1. On How to Eliminate the Impact of the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis on Our National Economy 2. On How to Carry Out the Concept of Scientific Development 3. On the Supervision and Administration of Food Safety 4(Job Application 5. Ambition and Reality 1.On How to Eliminate the Impact of the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis on Our National Economy Since the world‘s economy today has already been globalized to a certain extent, the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis has impacted not only the US national economy itself but also our national economy. Owing to the Western financial crisis resulting from the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis, the exports of our country have declined sharply, as a result of which quite a few of our export-oriented enterprises have gone bankrupt, and many workers have been laid off. Faced with such a serious economic situation both at home and abroad, what could we do to eliminate the impact of the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis on our national economy? The first measure I can recommend is to expand our domestic demand. Citizens of our country should be encouraged to consume whatever they can rather than to put much of their income into their savings accounts in the bank, which will no doubt help promote the steady growth of our national economy. The second measure is to take advantage of this rare opportunity to speed up the transformation of and technical innovations in our small enterprises, which will help the further rational distribution of industry in our country, and help promote the upgrading and transformation of our products. The third measure is to expand our national investment in infrastructure construction, which will surely help to promote the comparatively rapid growth of our national economy. Last but not least, our government should have more enterprises set up and encourage private enterprises to expand their investment, which may greatly help promote the re-employment of the laid-off and farmer-turned workers. All the above-mentioned measures being put into practice, I am sure that most of the impact of the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis on our national economy will be eliminated. With other measures to promote the scientific development of our national economy adopted, and the concept of scientific development put into practice, our national economy will develop more steadily and rapidly. 2. On How to Carry Out the Concept of Scientific Development What does the concept of scientific development mean? What are the implications of the concept of scientific development? What is the importance of carrying it out? What could we do to help carry it out? All those questions need answering immediately. By the concept of scientific development, we mean three things: firstly, the most important aspect of the concept is to develop national economy; secondly, the core of it is to stick to the policy of basing the development of economy on the fundamental interests of the people; finally, the fundamental requirement of it is to develop national economy in an all-round coordinative and sustainable way. All of the three are interrelated to each other and must be organically integrated into a coherent whole. Our past experience has proved that what developing concepts we stick to will have a significant effect on the future development of our country. Then, how to carry out the concept of scientific development? First of all, we should have a good command of the profound implications of the concept, and a clear understanding of its fundamental requirements. Sticking to basing development on the fundamental interests of the people aims at the realization of the all-round development of people, seeking and promoting development in the fundamental interests of the people, meeting the ever-increasing material and cultural needs of the people, really safeguarding the people‘s political, economic and cultural benefits and rights, and making the results of development benefit all the people. To develop in an all-round way means having the economic construction as the centre, and promoting economic, political and cultural construction in an all-round way to realize the aims of economic development and social progress. By developing in a coordinative way, we mean that we should plan the rural and municipal development as a whole, plan the economic and social development as a whole, plan the human and natural harmonious development as a whole, plan the coordinative development of different regions as a whole, and plan the domestic and opening-to-the-world development as a whole to promote the coordination between productive forces and relations of production, economic basis and superstructure, and the coordination among the various links and aspects of economic, political and cultural construction. By sustainable development, we mean promoting the harmony between human beings and nature to realize the coordination between economic development and population, resources, and environment, and sticking to the civilizedly developing path leading to developing production, rich lives and good ecology so as to ensure the unceasing development generation after generation. From the analysis of the implications of the concept of scientific development above, it is easy for us to understand that developing in an all-round, coordinative and sustainable way by basing our development on the fundamental interests of the people is the trend of social development. In the final analysis, we should attach the greatest importance to and make the greatest efforts to promote ―development‖. 