澳大利亚英文介绍

澳大利亚英文介绍 Australia The basic general situation and some natural features about Australia The geographical location Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, it's located on the southern hemisphere, with an area ranks sixth in the world. It is the largest country among ocean countries, but it's also the mainland of the world's smallest and the only an exclusive one continent. It is the east Pacific Ocean, west Indian Ocean, Neighboring countries include Indonesia, East Timor, and Papua New Guinea to the north, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, and New Caledonia to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. the major island with an area of 7.69 million square kilometers, is the Earth’s largest island but smallest continent. It stretches about 3700 kilometers from north to south and 4000 kilometers from east to west. In area, Australia is the 6th largest nation after Russia, Canada, China, the United States and Brazil. It is about twice the size of the European Union or the ten nations that make up the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Its ocean territory-the third largest in the world —spans three oceans and covers around 12 million square kilometers. The country form and the population For around 40,000 years before European settlement commenced in the late 18th century, the Australian mainland and Tasmania were inhabited by around 250 individual nations of indigenous Australians. After sporadic(偶发的，偶见的) visits by fishermen from the immediate north, and European discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606,the eastern half of Australia was claimed by the British in 1770 and initially settled through penal(与刑罚有关的) transportation to the colony of New South Wales, founded on 26 January 1788. during the 19th century another five largely self-governing Crown Colonies were established. On 1 January 1901, the six colonies became a federation, and the Commonwealth of Australia was formed. Since Federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system and remains a Commonwealth realm(王国). Democratic society with a skilled workforce and a strong, competitive economy. The responsibility for governing this vast continent is shared between three levels of government—the federal(联邦的) Australian Government, the governments of the six states and two territories, and about 700 local government authorities. The population is just over 21.7 million, with approximately 60% concentrated in and around the mainland state capitals of Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Perth, and Adelaide. The nation's capital city is Canberra, located in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), and the population grew steadily in the following years. Australia has one of the most urbanized and coast-dwelling populations in the world. More than 80 percent of Australians live within 100 kilometers of the coast of Tasmania, and numerous other islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Australia’s multicultural society includes Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples and migrants from some 200 countries. In almost 60 years of planned post-war migration, Australia has welcomed over 6 million migrants, including more than 600 000 refugees. Over this time, the population has increased from about 7 million to 20 million. Topography and Climate Australia's terrain is quite distinctive; the average elevation is only 330 meters, the lowest of all the continents. The western and central parts of the rugged rocky areas, the vast desert and lush mountain, Its highest point, Mount Kosciuszko, is only 2228 meters. The lack of height is more than compensated for in landscape variety. The giant monolith Uluru (formerly known as Ayers Rock) in the Northern Territory and the striking beehive mountains of Parnell (the Bungle Bungles) in Western Australia attract visitors from every corner of the world, as do the country’s beaches and rainforests. In the sea is that a narrow beach gentle slope, slow ramp to the west, gradually became plain. Coastal area is full of wide beaches and lush vegetation, where the topography of strange things. In the west of the City of Sydney has the Blue Mountains of the cliffs, in the north Gela Si House Brisbane, tall mountains, beautiful and after the erosion of the volcanic neck, while in the south coast west of Adelaide city, is a flat plain. Murray River and Darling River is Australia's longest two rivers. These two river systems the formation of the Murray - Darling Basin, an area of about 100 million square kilometers, equivalent to 14% of the total area of mainland China. Lake Eyre is near the center of the continent a great salt lake, covering an area over 9000 square km, but the long-term status was dry. Australia is a large island continent in the southern hemisphere with a diverse range of climate zones. These vary from tropical regions in the north through the arid expanses of the interior to temperate regions in the south. Seasonal fluctuations can be great with temperatures ranging from above50? to below 0 ?. Minimum temperatures are moderated by the lack of mountains and the influence of surrounding oceans. Australia is relatively arid, with 80% of the land having a rainfall less than 600 millimeters per year and 50% having even less than 300 millimeters. Most Australians live near the wetter more moderate south eastern coasts primarily in major cities. Most of Australia's land, about 70%, classified as arid or semi-arid zones, the central most areas not suitable for habitation. Australia has 11 large deserts, which account for about 20% of the area throughout the continent. As the rainfall is small, the mainland for more than one-third of the area actually covered by deserts. Australia is the world's most flat, the driest continent, the central lowland and western plateau are dry desert climate, can make animal husbandry and farming the land, only 26 million square kilometers. Coastal areas, particularly in the southeastern coastal zone, suitable for residence and cultivation. Here hilly, water-rich, fertile land. In addition to the south coast, the entire coastal strip around the continent to form a "green", it is this "green" brought up this country. However, barren arid zones of inland buried a kind of mineral resources, including bauxite lead(铝土矿) and gold iron ore and so on, and the Australia iron ore reserves of the world's second largest, all kinds of mineral resources in Australia to bring a lot of wealth, ,. Animals and Plants A great number of Australia’s native plants, animals