[中学教育]机械毕业英语论文翻译-车床

[中学教育]机械毕业英语论文翻译-车床 英文原文 1 Lathes Lathes are machine tools designed primarily to do turning，facing and boring，Very little turning is done on other types of machine tools，and none can do it with equal facility。 Because lathes also can do drilling and reaming，their versatility permits several operations to be done with a single setup of the work piece。 Consequently， more lathes of various types are used in manufacturing than any other machine tool。 The essential components of a lathe are the bed，headstock assembly，tailstock assembly，and the leads crew and feed rod。 The bed is the backbone of a lathe。 It usually is made of well normalized or aged gray or nodular cast iron and provides s heavy，rigid frame on which all the other basic components are mounted。 Two sets of parallel，longitudinal ways，inner and outer，are contained on the bed，usually on the upper side。 Some makers use an inverted V-shape for all four ways，whereas others utilize one inverted V and one flat way in one or both sets，They are precision-machined to assure accuracy of alignment。 On most modern lathes the way are surface-hardened to resist wear and abrasion，but precaution should be taken in operating a lathe to assure that the ways Any inaccuracy in them usually means that the accuracy of the are not damaged。 entire lathe is destroyed。 The headstock is mounted in a foxed position on the inner ways，usually at the left end of the bed。 It provides a powered means of rotating the word at various speeds 。 Essentially，it consists of a hollow spindle，mounted in accurate bearings， and a set of transmission gears-similar to a truck transmission—through which the spindle can be rotated at a number of speeds。 Most lathes provide from 8 to 18 speeds，usually in a geometric ratio，and on modern lathes all the speeds can be obtained merely by moving from two to four levers。 An increasing trend is to provide a continuously variable speed range through electrical or mechanical drives。 Because the accuracy of a lathe is greatly dependent on the spindle，it is of heavy construction and mounted in heavy bearings，usually preloaded tapered roller or ball types。 The spindle has a hole extending through its length，through which long bar stock can be fed。 The size of maximum size of bar stock that can be machined when the material must be fed through spindle。 The tailsticd assembly consists，essentially，of three parts。 A lower casting fits on the inner ways of the bed and can slide longitudinally thereon，with a means for clamping the entire assembly in any desired location，An upper casting fits on the lower one and can be moved transversely upon it，on some type of keyed ways，to permit aligning the assembly is the tailstock quill。 This is a hollow steel cylinder， usually about 51 to 76mm(2to 3 inches) in diameter，that can be moved several inches longitudinally in and out of the upper casting by means of a hand wheel and screw。 The size of a lathe is designated by two dimensions。 The first is known as the swing。 This is the maximum diameter of work that can be rotated on a lathe。 It is approximately twice the distance between the line connecting the lathe centers and the nearest point on the ways，The second size dimension is the maximum distance between centers。 The swing thus indicates the maximum work piece diameter that can be turned in the lathe，while the distance between centers indicates the maximum length of work piece that can be mounted between centers。 Engine lathes are the type most frequently used in manufacturing。 They are heavy-duty machine tools with all the components described previously and have power drive for all tool movements except on the compound rest。 