3.On the Supervision and Administration of Food Safety Despite the decline in the number of cases related to fake commodities and foods of poor quality, problems remain serious in the market. The most notorious case involved poisonous milk powder in Shijiazhuang. To make their raw material milk appear to contain more protein, some illegal dairymen added melamine to their fresh milk, as a result of which quite a few infants were made to suffer from the disease of kidney stone after having the milk powder with melamine in it. Accidents such as this, time and again, have been warning us against the poor supervision and administration of our food safety. Frequent accidents in food quality and their serious consequences call for our immediate strengthening the supervision of our food production, for which the government should be first responsible. What‘s more, monitoring institutions with sufficient test equipment at all levels should be set up to take charge of the technical supervision of food production. Finally, it is important and necessary to drastically increase penalties on those who neglect food safety statutes. Those that have caused serious results or committed crimes should be punished severely. All these measures being adopted, we are sure that the good quality of our foodstuff can be ensured and the health of our people safeguarded. With the rapid development of our national economy and the steady improvement of our life standard, both our country and we are sure to have a bright future. 4(Job Application Dear Sir \ Madam, I was very interested to see your advertisement for a secretary in today‘s Evening Paper, and would like to be considered for the post. I will graduate from the Shijiazhuang Railway Institute this July and have completed diploma courses in the Foreign Languages Department. I gained valuable note-taking and typing experience and I‘ve written and published a few articles both in English and Chinese on the newspapers. I also worked as an interpreter for several international conferences held in Beijing. Last year, I went the China Export Commodities Fair held in Guangzhou to help our officials to hold trade talks with foreign businessmen. Having considered all my past work experiences, I think I am competent for the post of secretary. I would very much welcome the new opportunities that working for a large company such as yours would bring. I can supply personal references if you need them, and arrange for an interview at any time. I hope to hear from you soon. Yours failthfully Peter Zhang 5. Ambition and Reality The moment you decides to go to college you may be filled with ambitious ideas in your mind: to be a scientist, an expert of a certain field, a doctor or an artist. Ambition is the motivation that drives you to go forward to approach your dreams or to improve your present situations. The key point is what object you set and how far you put it from your reality. There is always a distance between your object and reality. When it is set too high, the way to approach it is long and hard. You are likely to give it up on the way or rack your brains about finding a ―short cut.‖ The reasonable way is to start from reality, and study all the possibilities of success of one object. Try in whatever way you can now instead of whatever way you will be able to. If you fail, don‘t give up too soon, but ask yourself ―Can I do it? Why not?‖ The reality is the first step to build ambitions. Little by little, future is made a perfect reality due to the strong ambition for success in your young heart and your hard work. 专接本 英语辅导综合练习 改错:Error Correction 1. Some skyscrapers are now built will have built-in devices to help A B firemen in rescuing people from top floor. D 2. The gas leakage began as earlier than Saturday night, but the local gas A B company didn‘t bother to check the suspected pipe immediately. C D 3.The child insisted in hearing the same story read to him each night before A B C D sleep. 4.Having horrified by the sight , he tried in vain to scream for help. A B C D 5.The apartment is quite nice , though I‘m having a hard time to get used to it. A B C D 6.She has been very keen with her music and dancing. She ought to be A B C a music teacher or something. D 7.The large present aroused the child‘s interest. He kept in trying to guess A B what it was and could hardly wait to open it. C D 8.You may be interested in what pets eat and how they first came to being A B C D kept by man. 9.William was about to get on his bicycle before he heard a sound which A B C made him pause. D 10.There seems no doubt if the climate plays a part in determining what A B C D kind of people we are. 11.I was not conscious that I had cut myself when I saw the blood all over A B C D my hand. 12.In the last 500 years, nothing about people has changed as many as what A B C D they eat. 13.The principal reason I want you to stay is because I don‘t want to leave A B the house empty while I am away. C D 14.Hobby can be something which people learn about themselves or about A B C D the world. 