各个时态的句子结构及标志词

各个时态的句子结构及标志词 一、一般现在时 1.概念:经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。一般现在时用动词原形表示。如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式。 2.标志词: Always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month…), once a week(day, year, month…), on Sundays +动词原形+其他 3.肯定形式:动词 4.否定形式:主语+am/is/are +not+其他; 此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则为:主语+do+not+动词原形+其他, 如主语为第三人称单数，则用:主语+does+not+动词原形+其他。 (is not缩写:isn’t, are not缩写:aren’t, does not缩写: doesn’t , do not 缩写: don’t) 5.一般疑问句:be+主语+其他, Do/Does+主语+其他, 6. 例句: 1. I often have dinner at home.. 我经常在家吃饭。 I don’t ofter have dinner at home. Do you often have dinner at home? 2. Tom likes singing. 汤姆喜欢唱歌。 Tom doesn’t like singing. Does Ton like singing? 3. He is always ready to help others. 他总是准备着去帮助别人。 He is not always ready to help others. Is he always ready to help otheres? 二、 一般过去时 1.概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。用动词的过去时表示。 2.时间状语:, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week, last(year, night, month…), 时间词+ago，(two years ago), in/on+表示过去的时间词( in 1989), just now(刚才), at the age of 5, one day, long long ago(很久以前), once upon a time(曾经) 3.基本结构:be动词(was, were);行为动词的过去式(助动词:did) 4.肯定形式:主语+动词的过去时+其他 5.否定形式:主语+was/were +not+其他; 主语+did not+动词原形+其他 (did not 缩写:didn’t) 6.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;用助动词do的过去式did 提问，同时还原行为动词。 即:was/were+主语+其他? Did+主语+动词原形+其他, 7.例句:1. She came to help us last month. 上个月她来帮助了我们。 She did not come to help us last month. Did she come to help you last month, 2. He was a student two years ago. 两年前他是一名学生。 He was not a student two years ago. Was he a student two years ago? 三(一般将来时 1 1.概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语:Tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon(很快), in a few minutes(几分钟 之后), by…(by 2000， 到2000年时),the day after tomorrow, in+时间状语(in two hours 两小时后)，in the future(在将来) in future(从今，往后) 3.肯定结构:主语+am/is/are +going to + 动词原形+其他;主语+will/shall + 动词原形+其他. 4.否定形式:主语+am/is/are+not+ going to+动词原形 ; 主语+will/shall+not+动词原形+其他. (will not 缩写:won’t shall not 缩写:shan’t) 5.一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。 Be+主语+going to+动词原形+其他, Will/shall+主语+动词原形+其他, 四(现在进行时 1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语:Now, at this time(此时), at this moment(此刻), look, listen, at present, these days, this week 3.肯定形式:主语+be +doing +其他 4.否定形式:主语+be +not +doing+其他 5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。 Be+主语+doing+其他, 6.例句: 1. They are going to have a competition(竞赛) with us in studies. 他们班将要和我们班在学习上进行一次竞赛。 They are not going to have a competition with us in studies. Are they going to have a competition with us in studies? 2. It will/shall rain in a few minutes. 几分钟之后要下雨了。 It will/shall not reain in a few minutes. Will/Shall it rain in a few minutes? 7. 不用进行时的动词 1) 事实状态的动词:have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue I have two brothers. This house belongs to my sister. 2) 心理状态的动词: know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate I need your help. He loves her very much. 3 ) 瞬间动词:accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse. I accept your advice. 4) 系动词:seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn You seem a little tired. 五. 过去进行时 1. 概念:过去进行时主要表示过去某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示过去某一阶段一直在进行的动作 2. 过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景;一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。 3. 常用的时间状语: just then(那时), at this time yesterday, yesterday afternoon, at that time, this morning, the whole morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, those days或以when, 2 while引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 4. 