They commonly range in size from 305 to 610 mm(12 to 24 inches)swing and from 610 to 1219 mm(24 to 48 inches) center distances，but swings up to 1270 mm(50 inches) and center distances up to 3658mm(12 feet) are not uncommon。 Most have chip pans and a built-in coolant circulating system。 Smaller engine lathes-with swings usually not over 330 mm (13 inches ) –also are available in bench type，designed for the bed to be mounted on a bench on a bench or cabinet。 Although engine lathes are versatile and very useful，because of the time required for changing and setting tools and for making measurements on the work piece，thy are not suitable for quantity production。 Often the actual chip-production tine is less than 30% of the total cycle time。 In addition，a skilled machinist is and such persons are costly and often in short supply。 required for all the operations， However，much of the operator’s time is consumed by simple，repetitious adjustments and in watching chips being made。 Consequently，to reduce or eliminate the amount of skilled labor that is required，turret lathes，screw machines，and other types of semiautomatic and automatic lathes have been highly developed and are widely used in manufacturing。 2 Numerical Control One of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC)。 Prior to the advent of NC，all machine tools ere manually operated and controlled。 Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools，perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills。 With manual control，the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator。 Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools。 Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems through the use of prerecorded，written symbolic instructions。 Rather than operating a machine tool，an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool。 For a machine tool to be numerically controlled， it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the programmed instructions，known as a reader。 Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operators， and it has done so。 Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines，they can produce parts more uniformly，they are faster，and the long-run tooling costs are lower。 The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology: Electrical discharge machining,Laser cutting,Electron beam welding。 Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors。 An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide of parts，each involving an assortment of widely varied and complex machining processes。 Numerical control has allowed manufacturers to undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tolls and processes。 Like so many advanced technologies，NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology。 The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U。 S。 Air Force。 In its earliest stages， NC machines were able to made straight cuts efficiently and effectively。 However，curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve。 The shorter the straight lines making up the steps，the smoother is the curve，Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated。 This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language。 This is a special programming language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry，describe the cutting tool configuration，and specify the necessary motions。 The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the fur ther development from those used today。 The machines had hardwired logic circuits。 The instructional programs were written on punched paper，which was later to be replaced by magnetic plastic tape。 A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine。 Together，all of this represented a giant step forward in the control of machine tools。 