15.Of course they could have done the homework without your help if they A B C listened to the instructor‘s explanation. D 16. It‘s no use to write to him as he can‘t read. The only thing to do A B is to go and see him. C D 17. The president of the company said definitely that anyone that wanted to A B C could sell their shares to the company at any time. D 18.Under such circumstances there can‘t be a better solution than one you A B C have suggested. D 19.I hope that I have convinced you that Ellen is better or as good as any A B C D of the successful candidate of the past. 20. No sooner the door had opened than the nurse ordered us to close it . A B C D 词汇与结构:Vocabulary and Structure 1. The medicine is on sale everywhere. You can get it at ______ chemist‘s. A. each B. some C. certain D. any 2. You cannot be _____ careful when you drive a car. A. very B. so C. too D. enough 3. In general, the amount that a student spends for housing should be held to one-fifth of the total ______ for living expenses. A. acceptable B. available C. advisable D. applicable 4. Every man in the country has the right to live where he wants to , ______ the color of his skin. A. with the exception of B. in the light of C. by virtue of D. regardless of 5. Housewives who do not go out to work often feel they are not working to their full ____. A. capacity B. strength C. length D. possibility 6. I hate people who _____ the end of a film that you have not seen before. A. reveal B. rewrite C. revise D. reserve 7. He is watching TV? He is _____ to be cleaning his room. A. known B. supposed C. regarded D. considered 8. The old couple decided to _____ a boy and a girl though they already had three children. A. adapt B. bring C. receive D. adopt 9. The government is trying to do something to ____ better understanding between the two nations . A. raise B. promote C. heighten D. increase 10. The newspaper didn‘t mention the ___ of the damage caused by the fire. A. range B. level C. extent D. quantity 11. The soldier was _____ of running away when the enemy attacked. A. scolded B. charged C. accused D. punished 12. Had he worked hard, he _____ the exams. A. must have got through B. would have got through C. would get through D. could get through 13. Only under special circumstances _____ to take make-up tests. A. are freshmen permitted B. permitted are freshmen C. freshmen are permitted D. are permitted freshmen 14. I had just started back for the house to change my clothes ____ I heard voices. A. as B. when C. after D. while 15. It seems oil ___ from this pipe for some time . We ?ll have to take the machine apart to put it right. A. had leaked B. is leaking C. leaked D. has been leaking 16. It is vital that enough money ____ to fund the project. A. be collected B. must be collected C. is collected D. can be collected 17. The pressure _____ causes Americans to be energetic, but it also puts them under a constant emotional strains. A. to compete B. competing C. to be competed D. having competed 18. Your hair wants ____.You‘d better have it done tomorrow. A. cut B. to cut C. cutting D. being cut 19. As teachers we should concern ourselves with what is said, not what we think ____. A. ought to be said B. must say C. have to be said D. need to say 20. Once environmental damage ___ , it takes many years for the system to recover. A. has done B. is to do C. does D. is done 21. Studies show that the things that contribute most to a sense of happiness cannot be bought, _____ a good family life, friendship and work satisfaction. A. as for B. in view of C. in case of D. such as 22. He will agree to do what you require ____ him. A. of B. from C. to D. for 23. The mere fact ____ most people believe nuclear war would be madness does not mean that it will not occur. A. what B. which C. that D. why 24. John seems a nice person. ____ , I don‘t trust him. A. Even though B. Even so C. Therefore D. Though 25. I don‘t think it advisable that Tim ____ to the job since he has no experience. A. is assigned B. be assigned C. will be assigned D. has been assigned 26. _____ , a man who expresses himself effectively is sure to succeed more rapidly than a man whose command of language is poor. A. Other things being equal B. Were other things equal C. To be equal to other things B. Other things to equal 27. _____ that my head had cleared , my brain was also beginning to work much better. A. For B. Now C. Since D. Despite 28. Last year the advertising rate ____ by 20 %. A. raised B. aroused C. arose D. rose 29. By 1929, Mickey Mouse was as popular ____ children as Coca-cola. A. for B. in C. to D. with 30. Mr. Morgan can be very sad ___ , though in public he is extremely cheerful. A. by himself B. in person C. in private D. as individual 31. This box is too heavy, ___ give me a hand? A. would you mind B. would you please C. will you like to D. will you please to 32. _____ he works hard , I don‘t mind when he finishes the experiment. A. As soon as B. As well as C. So far as D. So long as 33. People appreciate ____ with him because he has a good sense of humor. A. to work B. to have worked C. working D. having worked 34. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, ____ obtaining water is not the least. A. for which B. to which C. of which D. in which 35. They are going to have the serviceman ____ an electric fan in the office tomorrow. A. install B. to install C. to be installed D. installed 36. A ____ to this problem is expected to be found before long. A. result B. response C. settlement D. solution 37. Having decided to rent a flat, we ____ contacting the accommodation agencies in the city. A. set about B. set down C. set out D. set up 38. _____ their differences , the couple were developing an obvious and genuine affection for each other . A. But for B. For all C. Above all D. Except for 39. She was complaining that the doctor was _____ too much for the treatment he was giving her. A. expending B. offering C. costing D. charging 40. Since the matter was extremely _____, we dealt with it immediately. A. tough B. tense C. urgent D. instant 该部分参考答案: 改错:1. A 2.A 3. A 4. A 5.C 6.B 7. B 8.D 9. B 10. D 11.C 12.D 13.B 14.C 15.D 16.A 17.D 18.B 19.B 20.B 词汇与结构 1。D 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A 6. A 7. B 8.D 9.B 10.A 11.C 12.B 13.A 14.B 15.D 16. A 17.A 18.C 19.A 20.D 21.D 22.A 23.C 24.B 25.B 26.A 27.B 28.D 29.D 30.C 31.B 32.D 33.C 34.C 35.A 36.D 37.A 38.B 39.D 40.C 写作范文 Energy Resources China is rich in various energy resources. Coal and petroleum, for instance, are two major ones. They are essential in developing the country‘s industry, science and technology. China has done a great deal in the past few decades to raise the output of coal and petroleum. These energy resources are being used up rapidly, however. With the building of four modernizations, new industrial and science projects are springing up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain. They are all enormous consumers of energy resources. Besides, there has been great waste in using these resources. To avoid energy crisis, in the future, the government must take measures . First, it should let the people know, through education, the importance of saving energy, geothermal energy and so on. We have reasons to be optimistic in this respect. Competition and Cooperation Competition is a common phenomenon in our social life. We compete when we play games, we try to do better than others in our study, and there is constant competition for jobs, money and so forth. We can say, to some extent, competition is one of the motive forces of the development of society. We often find competition and cooperation at the same time. Think of a football game. Each team is competing with the other team, but each member of the team is cooperating with his or her teammates. In most cases, we can‘t have competition without cooperation. Thus they are equally important. While we are advocating competition, we can not forget cooperation. Nothing is to be carried to extremes. Pure and exclusive competition leads to failures. Only competition together cooperation helps us a great deal in obtaining our goal and satisfying our needs, especially in modernizing our country. The Way to Success Everyone tries to achieve success in his career, but someone finally attains his while the other fails. Why ? The successful one continues his cause to the end through long period of hard work, but the failure one is easily disappointed and stops halfway. Strong will, perseverance and diligence are the three essentials of success. A man of strong will and perseverance always has an inflexible spirit. He sticks to his cause no matter how tough it might be. Dr. Sun Yatsen was such a man. Many of his attempts failed, but he held to his purpose with firmness and at last he succeeded. Diligence means steadiness in one‘s work and study. Marx often worked 15 hours a day. Life is short and we have too much to do. Without diligence no one can achieve anything. I believe that where there is a will there is a way and that success belongs to whoever can put up with long years of patient toil and constant effort. This is the way to success. Women‘s Liberation Women still have long way to go to be equal with men. For thousands of years, women have been looked down upon and their work centers on cooking and taking care of their children and husbands. Kitchen is where they belong. They do the washing, the cooking and the washing up. Certain attitudes women held toward life prevent women from seeking for themselves liberation and equality with men. Some of them rest content in serving the family. Some tend to be dependent on the man in the family. Some of my schoolmates dream of going abroad by marrying a rich man abroad. In doing so they place their fate into the hand of men. I believe women‘s liberation lies in the hand of women themselves. By self-education combined with self-confidence and self-respect, women could achieve