词语借用研究----以汉语中的日源动漫外来词为例（可编辑）

词语借用研究----以汉语中的日源动漫外来词为例（可编辑） 词语借用研究----以汉语中的日源动漫外来词为例 学校代码 10530 学 号200705020684分 类 号 H059 密 级 公 开 硕 士 学 位 论 文 词语 借用研 究 ?以汉 语 中 的日源动 漫 外 来词为 例学 位 申 请 人 陈茜 指 导 教 师 李素琼 教授 学 院 名 称外国 语学院 学 科 专 业 外国 语言学 及应用语言学 研 究 方 向应用 语言学二?一?年六月Research on Lexical Borrowing ??A Case Study of the Japanese Anime LoanwordsCandidateChen Xi SupervisorPro.Li Suqiong College College of Foreign Languages Program Foreign Theoretical Linguistics and Applied Linguistics Specialization Applied Linguistics DegreeMaster of Arts UniversityXiangtan UniversityDate June, 2010湘 潭 大学 学 位 论文 原 创性 声 明 本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的 研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个 人或 集体已经发 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体, 均 已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。 作者签名: 日期: 年 月 日学 位 论文 版 权使 用 授权 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意学校保 留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅和借 阅。本人授权湘潭大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行 检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。 涉密论文按学校规定处理。 作者签名:日期: 年 月 日 导师签名:日期: 年 月 日Descriptive Chinese Abstract 摘 要 在经济全球化的趋势下,世界各民族交往日益频繁, 不同语言或语言变体之间的接 触日益增加。语言之间的接触关系越来越密切,相互的影响也越来越深刻。语言接触导 致语言影响和语言结构、功能的变化。语言借用是语言接触的结果之一,它是不同民族 之间的文化交流的见证者和体现者。 中国和日本拥有悠久的文化交流的历史。古代日本大量引入中国的语文,既借字又 借词,造成日语中存在大量的汉字词。改革开放以来,日本动漫文化对中国人 尤其是年 轻一代产生了深远的影响,日本动漫以各种形式充斥在当今电视、电影、网络及出版物 中,其中的术语被一些爱好日本动漫的中日双语者借用过来后又被很多单语者广泛应用 和传播于日常生活中。 本研究在社会语言学语言接触理论指导下,运用社会语言学研究方法,以从贪婪大 陆论坛、百度贴吧以及金沙论坛收集到的2003年到 2009年的将近五百日本动漫借词为 研究对象,对语言借用语言现象进行考察。最后用数理统计的方法借助 GOLDVARB 2.0 (Rand & Sankoff,1990)和Excel 2007软件对所有取得的数据进行数据分析。 本研究发现,日本动漫借词的类型以形借词为主;出现的词类名词居多形容词次之; 而在借用过程中其多数词的词义倾向缩减。日本动漫借词的使用与社会因素有密切的联 系,使用日本动漫借词人群的集中在 13-22岁的青少年和青年;女性使用者略多于男性; 使用者很大一部分出生于城市,其次是城镇然后是农村;大多数使用者都是单语者;社 会因素中生长地与日源动漫借词的使用关系最为密切。日本动漫借词的使用 呈稳步上升 趋势,丰富了汉语的词汇系统,也是现今社会生活交际的需要。洲地区经济的 飞速发展 使人们重新开始重视古老的东方文化魅力,逐渐改变西方文化的统治地位。 但是鉴于日 本动漫借词中涉及到的一些不健康思想对青少年的不良影响,政府在开放政 策下也应当 加强对其传播的监督与监管。 因条件有限,本研究的结论还不够成熟,有待于更深入的研究来进一步论证。 关键词:语言接触;语言借用;日本动漫借词I English Abstract AbstractUnder the context of economic globalization, the interactions among various nations become more and more frequent, and the contacts between different languages or language variants are increasingly rapid. Different languages have closer connections and interaction on each other. Language contact will result in the transformation of language construction and function. Language borrowing is one of the outcomes of language contact, which witnessed and performed the cultural exchanges among different countriesJapan is the neighbor of China with a long history of culture exchange. Abundant Chinese words and phrases were borrowed by Japanese as they are in ancient time, thus there are plenty of Chinese characters in Japanese. From China’s reform and opening policy, the culture of Japanese anime affects Chinese deeply. At present,Japanese anime abound in the TV, films, internet and publications in various forms,and its slangs are translated and borrowed by some billiguals who love Japanese anime, then to be used and spreaded by a great deal of monolinugals in daily lifeUnder the guidance of the language contact theory and the research methods of sociolinguistics, this study explores the linguistic phenomenon of language borrowing. The data base includes almost half-thousand tokens, which are collected from three on-line forums Tan Lan Da Lu Forum, Jin Sha Forum and Post Bar Forum from 2003 to 2009. And then, all the data is analyzed by using the GOLDVARB 2.0 and another software Excel 2007 It is found that the major type of Japanese anime loanwords is graphic loanwords; the noun is the majority of grammatical category and the next is the adjective; the semantic changes of it were mainly embodied by meaning narrowing. And the Japanese anime lexical borrowing is also closely associated with some social factors. Those who use the Japanese anime loanwords are mostly the teenagers and young-adults ranging from 13-22, among which the females are more than males, and majority of the Japanese anime users come from urban area comparing to the rural area, nearly all these people are monolinguals. In these factors the growth place has the closest relation to the usage of the loanwords of Japanese anime. The steady increasing use of Japanese anime loanwords enriched the modern Chinese vocabulary system and also is the requirement of communication. The charm of ancientII English Abstract oriental cultures is drawing people’s attention again, changing the dominance of Western culture gradually. In terms of the impact of some unhealthy elements Japanese anime loanwords may have on the youths, some measures should be taken to restrict the spread and use of such kind of words in a reasonable wayDue to the limitations of the present study, the findings and conclusion of this thesis are rather preliminary, which requires further research at a more general level Key words: Language contact; Language borrowing; Japanese anime loanwordsIII Contents Contents Descriptive Chinese AbstractI English Abstract. II Introduction. 