However，there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development。 A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium。 It was common for the paper tape containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process。 This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool，the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to be rerun through the reader。 If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part，it was also necessary to run the paper tape through the reader 100 separate tines。 Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of a shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use。 This led to the development of a special magnetic plastic tape。 Whereas the paper carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape，the plastic tape carried the instructions as a series of magnetic dots。 The plastic tape was much stronger than the paper tape，which solved the problem of frequent tearing and breakage。 However，it still left two other problems。 The most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape。 To made even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions，it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape。 It was also still necessary to run the tape through the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced。 Fortunately，computer technology became a reality and soon solved the problems of NC associated with punched paper and plastic tape。 The development of a concept known as direct numerical control (DNC) solved the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions。 In direct numerical control，machine tools are tied，via a data transmission link，to a host computer。 Programs for operating the machine tools are stored in the host computer and fed to the machine tool an needed via the data transmission linkage。 Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape。 However，it is subject to the same limitations as all technologies that depend on a host computer。 When the host computer goes down，the machine tools also experience downtime。 This problem led to the development of computer numerical control。 3 Turning The engine lathe，one of the oldest metal removal machines，has a number of useful and highly desirable attributes。 Today these lathes are used primarily in small shops where smaller quantities rather than large production runs are encountered。 The engine lathe has been replaced in today’s production shops by a wide variety of automatic lathes such as automatic of single-point tooling for maximum metal removal，and the use of form tools for finish on a par with the fastest processing equipment on the scene today。 Tolerances for the engine lathe depend primarily on the skill of the operator。 The design engineer must be careful in using tolerances of an experimental part that has been produced on the engine lathe by a skilled operator。 In redesigning an experimental part for production，economical tolerances should be used。 Turret Lathes Production machining equipment must be evaluated now，more than ever before，this criterion for establishing the production qualification of a specific method，the turret lathe merits a high rating。 In designing for low quantities such as 100 or 200 parts，it is most economical to use the turret lathe。 In achieving the optimum tolerances possible on the turrets lathe，the designer should strive for a minimum of operations。 Automatic Screw Machines Generally，automatic screw machines fall into several categories; single-spindle automatics，multiple-spindle automatics and automatic chucking machines。 Originally designed for rapid，automatic production of screws and similar threaded parts，the automatic screw machine has long since exceeded the confines of this narrow field，and today plays a vital role in the mass production of a variety of precision parts。 