as even greater than men in their lines, thus becoming equal with men instead of being the inferior of men. Environmental Protection Today the problem of environment has become more and more important. Every day, every hour, the air, forests, soil, oceans and fresh water are becoming dirtier and are threatening our existence. There are two main causes-the excessive use of natural resources and massive discharge of polluted waste in the course of production. Man has made great progress in environmental protection. Scientists are trying to develop cleaner engines for automobiles. Governments of many countries have established laws to protect the natural resources and to stop the environmental protection. More and people have realized the importance of it and are doing what they can to protect our surroundings. Still more measures should be taken to solve the problem. People should be further to use modern methods to protect environment and learn to recycle our natural resources. The government of all countries should take stiff measures to fight against pollution because protecting the environment is not only protecting our home but also the civilization of community as well. Ability and Good looks Old people usually tell the young: ―Don‘t judge a person by his appearance‖, meaning ability is more important than appearance. Indeed, we‘ve seen so many brilliant but not at all good-looking people. In the film ―Mozart‖, an opera singer, reiterates this view by saying: ―For a woman of taste, it is not the looks, but the talent that interests me‖. For her, the preference shows one‘s taste. However, nowadays, with more and more interviewers putting much emphasis on the looks, the appearance of the job-applicants, a lot of people come to the conclusion that appearance is more important than ability because many beautiful girls acquire very good positions although they don‘t have much talent. In my opinion, ability is definitely much more important than good looks, because it demonstrates one‘s own self-cultivation. It bespeaks the efforts and the glory of acquiring through one‘s hard work whereas good looks bespeaks no struggle of the individual. Good looks is pleasant, but if we have to make a choice between them, I‘ll choose ability because it really shows something of my own self. Advantages of a Job Interview Now, when a person is bunting for a job, there will always be a job interview and I think the job interview has a lot of advantages. The interviewer and the interviewee can know about each other from it. First, the interviewer can tell something about the job to the interviewee such as salary, the work conditions and something else that is relevant to the job. Then the interviewee can decide whether the job is really suitable for him. Second, I think the job interview is a good chance for the interviewee to show his capability and knowledge by expressing himself to the interviewer. He can also show both his ability and confidence. Then the interviewer can figure out whether he is the right person for the job. In a word, I think the interview will do good to both the interviewer and the interviewee. By an interview the interviewer can find a suitable person if both of them make the best of the job interview. My Ideal Job I have long cherished a dream. Since my childhood, I have got a special interest in all the books about geography and adventure. Each time I read them, I envied the hero and heroine very much. Then I made up my mind that one day I world be just like them-to go around the world. But, how could I realize it? Now it seems the best way is to be a tourist guide who can have so many chances to make free trips to almost anywhere in the world. How excellent it would be to see all the beautiful scenes all over the world-the vast prairie in Africa, the thick tropical forests in America, the crystal world in Antarctic, and so many other marvelous places! And, how interesting would it be to see people of different colors, to learn their native languages, to know their customs and habits, and to listen to their folk music, too! If only I could get my ideal job one day, I should say with content when I end my day, ―What a wonderful life I have lived‖. Self-confidence Self-confidence refers to the firm belief in one‘s capability to do something well. In many cases, self-confidence is crucial to one‘s success because it on the one hand provides a solid psychological ground for one‘s work and on the other hand, it is based on an evaluation of one‘s understanding of a certain kind of knowledge done by oneself. Self-confidence is an important psychological factor in our work. We can safely draw the conclusion that being the same kind of work, a self-confident person will find the work much easier and more interesting than one that holds a gloomy view on one‘s own ability. Similarly, when facing a patient, the doctor who is quite confident of his diagnosis is more likely to give much comfort to the patient and therefore achieves a more satisfying result than a doctor who isn‘t because the self-confidence of a doctor greatly influences his patient‘s mood. However, we shouldn‘t confuse self-confidence with