1 0.1 Research Background 1 0.2 Significance of the Research. 2 0.3 Methodology. 2 0.4 Organization of the Thesis. 2 Chapter 1: Previous Researches on Language Borrowing and the Borrowing of Japanese4 1.1 Identification of Language Contact Phenomena. 4 1.2 Previous Researches on Language Borrowing. 5 1.2.1 The Basic Knowledge of Borrowing. 5 1.2.2 The Study of Lexical Borrowing. 6 1.2.3 Integration of Borrowing. 8 1.2.4 The Controversies of Lexical Borrowing and Code-Switching9 1.3 Previous Studies on the Lexical Borrowing of Japanese 10 1.3.1 The controversies of Japanese Loanwords„„„„„„„„„„10 1.3.2 Types of Japanese Loanwords10 1.3.3 Distribution of Japanese Loanwords11 1.3.4 The Historical Review of Chinese Absorption of Japanese12IV Contents 1.4 Comments on the Previous Researches 14 Chapter 2: Research Methodology15 2.1 Hypotheses. 15 2.2 Research Subjects 15 2.3 Data Collection. 17 2.4 Data Processing 17 Chapter 3: Results and Discussion 19 3.1 Distribution of Japanese Anime Borrowing19 3.1.1 Overall Distribution of Japanese Anime Borrowing. 19 3.1.2 Distribution of Graphic Loanwords20 3.1.3 Distribution of Hybrid Creation Loanwords. 21 3.1.4 Distribution of Letter Loanwords 23 3.1.5 Distribution of Phonological Loanwords 24 3.2 Grammatical Categories25 3.3 Semantic Changes of Loanwords 28 3.4 Increase of Japanese Anime Borrowed Words. 31 3.5 Social Influence on Borrowing 32 3.5.1 The Influence of Gender. 32 3.5.2 The Influence of Age. 33 3.5.3 The Influence of Growth Place 34 3.5.4 Japanese Proficiency. 36 3.6 Multivariate Analysis 37 Chapter 4: Implications Obtained from the Research39V Contents 4.1 Motivations for the Borrowing of Japanese39 4.1.1 The Environmental Motivation 39 4.1.2 The Psychological Motivation. 40 4.2 The Influence on China 41 4.2.1 The Influence of Borrowing on Modern Chinese Language. 41 4.2.2 The Positive Influence on the Cultural Exchanges Between China and Japan 43 Conclusion. 44 Notes 46 References. 47 Acknowledgements51 Appendix A: Sample Examples of Demographic Sheet 52 Appendix B: Coding Booklet. 54 Appendix C: Sample Examples of Database56 Appendix D: Examples of the Data. 57 Informative Abstract in Chinese. 58 Ré sumé and Publications since Entering the Program 61 VI Introduction 0.1 Introduction 0.1 Research Background Under the context of economic globalization, the interaction among various nations become more and more frequent, and the contacts between different languages or language variants are increasingly rapid. Language contact will result in the transformation of language construction and function at least in one language or dialect. As a product of continual language contact, language borrowing can not only reflect the linguistic changes but also mirror the changes of the societyChina and Japan are geographically separated by only a narrow strip of water. The cultural exchanges between Chinese and Japanese originate from the ancient days. China has great influence on Japan in the writing system or its language, art, cultural, religions, philosophy, law and so on. The history of borrowing from Japanese has the positive influence on the cultural exchanges between China and Japan. In Japanese, there are plenty of Chinese characters. Although those Chinese characters in Japanese have different pronunciations from Chinese, they have similar or even the same forms and meanings to Chinese in a large part. Although there always have the controversies on whether the recursive Japanese words with the same character form of Chinese are loanword, the main stream of the previous studies given an explicit and undeniable conclusionAfter World War II, Japanese comics and animation have entered a new and glorious eraIn recent decades, the Japanese anime becomes an important medium to spread the Japanese culture globally. The “Japanese cartoon”, which has been defined by a unique word: “ANIME”, has