高三英语语法复习讲座---动词的时态和语态
动词的时态和语态的考查是
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最为重要的一项,也是历年来失分最多的一项。失分的根本原因是没能正确把握各个时态的运用语境。动词的语态常和时态在一起考查,试题常从三个角度出题:1.直接给出时间状语,可以根据时间状语做出选择.2.给出时间状语,但所给的时间状语有较强的干扰性和迷惑性.3.题干中不提供任何时间状语,而给出一个上下文情景或一个结构较为复杂的句子,考生必须仔细分析语境,才能做出正确判断.
动词的时态:时态是谓语动词所
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示的动作或情况发生时间的各种形式。英语动词有16种时态,其中常见的有9种:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时,一般过去将来时,现在进行时过去进行时,现在完成时,过去完成时,现在完成进行时.下面以do为例:
一般
进行
完成
完成进行
现在
do, does
am/is/are doing
have/has done
have/has been doing
过去
did
Was/were doing
had done
had been doing
将来
will/shall do
will/shall be doing
will/shall have done
will/shall have been doing
过去
将来
would/should do
would/should be doing
would/should have done
would/should have been doing
1、动词时态考查要点简述
(1)一般现在时考点分析
①表示客观事实或普通真理(不受时态限制)
The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun.
Water boils at 100oC.
②表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词;表示经常或习惯性的动作,多用动作动词,且常与表频率的时间状语连用。
Ice feels cold.
We always care for each other and help each other.
③表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时:see、hear、smell、taste、feel、notice、agree、believe、like、hate、want、think、belong、 seem等。如:
I know what you mean.
Smith owns a car and a house.
All the students here belong to No.2 Middle School.
④在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”,但不表示时态。
If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased.如果你愿意接受并参加我们的舞会,我的家人会非常高兴。
⑤少数用于表示起止的动词如come、go、leave、arrive、fly、return、start、begin、pen、close、end、stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时,表示一个按规定、
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或安排要发生的动作。当be表示根据时间或事先安排,肯定会出现的状态,只用一般现在时。
The shop closes at 11:00 p.m. every day.
Tomorrow is Wednesday.
(2)一般过去时的考点分析(考核重点)。
①一般过去时的基本用法:表示过去的事情、动作或状态常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示);用于表达过去的习惯;表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去式。如:
I met her in the street yesterday.
I once saw the famous star here.
They never drank wine.
I thought the film would be interesting, but it isn’t.
②如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语,尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生,但从句中的谓语动词连用过去式。如:
He told me he read an interesting novel last night.
③表示两个紧接着发生的动作,常由以下词语连接,用一般过去时。如:but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。
The moment she came in, she told me what had happened to her.
He bought a watch but lost it.
④常用一般过去时的句型:
Why didn’t you / I think of that?
I didn’t know it.
I forgot to tell you I had been there with my brother before.
I didn’t recognize him.
(3)一般将来时考点分析。
①表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall + 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语边用如tomorrow、next week等)。
②表示一种趋向或习惯动作。
We’ll die without air or water.
③表示趋向行为的动词如come、go、start、begin、leave等词常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
④be going to与will / shall do, be to do, be about to do用法及区别:
be going to 表示现在打算在最近或将来要做某事,这种打算往往经过事先考虑,甚至已做了某种准备;shall / will do表示未事先考虑过,即说话时临时作出的决定。
be going to 表将来,不能用在条件状语从句的主句中;而will则能,表意愿。如:
If it is fine, we’ll go fishing.(正确)
If it is fine, we are going to go fishing.(错误)
be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作,还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止,可能性等,含有注定会发生的意思
A meeting is to be held at 3:00 o’clock this afternoon.
be about to do sth.表示“即可,就要”,后面不能接时间状语。常和when…连用
Autumn harvest is about to start.
I was about to go out when it began to rain.
(4)现在进行时考点分析。
①表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作;表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时;表近期特定的安排或计划;go、come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时。如:
It is raining now.
He is teaching English and learning Chinese.
I am meeting Mr. Wang tonight.
We are leaving on Friday.
At six I am bathing the baby.(I start bathing the bady before six.)