conceit. The former is based on a thorough understanding of knowledge one has acquired whereas the latter isn‘t. Conceit may make people succeed temporarily, but that won‘t last; nevertheless, self-confidence is forever a help, a stimulus to one‘s success. Harmfulness of Fake Commodities Nowadays in the society, there are enormous fake products. When you go to the supermarket, you may buy some fake food commodities. When you go to the chemist‘s, you may buy some fake medicine. The deep root of this phenomenon lies in one‘s greed for money. In order to get a large amount of money in a short time, they try every means to produce fake commodities, without any regard for other people‘s benefit and health. Fake commodities can do great harm to both consumers and society. For example, when a person bought fake medicine, it was useless in curing his disease and really a waste of money. Sometimes fake medicine can even cause death. Fake commodities are usually sold in a low price. It causes unfair competition in the market economy and puts the whole society in disorder. Probable Titles: 1. On How to Eliminate the Impact of the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis on Our National Economy 2. On How to Carry Out the Concept of Scientific Development 3. On the Supervision and Administration of Food Safety 4(Job Application 5. Ambition and Reality 1.On How to Eliminate the Impact of the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis on Our National Economy Since the world‘s economy today has already been globalized to a certain extent, the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis has impacted not only the US national economy itself but also our national economy. Owing to the Western financial crisis resulting from the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis, the exports of our country have declined sharply, as a result of which quite a few of our export-oriented enterprises have gone bankrupt, and many workers have been laid off. Faced with such a serious economic situation both at home and abroad, what could we do to eliminate the impact of the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis on our national economy? The first measure I can recommend is to expand our domestic demand. Citizens of our country should be encouraged to consume whatever they can rather than to put much of their income into their savings accounts in the bank, which will no doubt help promote the steady growth of our national economy. The second measure is to take advantage of this rare opportunity to speed up the transformation of and technical innovations in our small enterprises, which will help the further rational distribution of industry in our country, and help promote the upgrading and transformation of our products. The third measure is to expand our national investment in infrastructure construction, which will surely help to promote the comparatively rapid growth of our national economy. Last but not least, our government should have more enterprises set up and encourage private enterprises to expand their investment, which may greatly help promote the re-employment of the laid-off and farmer-turned workers. All the above-mentioned measures being put into practice, I am sure that most of the impact of the US Subprime Mortgage Crisis on our national economy will be eliminated. With other measures to promote the scientific development of our national economy adopted, and the concept of scientific development put into practice, our national economy will develop more steadily and rapidly. 2. On How to Carry Out the Concept of Scientific Development What does the concept of scientific development mean? What are the implications of the concept of scientific development? What is the importance of carrying it out? What could we do to help carry it out? All those questions need answering immediately. By the concept of scientific development, we mean three things: firstly, the most important aspect of the concept is to develop national economy; secondly, the core of it is to stick to the policy of basing the development of economy on the fundamental interests of the people; finally, the fundamental requirement of it is to develop national economy in an all-round coordinative and sustainable way. All of the three are interrelated to each other and must be organically integrated into a coherent whole. Our past experience has proved that what developing concepts we stick to will have a significant effect on the future development of our country. Then, how to carry out the concept of scientific development? First of all, we should have a good command of the profound implications of the concept, and a clear understanding of its fundamental requirements. Sticking to basing development on the fundamental interests of the people aims at the realization of the all-round development of people, seeking and promoting development in the fundamental interests of the people, meeting the ever-increasing material and cultural needs of the people, really safeguarding the people‘s political, economic and cultural benefits and rights, and making the results of development benefit all the people. To