Quantities play an important part in the economy of the parts machined on the automatic screw machine。 Quantities less than on the automatic screw machine。 The cost of the parts machined can be reduced if the minimum economical lot size is calculated and the proper machine is selected for these quantities。 Automatic Tracer Lathes Since surface roughness depends greatly on material turned，tooling ，and feeds and speeds employed，minimum tolerances that can be held on automatic tracer lathes are not necessarily the most economical tolerances。 In some cases，tolerances of 0。 05mm are held in continuous production using but one cut 。 groove width can be held to 0。 125mm on some parts。 Bores and single-point finishes can be held to 0。 0125mm。 On high-production runs where maximum output is desirable，a minimum tolerance of 0。 125mm is economical on both diameter and length of turn。 中文译文 1。 车床 车床主要是为了进行车外圆、车端面和镗孔等项工作而设计de机床。 车 削很少在其他种类de机床上进行，而且任何一种其他机床都不能像车床那样方 便地进行车削加工。 由于车床还可以用来钻孔和铰孔，车床de多功能性可以使 工件在一次安装中完成几种加工。 因此，在生产中使用de各种车床比任何其他 种类de机床都多。 车床de基本部件有:床身、主轴箱组件、尾座组件、溜板组件、丝杠和光 杠。 床身是车床de基础件。 它能常是由经过充分正火或时效处理de灰铸铁或 者球墨铁制成。 它是一个坚固de刚性框架，所有其他基本部件都安装在床身上。 通常在床身上有内外两组平行de导轨。 有些制造厂对全部四条导轨都采用导轨 尖朝上de三角形导轨(即山形导轨)，而有de制造厂则在一组中或者两组中都 采用一个三角形导轨和一个矩形导轨。 导轨要经过精密加工以保证其直线度精 度。 为了抵抗磨损和擦伤，大多数现代机床de导轨是经过表面淬硬de，但是 在操作时还应该小心，以避免损伤导轨。 导轨上de任何误差，常常意味着整个 机床de精度遭到破坏。 主轴箱安装在内侧导轨de固定位置上，一般在床身de左端。 它提供动力， 并可使工件在各种速度下回转。 它基本上由一个安装在精密轴承中de空心主轴 和一系列变速齿轮(类似于卡车变速箱)所组成。 通过变速齿轮，主轴可以在许 多种转速下旋转。 大多数车床有8~12种转速，一般按等比级数排列。 而且在现代机床上只需扳动2~4个手柄，就能得到全部转速。 一种正在不断增长de趋势是通过电气de或者机械de装置进行无级变速。 由于机床de精度在很大程度上取决于主轴，因此，主轴de结构尺寸较大，通常安装在预紧后de重型圆锥滚子轴承或球轴承中。 主轴中有一个贯穿全长de通孔，长棒料可以通过该孔送料。 主轴孔de大小是车床de一个重要尺寸，因此当工件必须通过主轴孔供料时，它确定了能够加工de棒料毛坯de最大尺寸。 尾座组件主要由三部分组成。 底板与床身de内侧导轨配合，并可以在导轨上作纵向移动。 底板上有一个可以使整个尾座组件夹紧在任意位置上de装置。 尾座体安装在底板上，可以沿某种类型de键槽在底板上横向移动，使尾座能与主轴箱中de主轴对正。 尾座de第三个组成部分是尾座套筒。 它是一个直径通常大约在51~76mm(2~3英寸)之间de钢制空心圆柱体。 通过手轮和螺杆，尾座套筒可以在尾座体中纵向移入和移出几个英寸。 车床de规格用两个尺寸表示。 第一个称为车床de床面上最大加工直径。 这是在车床上能够旋转de工件de最大直径。 它大约是两顶尖连线与导轨上最近点之间距离de两倍。 第二个规格尺寸是两顶尖之间de最大距离。 车床床面上最大加工直径表示在车床上能够车削de最大工件直径，而两顶尖之间de最大距离则表示在两个顶尖之间能够安装de工件de最大长度。 它们是具有前面所叙de所有普通车床是生产中最经常使用de车床种类。 那些部件de重载机床，并且除了小刀架之外，全部刀具de运动都有机动进给。 它们de规格通常是:车床床面上最大加工直径为305~610mm(12~24英寸);但是，床面上最大加工直径达到1270mm(50英寸)和两顶尖之间距离达到3658mmde车床也并不少见。 这些车床大部分都有切屑盘和一个安装在内部de冷却液循环系统。 小型de普通车床—车床床面最大加工直径一般不超过330mm(13英寸)--被设计成台式车床，其床身安装在工作台或柜子上。 虽然普通车床有很多用途，是很有用de机床，但是更换和调整刀具以及测量工件花费很多时间，所以它们不适合在大量生产中应用。 通常，它们de实际加工时间少于其总加工时间de30%。 此外，需要技术熟练de工人来操作普通车床，这种工人de工资高而且很难雇到。 然而，操作工人de大部分时间却花费在简单de重复调整和观察切屑过程上。 因此，为了减少或者完全不雇用这类熟练工人，六角车床、螺纹加工车床和其他类型de半自动和自动车床已经很好地研制出来，并已经在生产中得到广泛应用。 2。 数字控制 先进制造技术中de一个基本de概念是数字控制(NC)。 在数控技术出现之前，所有de机床都是由人工操纵和控制de。 在与人工控制de机床有关de很多局限性中，操作者de技能大概是最突出de问题。 采用人工控制是，产品de质量直接与操作者de技能有关。 数字控制代表了从人工控制机床走出来de第一步。 数字控制意味着采用预先录制de、存储de符号指令来控制机床和其他制造系统。 一个数控技师de工作不是去操纵机床，而是编写能够发出机床操纵指令de程序。 对于一台数控机床，其上必须安有一个被称为阅读机de界面装置，用来接受和解译出编程指令。 发展数控技术是为了克服人类操作者de局限性，而且它确实完成了这项工作。 数字控制de机器比人工操纵de机器精度更高、生产出零件de一致性更好、生产速度更快、而且长期de 工艺 钢结构制作工艺流程车尿素生产工艺流程自动玻璃钢生产工艺2工艺纪律检查制度q345焊接工艺规程 装备成本更低。 数控技术de发展导致了制造工艺中其他几项新发明de产生: 电火花加工技术、激光切割、电子束焊接 数字控制还使得机床比它们采用有人工操de前辈们de用途更为广泛。 一台数控机床可以自动生产很多类de零件，每一个零件都可以有不同de和复杂de加工过程。 数控可以使生产厂家承担那些对于采用人工控制de机床和工艺来说，在经济上是不划算de产品生产任务。 同许多先进技术一样，数控诞生于麻省理工学院de实验室中。 数控这个概念是50年代初在美国空军de资助下提出来de。 在其最初de价段，数控机床可以经济和有效地进行直线切割。 然而，曲线轨迹成为机床加工de一个问题，在编程时应该采用一系列de水平与竖直de台阶来生成曲线。 构成台阶de每一个线段越短，曲线就越光滑。 台阶中de每一个线段都必须经过计算。 在这个问题促使下，于1959年诞生了自动编程工具(APT)语言。 这是一个专门适用于数控de编程语言，使用类似于英语de语句来定义零件de几何形状，描述切削刀具de形状和规定必要de运动。 APT语言de研究和发展是在 最初de数控系统下今天应用de数控数控技术进一步发展过程中de一大进步。 系统是有很大差别de。 在那时de机床中，只有硬线逻辑电路。 指令程序写在穿孔纸带上(它后来被塑料带所取代)，采用带阅读机将写在纸带或磁带上de指令给机器翻译出来。 所有这些共同构成了机床数字控制方面de巨大进步。 然而，在数控发展de这个阶段中还存在着许多问题。 一个主要问题是穿孔纸带de易损坏性。 在机械加工过程中，载有编程指令信息de纸带断裂和被撕坏是常见de事情。 在机床上每加工一个零件，都需要将载有编程指令de纸带放入阅读机中重新运行一次。 