enormous impact on a wide range around the world. Along with the development of the Chinese reform and opening-up policy, especially from the 1980, China-Japanese relations have made considerable progress. From that time, Japanese anime came into our life, and then got more and more popular among the youths. A large part of young people, mainly the post-’80 generation to the post-’90 generation, and even the post-’00 generation, were almost growing up with the Japanese anime. The borrowing from Japanese anime was one of main sources of the loanwords from Japanese to Chinese nowadays 1 Introduction 0.4 0.2 Significance of the Research Borrowing enriched the Chinese vocabulary system greatly and was also the need of people’s life and communication. The important meaning is that it can improve the development of cultural and economic exchange. The study on the borrowing of Japanese anime not only has the linguistic significance and greatly enriched the modern Chinese vocabulary system,but also makes the positive influence on the cultural exchanges history between China and Japan, and give us a new way to learn more about Japanese culture 0.3 Methodology We collect about 500 tokens from three on-line forums Tan Lan Da Lu Forum, Jin Sha Forum and Post Bar Forum from 2003 to 2009. In order to test which factors are actually significant when all of them are considered simultaneously, we employ quantitative analysis, as embodied with the variable rule program, GOLDVARB 2.0 Rand &Sankoff, 1990 and another software Excel 2007 to reveal the relation between the internal, external factors and the borrowed wordsBased on the data collected from three forums on the Internet, the borrowed Japanese anime were divided into several parts such as borrowing types, usage, grammatical categories and semantic categories 0.4 Organization of the Thesis This thesis make up of six parts. The first part is Introduction, which providing the background of the phenomena we concerned, and then follows methodology and significance of the study. Chapter One stars from some basic concept in the thesis of language contact and borrowing in sociolinguistics, and retrospect the history of language and cultural interaction between China and Japan, then some previous relevant study of Japanese borrowing, particularly the feature of Japanese loanwords will be summed up. The next two chapters focus on the empirical study of this thesis. In Chapter Two, the thesis, which makes a hypothesis of our study at first, then mainly analyzes the methodology we used, which2 Introduction 0.4 including the research subject, data collection and processing. Chapter Three will carry out the analysis of the results and discusses them in various ways. The fourth chapter explores the influence of Japanese borrowing in China on both the positive and negative respects. Finally, we will draw a conclusion which attempts to integrate some implications in previous chaptersSome limitations of the present study also will be lodged. And it will be interesting to see what the next step in this process will be 3 Previous Researches on language Borrowing and the Borrowing of Japanese 1.1 Chapter 1: Previous Researches on Language Borrowing and the Borrowing of Japanese 1.1 Identification of Language Contact Phenomena Language contact: the co-existence of languages in a geographical area or in a speech community; a degree of bilingualism is usually involved, either throughout the speech community or on the part of some individuals; the field of language contact is concerned with macro-sociolinguistic issues like language maintenance and language shift, as well as micro-sociolinguistic issues like the effect of borrowing, code-switch, etc; ‘Internal change’ and ‘contact-induced change’ are two ways in which languages develop over time Dictionary of siciolinguistics 167-168. Simply define: it is the use of more than one language in the same place at the same timeMore early studies always focus on the language contact about the neighboring fields and immigrants e.g. the immigrant in American after World War I, because of frequent face-to-face contact at that time. Nowadays, we could find so many homogeneous communities of monolinguals most of whom have little or even no direct contact with speakers of other languages. And, foreign influence may be introduced to the monolinguals by mass media, internet, individuals who travel, or through language teaching in schools, etc. In these situations, the people