and birds exist nowhere else in the world. Australia is committed to conserving its unique environment and natural heritage and has a range of protection procedures in place, including World Heritage listings and many national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. Australia can be described as a vast land with small population. Most of the population lives within 20km of the ocean. These urban Australians celebrate the typical New World values of material self-improvement through hard work and hard play. A sunny climate also contributes to this exuberance. Kangaroo is Australia's unique mammals, mainly located in the Australian continent on the forest and grassland. , hiding in the woods during the day and at night to Kangaroo is a plant-eating animal eat grass and leaves outside. The image of the kangaroo is unique: forelimb short toe fingers Elephant Man, strong hind legs, long thick tail, kangaroo tail is a powerful tool, and they who are able to provide support for the kangaroo, kangaroo running can also change the direction of running. Kangaroo tail tapered at the end, the muscles are very strong, up to 1 meter in length. Kangaroo is the most famous living in the grasslands of the Red Kangaroo is the largest category of Kangaroo, the strongest person. Gray kangaroo is jumping experts can jump great distances. Australian gold, about 47 kinds of kangaroo, the kangaroo in the body length 23-250 cm. Kangaroo is not due to fear, so zoologists kangaroo animals in the study encounter trouble when the relatively much smaller. Although kangaroos are not light weight, and sometimes up to 70 kilograms, but their run at an alarming rate, up to 48 kilometers per hour, and they jump up to the first 13 meters away Kangaroos originated in the Australian continent and parts of Papua New Guinea. Among them, some species unique to Australia. All Australian kangaroo, zoo and wild, except in zoos, are living in the wild. Different types of kangaroos in Australia in a variety of natural life, from the cool climate of the rainforest and the desert plains to tropical areas. Koalas, an iconic symbol of Australia, face extinction as rapid urbanization along the eastern seaboard destroys their fragile habitat, environmental activists have warned. The Australian Koala Foundation has written to the government urging it to declare the koala a vulnerable species after a survey of 1,000 koala habitats found 30 percent no longer had a koala in them and 60 percent had suffered widespread destruction." I truly believe that in my lifetime the koala will become extinct unless we do something," Deborah Tabarat, executive director of the foundation, told reporters. Koalas are protected by law but the eucalyptus trees they call home and which provide their only source of food are not. There are about 100,000 koalas in Australia, down from an estimated 7 million to 10 million at the time of white settlement in 1788. In the 1920s 3 million koalas were shot for their fur. They are so lovely and unique and attract a lot of people around the world. Australia also has a lots of unique animals and plants, such as Platypus(鸭嘴兽)and Echidna(针鼹 ),Acacia(合金欢)and so 鼠).Emu(鸸鹋),some unique plants include Eucalyptus(桉树 on, they are the symbol of Australia. Some physical feature and custom of Australia Language English is the primary language used in Australia. Yet their colorful vocabulary, accent, phonetics system and slang ('Strine') can take a lot of getting used to. In 1788, there were about 250 separate Aboriginal languages spoken in Australia, plus dialects. Today, only two thirds of these languages survive and only 20 of them (eight per cent of the original 250) are still strong enough to have chance of surviving well into the next century. In addition to these there are also the languages of immigrants from Europe, the Middle East and Asia. In a global economy, language skills are a great advantage for the national workforce. Although English is the official language in Australia, more than 4.1 million Australians speak a second language. As a result, Australia offers the familiarity of a Western business culture with a workforce capable of operating in both Asian and Western business environments. In fact, Australia has a greater range of Asian language skills than any other country in Asia or the Pacific. More than 840 companies have established their regional headquarters in Australia. The language skills and other capabilities that attract foreign companies are, in part, a result of Australia’s diverse multicultural society. Clothing Traditional Australian clothing is similar to that worn in other westernized nations. Because of Australia's warm climate, common summer clothing is often comprised of shorts, sleeveless shirts and thongs (footwear which is the equivalent of American flip-flops). Hats are commonly worn as awareness of skin cancer increases, and these come in a variety of styles. "Traditional" Australian clothing could be said to be that of the swagmen and Bushmen of the past. They wore long trousers, buttoned sleeves, strong leather boots and hats, often with corks hanging from the brim to keep away the flies. Foods Australia's first settlers brought with them the tastes of 18th century Great Britain. Their familiar dishes such as roast beef and Yorkshire pudding, Irish stew and steamed pudding were, for most of the year, totally unsuitable for the harsh climate and conditions. In the last two hundred years these eating habits have gradually changed, and continue to do so. In the Gold Rush of 1851, adventurers and speculators came from all over the world, among them thousands of Chinese who began successful market gardens, greengrocer’s shops and restaurants, thus introducing us to new tastes. From there it continued. Today, influenced by the large number of immigrants from Mediterranean, Asian and other countries, our menus now reflect Australia's multicultural society. Once traditional dishes have been spiced up with new flavors, but when it comes to fair dinkum Aussie tucker, there are a few classic dishes that have stood the test of time and cannot be improved. (Recipes and information have been provided for traditional dishes).In colonial Australia, stockmen developed the technique of making damper out of necessity. Often away from home for weeks, with just a camp fire to cook on and only sacks of flour as provisions, a basic staple bread evolved. It was originally made with flour and water and a good pinch of salt, kneaded, shaped into a round, and baked in the ashes of the campfire or open fireplace. It was eaten with pieces