因此，这个问题变得很严重。 如果需要制造100个某种零件，则应该将纸带分别通过阅读机100次。 易损坏de纸带显然不能承受严配de车间环境和这种重复使用。 这就导致了一种专门de塑料磁带de研制。 在纸带上通过采用一系列de小孔来载有编程指令，而在塑料带上通过采用一系列de磁点眯载有编程指令。 塑料带de强度比纸带de强度要高很多，这就可以解决常见de撕坏和断裂问题。 然而，它仍然存在着两个问题。 其中最重要de一个问题是，对输入到带中指令进行修改是非常困难de，或者是根本不可能de。 即使对指令程序进行最微小de调整，也必须中断加工，制作一条新带。 而且带通过阅读机de次数还必须与需要加工de零件de个数相同。 幸运de是，计算机技术de实际应用很快解决了数控技术中与穿孔纸带和塑料带有关de问题。 在形成了直接数字控制(DNC)这个概念之后，可以不再采用纸带或塑料带作为编程指令de载体，这样就解决了与之有关de问题。 在直接数字控制中，几台机床通过数据传输线路联接到一台主计算机上。 操纵这些机床所需要de程序都存储在这台主计算机中。 当需要时，通过数据传输线路提供给每台机床。 直接数字控制是在穿孔纸带和塑料带基础上de一大进步。 然而，它敢有着同其 他信赖于主计算机技术一样de局限性。 当主计算机出现故障时，由其控制de所有机床都将停止工作。 这个问题促使了计算机数字控制技术de产生。 微处理器de发展为可编程逻辑控制器和微型计算机de发展做好了准备。 这两种技术为计算机数控(CNC)de发打下了基础。 采用CNC技术后，每台机床上都有一个可编程逻辑控制器或者微机对其进行数字控制。 这可以使得程序被输入和存储在每台机床内部。 它还可以在机床以外编制程序，并将其下载到每台机床中。 计算机数控解决了主计算机发生故障所带来de问题，但是它产生了另一个被称为数据管理de问题。 同一个程序可能要分别装入十个相互之间没有通讯联系de微机中。 这个问题目前正在解决之中，它是通过采用局部区域网络将各个微机联接起来，以得于更好地进行数据管理。 3。 车削加工 普通车床作为最早de金属切削机床de一种，目前仍然有许多有用de和为人要de特性和为人们所需de特性。 现在，这些机床主要用在规模较小de工厂中，进行小批量de生产，而不是进行大批量de和产。 在现代de生产车间中，普通车床已经被种类繁多de自动车床所取代，诸如自动仿形车床，六角车床和自动螺丝车床。 现在，设计人员已经熟知先利用单刃刀具去除大量de金属余量，然后利用成型刀具获得表面光洁度和精度这种加工方法de优点。 这种加工方法de生产速度与现在工厂中使用de最快de加 工设备de速度相等。 普通车床de加偏差主要信赖于操作者de技术熟练程度。 设计 工程 路基工程安全技术交底工程项目施工成本控制工程量增项单年度零星工程技术标正投影法基本原理 师应该认真地确定由熟练工人在普通车床上加工de试验件de公差。 在把试验伯重新设计为生产零件时，应该选用经济de公差。 六角车床 对生产加工设备来说，目前比过去更注重评价其是否具有精确de和快速de重复加工能力。 应用这个标准来评价具体de加工方法，六角车床可以获得较高de质量评定。 在为小批量de零件(100~200件)设计加工方法时，采用六角车床是最经济de。 为了在六角车床上获得尽可能小de公差值，设计人员应该尽量将加工工序de数目减至最少。 自动螺丝车床 自动螺丝车床通被分为以下几种类型:单轴自动、多轴自动和自动夹紧车床。 自动螺丝车床最初是被用来对螺钉和类似de带有螺纹de零件进行自动化和快速加工de。 但是，这种车床de用途早就超过了这个狭窄de范围。 现在，它在许多种类de精密零件de大批量生产中起着重要de作用。 工件de数量对采用自动螺丝车床所加工de零件de经济性有较大de影响。 如果工件de数量少于1000件，在六角车床上进行加工比在自动螺丝车床上加工要经济得多。 如果计算出最小经济批量，并且针对工件批量正确地选择机床，就会降低零件de加工成本。 自动仿形车床 因为零件de表面粗糙度在很大程度上取决于工件材料、刀具、进给量和切削速度，采用自动仿形车床加工所得到de最小公差一定是最经济de公差。 在某些情况下，在连续生产过程中，只进行一次切削加工时de公差可以达到0。 05mm。 对于某些零件，槽宽de公差可以达到0。 125mm。 镗孔和休用单刃刀具进行精加工时，公差可达到0。 0125mm。 在希望获得最大主量de大批量生产中，进行直径和长度de车削时de最小公差值为0。 125mm是经济de。 数控机床de改造 外文翻译 2。 1，microscopic view of the necessity of From the micro perspective，CNC machine tools than traditional machines have the following prominent superiority，and these advantages are from the NC system includes computer power。 2。 1。 1 can be processed by conventional machining is not the curve，surface and other complex parts Because computers are superb computing power can be accurately calculated instantaneous each coordinate axis movement exercise should be instantaneous，it can compound into complex curves and surfaces。 2。 1。 2 automated processing can be achieved，but also flexible automation to increase machine efficiency than traditional 3 to 7 times。 Because computers are memory and storage capacity，can be imported and stored procedures remember down，and then click procedural requirements to implement the order automatically to achieve automation。 CNC machine tool as a replacement procedures，we can achieve another work piece machining automation，so that single pieces and small batch production can be automated，it has been called "flexible automation。 " 2。 1。 3 high precision machining parts，the size dispersion of small，easy to assemble，no longer needed "repair。 " 2。 1。 4 processes can be realized more focused，in part to reduce the frequent removal machine。 2。 1。 5 have automatic alarm，automatic control，automatic compensation，and other self-regulatory functions，thus achieving long unattended processing。 2。 1。 6 derived from the benefits of more than five。 Such as: reducing the labor intensity of the workers，save the labor force (one can look after more than one machine)，a decrease of tooling，shorten Trial Production of a new product cycle and the production cycle，the market demand for quick response，and so on。 These advantages are our predecessors did not expect，is a very major breakthrough。 