develop in an all-round way means having the economic construction as the centre, and promoting economic, political and cultural construction in an all-round way to realize the aims of economic development and social progress. By developing in a coordinative way, we mean that we should plan the rural and municipal development as a whole, plan the economic and social development as a whole, plan the human and natural harmonious development as a whole, plan the coordinative development of different regions as a whole, and plan the domestic and opening-to-the-world development as a whole to promote the coordination between productive forces and relations of production, economic basis and superstructure, and the coordination among the various links and aspects of economic, political and cultural construction. By sustainable development, we mean promoting the harmony between human beings and nature to realize the coordination between economic development and population, resources, and environment, and sticking to the civilizedly developing path leading to developing production, rich lives and good ecology so as to ensure the unceasing development generation after generation. From the analysis of the implications of the concept of scientific development above, it is easy for us to understand that developing in an all-round, coordinative and sustainable way by basing our development on the fundamental interests of the people is the trend of social development. In the final analysis, we should attach the greatest importance to and make the greatest efforts to promote ―development‖. 3.On the Supervision and Administration of Food Safety Despite the decline in the number of cases related to fake commodities and foods of poor quality, problems remain serious in the market. The most notorious case involved poisonous milk powder in Shijiazhuang. To make their raw material milk appear to contain more protein, some illegal dairymen added melamine to their fresh milk, as a result of which quite a few infants were made to suffer from the disease of kidney stone after having the milk powder with melamine in it. Accidents such as this, time and again, have been warning us against the poor supervision and administration of our food safety. Frequent accidents in food quality and their serious consequences call for our immediate strengthening the supervision of our food production, for which the government should be first responsible. What‘s more, monitoring institutions with sufficient test equipment at all levels should be set up to take charge of the technical supervision of food production. Finally, it is important and necessary to drastically increase penalties on those who neglect food safety statutes. Those that have caused serious results or committed crimes should be punished severely. All these measures being adopted, we are sure that the good quality of our foodstuff can be ensured and the health of our people safeguarded. With the rapid development of our national economy and the steady improvement of our life standard, both our country and we are sure to have a bright future. 4(Job Application Dear Sir \ Madam, I was very interested to see your advertisement for a secretary in today‘s Evening Paper, and would like to be considered for the post. I will graduate from the Shijiazhuang Railway Institute this July and have completed diploma courses in the Foreign Languages Department. I gained valuable note-taking and typing experience and I‘ve written and published a few articles both in English and Chinese on the newspapers. I also worked as an interpreter for several international conferences held in Beijing. Last year, I went the China Export Commodities Fair held in Guangzhou to help our officials to hold trade talks with foreign businessmen. Having considered all my past work experiences, I think I am competent for the post of secretary. I would very much welcome the new opportunities that working for a large company such as yours would bring. I can supply personal references if you need them, and arrange for an interview at any time. I hope to hear from you soon. Yours failthfully Peter Zhang 5. Ambition and Reality The moment you decides to go to college you may be filled with ambitious ideas in your mind: to be a scientist, an expert of a certain field, a doctor or an artist. Ambition is the motivation that drives you to go forward to approach your dreams or to improve your present situations. The key point is what object you set and how far you put it from your reality. There is always a distance between your object and reality. When it is set too high, the way to approach it is long and hard. You are likely to give it up on the way or rack your brains about finding a ―short cut.‖ The reasonable way is to start from reality, and study all the possibilities of success of one object. Try in whatever way you can now instead of whatever way you will be able to. If you fail, don‘t give up too soon, but ask yourself ―Can I do it? Why not?‖ The reality is the first step to build ambitions. Little by little, future is made a perfect reality due to the strong ambition for success in your young heart and your hard work.