of fried dried meat, sometimes spread with golden syrup, but always with Billy tea or maybe a swig of rum. Culture and Education The Australia culture is diversified because of the diversification of the race. Australia’s culturally diverse society includes its Indigenous peoples and settlers from countries all around the world. Immigration is an important feature of Australian society. Since 1945, over six million people from 200 countries have come to Australia as new settlers. Migrants have made a major contribution to shaping modern Australia. People born overseas make up almost one quarter of the total population. The federal government sets immigration intake numbers on a yearly basis. Australia's immigration policies are non-discriminatory and all applicnceants to migrate must meet the same selection criteria. The Australians are friendly to people in most cases, and they are ready to show their hospitality to guests. On education field, Australia’s educational institutions provide high-quality education to students from all backgrounds. Diversity and quality underpin(支撑) Australia’s education services. Schools develop students’ skill and confidence, children begin primary school at the age of five, primary school provides basic education for children up to 12 or 13 year of age, after which they transfer to a secondary school. All schools provide subjects in the eight key learning areas: English, Mathematics studies of society and the environment, Science, art, languages other than English, technology and personal development, health and physical education. Two options(选项) are open to students when they complete there or four years of high school, They may choose to receive further education at a technical or agricultural college or other training institutions. Students who choose to continue at the high school level undertake two more years of study before taking an examination coordinated by the state for the purpose of university entrance, university graduates are in many of the world’s leading research, innovation and problem solving teams, and the vocational and technical education sector is competency-based and Industry-led. Schools provide an opportunity for children to attend school and to grow up in their communities, they put into more devotion to develop the distance education and reform constantly education pattern. Australia has developed a reputation as a world leader in international education and English-language training. Custom and holidays People in Australia are very unique as well. Australia is a multi-culture country which have people from many culture backgrounds. It has the most culture diversity in the world. So as we can see, Australia is a very unique country. There is so many traditional day for the Australian, for example New Year’s Day, Christmas, Australia Day, Anzac Day ,Boxing Day and so on. Tourism and economy As one of Australia’s most important industries, tourism grew rapidly in the late th20 century, and it now represents one of the most dynamic sectors in the Australian economy, accounting for more than 500,000 jobs in the late 1990s.International tourism received a major boost from the highly successful Summer Olympic Game hosted in Sydney in 2000. The strong growth in domestic tourism has tapped the expanding range of attractions are Queensland’s spectacular Great Barrier Reef; the Northern Territory’s Kakadu National Park, and the famous beach resorts in the Brisbane Claims and Sydney regions. The Australia economy is dominated by its service sector, yet it is the agricultural and mining sectors that account for 65% of its exports. The service sector of the economy, including tourism, education, and financial services, comprises 70% of GDP. Agriculture and natural resources comprise 3% and 5% of GDP but contribute substantially to export performance. Australia’s largest export markets include Japan, China, the US, South Korea and New Zealand. As we all know, it is always called” a country riding on the back of sheep”, wool has been a staple(主要产品) of the Australia economy since the colonial period, and it was important to the development of agriculture as the country’s largest industry. Australia remains the world’s largest wool producer and exporter. Although sheep are farmed Australia-wide, 36% of the flock is in New South Wales; about half of the country’s wool is produced in New South Wales and Western Australia. Meanwhile, Australia is one of the world’s leading producers of cattle and was the world’s second largest exporter of beef after Brazil. Horticulture is one of Australia’s largest industries, and produces a wide variety of fruits, vegetables, nuts, nursery products and cut flowers. Australian exports are a mix of traditional commodities, services and advanced manufacturing. The economy is open and innovative, with a commitment from the Australian Government to maintain economic growth in a competitive environment. Over the past decade, strong growth has been accompanied by low inflation and interest rates, and solid productivity. Australia’s spectacular natural environment, rich Indigenous history and culture, multicultural communities, and vibrant food and wine sector make it one of the world’s most popular tourist destinations. More than 5 million people visit Australia every year, making the tourism industry the largest contributor to Australian services export earnings. The Australian Government is firmly committed to supporting Australian innovation and excellence through an ongoing action plan called ‘Backing Australia’s Ability—Building our Future through Science and Innovation'. Tourist industry is one of the fastest growing industries in modern times. But it relies far more on international trade and tourism for growth. Australia and the world EXPO 2010 Australia's World Expo in Shanghai have the park itself covers an area of over 4800 square meters to build a national pavilion, the theme is "rise to the challenge: the future of cities in Australia for the intelligent solution", through the exploration of environmental protection, as well as urbanization and globalization such as the common challenges facing humanity, and showcase Australia's natural beauty to visitors presents "the world's most desirable place of residence" - Australia How to shape urban construction and sustainable development in harmony between the natural environment. If you love animals , kangaroos and kaolas are good company to you .If you want to experience the unique tropical coastal scenery and if you want to t forget Australia when you plan a trip! learn about the country,so don’