The girl is always talking loud in public.(与always、often等频度副词连用,表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)
②下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时。(A)表示心理状态、情感的动作:like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。(B)表存在的状态的动词:appear, exist, lie, remain, seem belong to, depend on。(C)表示一时性动作的动词:allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。(D)表示感官的动词:see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
(5)过去完成时考点分析(考核重点)。
①常用过去完成时的几种情况:(A)在by、by the end、by the time、until、before、since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句以前发生的动作。如:By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. The train had left before we reached the station. (B)表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended/
thought / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示即:hoped / planned … + to have done。(C)“时间名词 + before”在句子中作状语,谓语动词用过去完成时;“时间名词 + ago”在句中作状语,谓语动词用一般过去式。如:He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago.(D)表示“一……就”的几个句型:Hardly / No sooner / Scarcely had + 主语 + 过去分词 + when / than / before + 一般过去时。如:We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. = No sooner had we been seated than the bus started.
②在before或after引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去时态代替过去完成时。
After he (had)left the room, the boss came in.
We arrived home before it snowed.
(6)过去将来时考点分析。
参照一般将来时对比:用would do、was / were going to do sth.表过去将来;come、go、leave等过去进行时表过去将来时;was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth.表过去将来。
(7)过去进行时考点分析。
①过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。
②某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生,其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。
(8)现在完成时考点分析。
①现在完成时除可以和for、since引导的状语连用外,还可以和下面的介词短语连用:during / in /over the last(past)few years (months, weeks)、in recent years等。
②下列句型中常用现在完成时
It is (has been) + 一段时间 + since从句
This(That / It)is the first(second…)time that + 完成时
This(That / It)is the only … + that + 完成时
This(that / It)is the best / finest / most interesting … + that 从句 + 完成时
③在时间或条件状语从句中,现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。如:
I shall post the letter as soon as I have written it.
If you have done the experiment, you will realize the theory better.
Don’t get off the bus until it has stopped.
(9)注意几组时态的区别:
①一般过去时与现在完成时:时间上有差异:凡有过去时间的均用过去时态,不能用完成时态,如含有ago、last year、just now、the other day等。
结果上有差异:现在完成时强调的是对“现在”的影响和结果,动作到现在刚完成或还在继续;一般过去时强调的是动作发生在“过去”,和现在毫无关系。
②过去完成时与一般过去时:过去完成时强调的是“过去的过去”;如出现同一主语连续几个动作(“连谓”)形式则只用一般过去时即可。
2、被动语态考查要点简述
被动语态的构成方式:be + 过去分词,口语只也有用get / become + 过去分词表示。被动语态的基本用法:不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁时用被动语态。强调或突出动作的承受者常用被动语态(by短语有时可以省略)。
(1)使用被动语态时应注意的几个问题。
①主动变化被动时双宾语的变化。看下列例句。
My friend gave me an interesting book on my birthday.
An interesting book was given to me(by my friend)on my birthday.
I was given an interesting book (by my friend)on my birthday.
②主动变被动时,宾补成主补(位置不变);(作补语的)不定式前需加to。
The boss made him work all day long.
He was made to work all day long(by the boss)
③短语动词变被动语态时,勿要掉“尾巴”。
The children were taken good care of (by her).
Your pronunciation and spelling should be paid attention to.
④情态动词和be going to、be to、be sure to、used to、have to、had better等结构变被动语态,只需将它们后面的动词原形变为be +过去分词。
⑤当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时,被动语态有两种形式:(A)谓语动词用被动语态,动词不定式作主补。(B)用it作形式主语,真正的主语在后面用主语在后面用主语从句来表示。如:
People say he is a smart boy.
It is said that he is a smart boy.
He is said to be a smart boy.
People know paper was made in China first.
It is known that paper was made in China first.
Paper was known to be made in China first.