In addition，CNC machine tools or the FMC (Flexible Manufacturing Cell)，FMS (flexible manufacturing system) and CIMS (Computer Integrated Manufacturing System)，and other enterprises，the basis of information transformation。 NC manufacturing automation technology has become the core technology and basic technology。 2。 2，the macro view of the necessity From a macro perspective，the military industrial developed countries，the machinery industry， in the late 1970s，early 1980s，has begun a large-scale application of CNC machine tools。 Its essence is the use of information technology on the traditional industries (including the military， the Machinery Industry) for technological transformation。 In addition to the manufacturing process used in CNC machine t ools，FMC，FMS，but also included in the product development in the implementation of CAD，CAE，CAM，virtual manufacturing and production management in the implementation of the MIS (Management Information System)，CIMS，and so on。 And the products that they produce an increase in information technology，including artificial intelligence and other content。 As the use of information technology to foreign forces，the depth of Machinery Industry (referred to as information technology)，and ultimately makes their products in the international military and civilian products on the market competitiveness of much stronger。 And we in the information technology to transform traditional industries than about 20 years behind developed countries。 Such as possession of machine tools in China，the proportion of CNC machine tools (CNC rate) in 1995 to only 1。 9 percent，while Japan in 1994 reached 20。 8 percent，every year a large number of imports of mechanical and electrical products。 This also explains the macro CNC transformation of the need。 Third，CNC machine tools and production lines of the transformation of the market 3。 1，CNC transformation of the market My current machine total more than 380 million units，of which only the total number of CNC machine tool 113,400 Taiwan，or that China's CNC rate of less than 3 percent。 Over the past 10 years，China's annual output of about 0。 6 CNC machine tools to 0。 8 million units，an annual output value of about 1。 8 billion yuan。 CNC machine tools annual rate of 6 per cent。 China's machine to ol easements over age 10 account for more than 60% below the 10 machines， automatic / semi-automatic machine less than 20 per cent，FMC / FMS，such as a handful more automated production line (the United States and Japan automatic and semi-automatic machine， 60 percent above)。 This shows that we the majority of manufacturing industries and enterprises of the production，processing equipment is the great majority of traditional machine tools，and more than half of military age is over 10 years old machine。 Processing equipment used by the prevalence of poor quality products，less variety，low-grade，high cost，supply a long period， in view of the international and domestic markets，lack of competitiveness，and a direct impact on a company's products，markets，efficiency and impact The survival and development of enterprises。 Therefore，we must vigorously raise the rate of CNC machine tools。 3。 2，import equipment and production lines of the transformation of NC market Since China's reform and opening up，many foreign enterprises from the introduction of technology，equipment and production lines for technological transformation。 According to incomplete statistics，from 1979 to 1988 10，the introduction of technological transformation projects are 18,446，about 16。 58 billion US dollars。 These projects，the majority of projects in China's economic construction play a due role。 Some，however，the introduction of projects due to various reasons，not equipment or normal operation of the production line，and even paralyzed，and the effectiveness of enterprises affected by serious enterprise is in trouble。 