from recipient language community do not need to be bilingual in the donor language of course we also do not exclude that some members of the community may. Such “distant” contact, typically results in lexical borrowing alone, we will see that, language contact in this day does not require fluent bilingualism or multilingualismWhen people are coming into contact, they will find some ways to overwhelm the communicative barriers facing them and make compromise between their forms of languages naturally. The possible results of such contact differ according to two broad categories of factors- internal linguistic and external social and psychological Winford 2In communities of all sizes, wherever the tiniest villages or the biggest nations, language contact which is itself a result of social history has social consequences. And the most common specific type of influence is the borrowing of words4 Previous Researches on language Borrowing and the Borrowing of Japanese 1.2 1.2 Previous Researches on Language Borrowing 1.2.1 The Basic Knowledge of BorrowingBorrowing occurs when a vocabulary item from one language enters the vocabulary of another language. As a noun, borrowing may refer to the process of borrowing or to the borrowed item; a borrowed word is also known as a loanword. The language that receives the borrowed item may be termed the HOST LANGUAGE, and the language that provides the item the SOURCE LANGUAGE Dictionary of siciolinguistics 30. Here Chinese is the host language, and the Japanese is the source language. When one language takes in some words from another language, the process is referred to as borrowing Myers-Scotton 209At the very beginning, we need to clarify notions such as “intensity of contact” and “cultural pressure” if we are to understand the social influences on various type and degree of borrowing Winford 29. There is a table of borrowing scale as follows: StageFeatures 1 Casual contactLexical borrowing only 2 Slightly more intense contactSlight structural borrowing; conjunctionsand adverbial particles 3 More intense contact Slightly more structural borrowing;adpositions, derivational affixes 4 Strong cultural pressure Moderate structural borrowing major structural features that cause relatively little typological change 5 Very strong cultural pressure Heavy structural borrowing majorstructural features that cause significant typological disruption Thomason and Kaufman 74-76 In terms of borrowing scale, we can see that environmental and social factors are paramount to the borrowing, and not merely a need of lexical function 5 Previous Researches on language Borrowing and the Borrowing of Japanese 1.2 To some extent, transmission of borrowing within the community are more likely to be bilingual or those in direct contact with the donor language and/or culture, whereas the innovation and propagation of other lexical novelties may, to a greater extent, be due to other subgroups within the communit( y Poplack 47)Because of that, a borrowed word may depend on the self-style and personal habits, ability of the speaker, as well as on other aspects of a special contextThus, the person who first used the loanwords could be one of bilinguals, possibly but not necessarilySome culturally or technologically novel concepts, or some new-established notions in a new way, may be a special case of the emergence of a word with new meaningsAll of these are related to the concept of “need” as a factor promoting lexical borrowingThe motivations for borrowing depend on two factors that have been frequently mentioned are “need” and “prestige”. There Most of the borrowing associated with “distant” contact seems to be motivated by “the need to designate new things, persons, places and concepts” Weinreich 56. When a community is exposed to some new areas, such as cultural knowledge, its members will share these things through contact with others 1.2.2 The Study of Lexical BorrowingWeinreich cites factors of a psychological nature as well as the notion of lexical need on the part of the recipient-language speakers qtd. in Poplack 60. Lexical borrowing is a common form of cross-linguistic influence extremely, which can occur under a variety of conditions, ranging from “distant” contact with the source language to close communication between recipient and source language speakers in some bilingual communitiesDrawing on previous work from Poplack, lexical borrowing is defined as follows: Lexical borrowing involves the incorpora