类似句型有:It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped/ thought that …
(2)不能用被动语态的几种情况。
①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。
②表示状态的谓语动词,如:last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、look like、consist of等。
③表示归属的动词,如have、own、belong to等。
④表示“希望、意图”的动词,如:wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
⑤宾语是反身代词或相互代词时谓语动词用主动语态,不能用被动语态。
⑥宾语是同源宾语,不定式、动名词等谓语动词不用被动语态。
⑦有些动词以其主动形式表示被动意义,特别是当主语是物时,表示主语的性能,常见的动词有sell、write、wash、open、lock 、read 、tear、burn、等。The door won’t lock.门锁不上。
This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布易洗。
These novels won’t sell well.这些小说不畅销。
(3)主动形式表被动意义。
①当feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时; My pen writes smoothly.我的钢笔写起来很流畅。
The fish smells good.鱼闻起来香。
②当break out、take place、shut off、turn off、work out等动词表示“发生、关闭、制定”等意思时。
The plan worked out successfully.
The lamps on the wall turn off.
③want, require, need后面的动名词用主动表示被动含义。
④be worth doing用主动形式表示被动含义。
⑤在“be + 形容词 + to do”中,不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语,用主动代被动。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
另外:be to blame(受谴责),be to rent(出租)也用主动形式表被动。
(4)被动形式表示主动意义的几种情况。
①be seated坐着
He is seated on a bench.(He seats himself on a bench.)坐在凳子上。
②be hidden躲藏
He was hidden behind the door.(He hid himself behind the door.)他藏在门后。
③be lost迷路
④be drunk喝醉
⑤be dressed穿着
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
(5)被动语态与系表结构的区别
被动语态强调动作;系表结构表主语的特点或状态。如:
The book was sold by a certain bookstore.(被动语态)
The book is well sold.(系表结构)
高考试题解析:
选择填空
1.”life is like walking in the snow”, Granny used to say, “because every step _____.”(2012年全国新课标)
A. has shown B. is showing C. shows D. showed
解析:
答案
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为C、此题考查一般现在时,说明客观事实。
2.I had been walking on math for the whole afternoon and the numbers ____ before my eyes. (2012年全国新课标)
A. swim B. swum C. swam D. had swum
解析:答案为 C、此题考查一般过去时,说明过去的情况。
3.Planning so far ahead _____no sense ---so many thing will have changed by next year. (2011年全国新课标)
A. made B. is making C. makes D. has made
解析:答案为 C.此题考查一般现在时,说明客观事实。
4.I wasn’t sure if he was really interested or if he ____ polite.
(2011年全国新课标)
A. was just being B. will just be C. had just been D. would just be
解析:答案为 A、此题考查一般过去进行时,说明过去某一时刻的情况。
1.---Have you finished reading Jane Eyre? (NMET 2010)
---No, I _____ my homework all day yesterday.
A.was doing B.would do C.had done D.do
解析:答案为A。此题考查现在完成时及过去进行时的用法。句意为:你读…了吗?没有,昨天一整天都在做。
2.---Have you known Dr.Jackson for a long time ? (NMET 2008)
----Yes,since she_____the Chinese Society.
A.has joined B.joins C.had joined D.joined
解析:答案为D。此题考查现在完成时及一般过去时的用法。句意为“你认识……很长时间了吗?是的,自从她参加中国社团。也就是从过去的动作到现在,动作发生在过去则用一般过去时。
3.The wet weather will continue tomorrow,when a cold front_____ to arrive.(NMET2008)
A.is expected B.is expecting C.expects D.will be expected
解析:答案是A。此题考查一般现在时的被动语态的用法。应用主句是将来时,从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时的原则,同时句子的主语是动作的承受者,要用被动语态。
4. Selecting a mobile phone for personal use is no easy task because technology __________ so rapidly.(NMET 2001)
A.is changing B.has changed
C.will have changed D.will change
解析:答案为A。此题考查现在进行时态的用法。句意为“选择一部移动电话不是一件容易的事,因为科技发展得十分迅速。”本句的主句一般现在时表达的是目前的情况,而“科技发展迅速”也是现阶段正存在的一种状态,不是在过去,也不是在将来,因此只能用现在进行时表达。
5. All the preparations for the task ___________, and we’re ready to start.(2000年春季高考)
A.completed B.complete
C.had been completed D.have been completed
解析:答案为D。现在完成时表示过去年做的事对现在的影响。从and we’re ready to start句意可知,一切准备工作已经就绪,可以开始工作了。complete是及物动词,与句子的主语是被动关系,所以需要用被动语态表达。注意①分清complete与主语之间的关系;②结合语境选择正确时态。