Some of the equipment，production lines introduced from abroad，the digestion and absorption of some bad，spare parts incomplete，improper maintenance， poor operating results; only pay attention to the introduction of some imported the equipment， apparatus，production lines，ignore software，technology，and management，resulting in items integrity，and potential equipment can not play，but some can not even start running，did not play due role，but some production lines to sell the products very well，but not because of equipment failure production standards; because some high energy consumption，low pass rate products incur losses，but some have introduced a longer time，and the need for technological upgrading。 Some of the causes of the equipment did not create wealth，but consumption of wealth。 These can not use the equipment，production lines is a burden，but also a number of significant assets in stock，wealth is repaired。 As long as identifying the main technical difficulties，and solve key technical problems，we can minimize the investment and make the most of their assets in stock，gain the greatest economic and social benefits。 This is a great transformation of the market。 Fourth，NC transformation of the content and gifted missing 4。 1，the rise of foreign trade reform In the United States，Japan and Germany and other developed countries，and their machine transform ation as new economic growth sector，the business scene，is in a golden age。 The machine，as well as technology continues to progress，is a machine of the "eternal" issue。 China's machine tool industry transformation，but also from old industries to enter the CNC technology mainly to the new industries。 In the United States，Japan，Germany，with CNC machine tools and technological transformation of production lines vast market，has formed a CNC machine tools and production lines of the new industry。 In the United States，transforming machine tool industry as renewable (Remanufacturing) industry。 Renewable industry in the famous companies: Borsches engineering company，atoms machine tool company， Devlieg-Bullavd (Bo) services group，US equipment companies。 Companies in the United States-run companies in China。 In Japan，the machine tool industry transformation as machine modification (Retrofitting) industry。 Conversion industry in the famous companies: Okuma engineering group，Kong 3 Machinery Company，Chiyoda Engineering Company，Nozaki engineering company，Hamada engineering companies，Yamamoto Engineering Company。 4。 2，the content of NC Machine tools and production line NC transformation main contents of the following: One is the restoration of the original features of the machine tools，production line of the fault diagnosis and recovery; second NC，in the ordinary machine augends significant installations，or additions to NC system，transformed into NC machine tools，CNC machine tools; its Third， renovation，to improve accura cy，efficiency and the degree of automation，mechanical，electrical part of the renovation，re-assembly of mechanical parts processing，restore the original accuracy of their production requirements are not satisfied with the latest CNC system update; Fourth，the technology updates or technical innovation，to enhance performance or grades，or for the use of new technology，new technologies，based on the original technology for large-scale update or technological innovation，and more significantly raise the level，and grades of upgrading。 4。 3，NC transformation of the gifted missing 4。 3。 1 reduce the amount of investment，shorter delivery time Compared with the purchase of new machine，the general can save 60% to 80% of the costs and transforming low-cost。 