过去进行时结构: was/were + 动词的现在分词 否定句则在was/were后加一个not,疑问句将was/were提前则可。 如:He was reading a book at 5:00pm yesterday. ?He was not reading a book at 5:00 yesterday. ?Was he reading a book at 5:00 yesterday? (Yes, he was./ No, he wasn’t.) ?What was he doing at 5:00 yesterday? 5. 过去进行时和一般过去时的标志 1)过去进行时表示过去某时正在进行的动作，而一般过去时则表示一个完成的动作。也就是说用一般过去时，只表示有过这件事;用过去进行时，则强调动作的连续性。 ? I wrote a letter this morning. 今天上午我写了一封信。(信写完了) I was writing a letter this morning. 今天上午我在写一封信。(信不一定写完) ? The children watched TV yesterday evening. 昨天晚上孩子们看了电视。(强调过去发生了这件事) The children were watching TV yesterday evening. 昨晚孩子们都在看电视。(强调昨晚看电视这一动作的持续性) 6.when和while的区别:他们作从属连词时都有“当……. 时候”之意，用法稍有不同: ? when引导的时间状语从句的谓语动词可以是短暂性动词，也可以是延续性动词，而while引导的时间状语从句中的谓语动词只能是延续性动词。 ? when引导的从句谓语动词如果是短暂性动词则用一般过去时，主句是延续性动词则用过去进行时，从句动作发生在主句动作的时间段之内(长动作用过去进行时，短动作用一般过去时);如果主句和从句两个谓语动词都是延续性动词则全部用过去进行时,这时when和while都可以用。 ? when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生;while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。 ? when和while两个词还可以用作并列连词，但意思不同，when相当于“在那时”，等于at that time或just then;而while则相当于“而;却;但是”;相当于but,表示对比关系。(这一点暂时可以不掌握) eg. ? I was playing computer games when my father got home. when +短/延 = When my father got home,I was playing computer games. while +延 (2) Mother was cooking when/while I was doing my homework. = When/While I was doing my homework, mother was cooking. 六、现在完成时 1. 用法1:表示:过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。 标志词:already, yet, just, ever, never, before 2. 用法2:表示:过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 标志词:for, since, since„ago 3. 基本结构:助动词have/has + 动词的过去分词 (当主语是第三人称单数时用has,其余人称用have) 1)肯定式:主语 + have / has + 过去分词 2)否定式:主语 + have / has + not + 过去分词 3)一般疑问句: Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词 Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + haven't/hasn't.(否定) 4)特殊疑问句: 特殊疑问词+have/has+主语+过去分词 4. for和since的区别: for+时间段 since+时间点 4. 注意:非延续性动词不能用“现在完成时 + 表示一段时间的状语”的句型中。 这类动词有:come, go, start, leave, die, buy, finish, join, borrow, stop等。但它们能够用表示持续状态的相应的延续性动词替换句中的非延续性性动词。 3 例如: arrive, come ? be here, be in buy ? have begin, start ? be on ; die ? be dead finish, end ? be over go out ? be out join ? be in borrow?keep finish/end ?be over close ?be closed leave, move ? be away; fall asleep ? be asleep 5.比较过去时与现在完成时 1)过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作;现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去 的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。 2)过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。 一般过去时的时间状语: yesterday, last week，„ago, in1980, in October, just now, 具体的时间状语 共同的时间状语: this morning, tonight,this April, now, once，before, already, recently，lately 现在完成时的时间状语 for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till / until, up to now, in past years, always, 不确定的时间状语 3)现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know. 过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married等。 举例: 1. I saw this film yesterday. I have seen this film. (强调看的动作发生过了。) (强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了。) 2. He has been in the League for three years. (在团内的状态可延续) He has been a League member for three years. (是团员的状态可持续) He joined the League three years ago. ( 三年前入团，joined为短暂行为。 6. have/has gone to 、have/has been to 和have/has been in的区别 have/ has gone to 去了，在去某地的路上或在某地，人还未回来 have/ has been to 曾经去过，人已经回来了 have/ has been in 已经在，常与一段时间连用 如:He has been to Shenyang before. 他以前曾去过沈阳。 He has been in Shenyang for ten years. 他在沈阳10年了。 Has he gone to Shenyang? 他去沈阳了吗? 4