Especially for large，special machine tools particularly obvious。 General transformation of large-scale machine，spent only the cost of the new machine purchase 1 / 3，short delivery time。 But some special circumstances，such as high-speed spindle，automatic tray switching systems and the production of the installation costs too costly and often raise the cost of 2 to 3 times compared with the purchase of new machine，only about 50 percent of savings investment。 。 3。 2 stable and reliable mechanical properties，structure limited 4 By the use of bed，column，and other basic items are heavy and solid casting components，rather than kind of welding components of the machine after the high-performance，quality，and can continue to use the new equipment。 一、机床数控化改造de必要性 2。 1、微观看改造de必要性 从微观上看，数控机床比传统机床有以下突出de优越性，而且这些优越性均来自数控系统所包含de计算机de威力。 2。 1。 1 可以加工出传统机床加工不出来de曲线、曲面等复杂de零件。 由于计算机有高超de运算能力，可以瞬时准确地计算出每个坐标轴瞬时应该运动de运动量，因此可以复合成复杂de曲线或曲面。 2。 1。 2 可以实现加工de自动化，而且是柔性自动化，从而效率可比传统机床提高3,7倍。 由于计算机有记忆和存储能力，可以将输入de程序记住和存储下来，然后按程序规定de顺序自动去执行，从而实现自动化。 数控机床只要更换一个程序，就可实现另一工件加工de自动化，从而使单件和小批生产得以自动化，故被称为实现了"柔性自动化"。 2。 1。 3 加工零件de精度高，尺寸分散度小，使装配容易，不再需要"修配"。 2。 1。 4 可实现多工序de集中，减少零件 在机床间de频繁搬运。 2。 1。 5 拥有自动报警、自动监控、自动补偿等多种自律功能，因而可实现长时间无人看管加工。 2。 1。 6 由以上五条派生de好处。 如:降低了工人de劳动强度，节省了劳动力(一个人可以看管多台机床)，减少了工装，缩短了新产品试制周期和生产周期，可对市场需求作出快速反应等等。 以上这些优越性是前人想象不到de，是一个极为重大de突破。 此外，机床数控化还是推行FMC(柔性制造单元)、FMS(柔性制造系统)以及CIMS(计算机集成制造系统)等企业信息化改造de基础。 数控技术已经成为制造业自动化de核心技术和基础技术。 2。 2、宏观看改造de必要性 从宏观上看，工业发达国家de军、民机械工业，在70年代末、80年代初已开始大规模应用数控机床。 其本质是，采用信息技术对传统产业(包括军、民机械工业)进行技术改造。 除在制造过程中采用数控机床、FMC、FMS外，还包括在产品开发中推行CAD、CAE、CAM、虚拟制造以及在生产管理中推行MIS(管理信息系统)、CIMS等等。 以及在其生产de产品中增加信息技术，包括人工智能等de含量。 由于采用信息技术对国外军、民机械工业进行深入改造(称之为信息化)，最终使得他们de产品在国际军品和民品de市场上竞争力大为增强。 而我们在信息技术改造传统产业方面比发达国家约落后20年。 如我国机床拥有 量中，数控机床de比重(数控化率)到1995年只有1。 9,，而日本在1994年已达20。 8,，因此每年都有大量机电产品进口。 这也就从宏观上说明了机床数控化改造de必要性。 三、机床与生产线数控化改造de市场 3。 1、机床数控化改造de市场 我国目前机床总量380余万台，而其中数控机床总数只有11。 34万台，即我国机床数控化率不到3,。 近10年来，我国数控机床年产量约为0。 6,0。 8万台，年产值约为18亿元。 机床de年产量数控化率为6,。 我国机床役龄10年以上de占60,以上;10年以下de机床中，自动/半自动机床不到20,，FMC/FMS等自动化生产线更屈指可数(美国和日本自动和半自动机床占60,以上)。 可见我们de大多数制造行业和企业de生产、加工装备绝大数是传统de机床，而且半数以上是役龄在10年以上de旧机床。 用这种装备加工出来de产品普遍存在质量差、品种少、档次低、成本高、供货期长，从而在国际、国内市场上缺乏竞争力，直接影响一个企业de产品、市场、效益，影响企业de生存和发展。 所以必须大力提高机床de数控化率。 3。 2、进口设备和生产线de数控化改造市场 我国自改革开放以来，很多企业从国外引进技术、设备和生产线进行技术改造。 据不完全统计，从1979,1988年10年间，全国引进技术改造项目就有18446项，大约165。 8亿美元。 这些项目中，大部分项目为我国de经济建设发挥了应有de作用。 但是有de引进项目由于种种原因，设备或生产线不能正常运转，甚至瘫痪，使企业de效益受到影响，严重de使企业陷入困境。 一些设备、生产线从国外引进以后，有de消化吸收不好，备件不全，维护不当，结果运转不良;有de引进时只注意引进设备、仪器、生产线，忽视软件、工艺、管理等，造成项目不完整，设备潜力不能发挥;有de甚至不能启动运行，没有发挥应有de作用;有de生产线de产品销路很好，但是因为设备故障不能达产达标;有de因为能耗高、产品合格率低而造成亏损;有de已引进较长时间，需要进行技术更新。 种种原因使有de设备不仅没有创造财富，反而消耗着财富。 这些不能使用de设备、生产线是个包袱，也是一批很大de存量资产，修好了就是财富。 只要找出主要de技术难点，解决关键技术问题，就可以最小de投资盘活最大de存量资产，争取到最大de经济效益和社会效益。 这也是一个极大de改造市场。 四、数控化改造de 内容 财务内部控制制度的内容财务内部控制制度的内容人员招聘与配置的内容项目成本控制的内容消防安全演练内容 及优缺 4。 1、国外改造业de兴起 在美国、日本和德国等发达国家，它们de机床改造作为新de经济增长行业，生意盎然，正处在黄金时代。 由于机床以及技术de不断进步，机床改造是个"永恒"de课题。 我国de机床改造业，也从老de行业进入到以数控技术为主de新de行业。 在美国、日本、德国，用数控技术改造机床和生产线具有广阔de市场，已形成了机床和生产线数控改造de新de行业。 在美国，机床改造业称为机床再生(Remanufacturing)业。 从事再生业de著名公司有:Bertsche工程公司、ayton机床公司、Devlieg-Bullavd(得宝)服务集团、US设备公司等。 美国得宝公司已在中国开办公司。 在日本，机床改造业称为机床改装(Retrofitting)业。 从事改装业de著名公司有:大隈工程集团、岗三机械公司、千代田工机公司、野崎工程公司、滨田工程公司、山本工程公司等。 4。 2、数控化改造de内容 机床与生产线de数控化改造主要内容有以下几点: 其一是恢复原功能，对机床、生产线存在de故障部分进行诊断并恢复;其二是NC化，在普通机床上加数显装置，或加数控系统，改造成NC机床、CNC机床;其三是翻新，为提 高精度、效率和自动化程度，对机械、电气部分进行翻新，对机械部分重新装配加工，恢复原精度;对其不满足生产 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 deCNC系统以最新CNC进行更新;其四是技术更新或技术创新，为提高性能或档次，或为了使用新工艺、新技术，在原有基础上进行较大规模de技术更新或技术创新，较大幅度地提高水平和档次de更新改造。 4。 3、数控化改造de优缺 4。 3。 1 减少投资额、交货期短 ,,80,de费用，改造费用低。 特别是大型、特殊机同购置新机床相比，一般可以节省60 床尤其明显。 一般大型机床改造，只花新机床购置费用de1/3，交货期短。 但有些特殊情况，如高速主轴、托盘自动交换装置de制作与安装过于费工、费钱，往往改造成本提高2,3倍，与购置新机床相比，只能节省投资50,左右。 4。 3。 2 机械性能稳定可靠，结构受限 注:请使用替换功能将“de”替换成的。此文档方可用。