英语文体学笔记

英语文体学笔记 Part one grammetrics: the ways in which grammatical units are fitted into metrical units such as lines and stanzas.(作家风格研究) marked theme:(标记主位)is an unmarked variant in a given context. (一定语境下的非标记主位的 变体)the literary writer place any of the rest of clause elements in the thematic position in order to achieve certain literary effect. apocope:the omission of a final part of a word.(字尾音消失) affixation:Affixation is addition of a prefix to an item which already exists in the language. compounding: is the combination of two or more items to make a single compound one. conversion: which is often described as „zero affixation?, is the adaptation of an item to a new grammatical function without changing its form. graphology: the encoding of meaning in visual symbols.(笔体学) aphesis: the gradual disappearance of an unstressed vowel at the beginning of a word.词首音省略 like squire from esquire. syncope:(phonology) the loss of sounds in the interior of a word (as in `fo'c'sle' for `forecastle') 词中省略. oxymoron: It is “the yoking together of two expressions which are incompatible , so that in combination they have no conceivable literal reference to reality”. paradox: a paradox is a statement which is absurd because it is self-evidently false. metonymy: the substitution of a word referring to an attribute for the thing that is meant.转喻 synecdoche: synecdoche is type of transference of meaning which involves the substitution of a part for the whole.提喻 metaphor: A metaphor is an imaginative way of describing something by referring to something else which is the same in a particular way. 暗喻 overstatement: overstatement is termed hyperbole in traditional rhetoric, it distorts the truth by great exaggeration.夸张 homophony: the same pronunciation for words of different origins.同音异义 polysemy: the ambiguity of an individual word or phrase that can be used (in different contexts) to express two or more different meanings一词多义 understatement: is restrained in ironic contrast to what might have been said轻描淡写 alliteration: use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse consonance: is the repetition of the final consonant cluster in stressed syllables.辅音韵“crumb\home” rhyme: correspondence in the sounds of two or more lines (especially final sounds) 押韵 onomatopoeia: using words that imitate the sound they denote. 拟声 assonance: the repetition of similar vowels in the stressed syllables of successive words半谐音 iamb: a metrical unit with unstressed-stressed syllables.抑扬格It has a pattern alternating stressed and unstressed syllables beginning with an unstressed syllable. ǎá trochee:a metrical unit with stressed-stressed-unstressed syllables扬抑格begin with a stressed syllable. anapaest: a metrical unit with unstressed-unstressed-stressed syllables抑抑扬格one stressed syllable alternates with two unstressed syllables, but beginning with the unstressed syllables. ǎǎá dactyl: a metrical unit with stressed-unstressed-unstressed syllables扬抑抑格 áǎǎ dimeter: is a metrical line of verse with two feet. The particular foot, of course, can vary. 二步格 tetrameter: a verse line having four metrical feet 四音步 pentameter: a verse line having five metrical feet五步格诗 1.The first important assumption of stylistics is that literature is made of language. 2.The second assumption of stylistics is that literature is a type of communicative discourse. Widdowson states: “a piece of language use, literary or otherwise, is not only an exemplification of linguistic categories… but is also a piece of communication, a discourse of one kind or another” 。 Page 42 Snow flakes(Longfellow) The piling up of seven adverbials in the thematic position strongly emphasizes the manners and the process of snow falling. Together with the inversion of the subject and the verb, this thematic fronting produces a strong suspense. The thematic fronting reinforced by the parallel structure in the first four lines and the alliteration and the use of adjectives as adverbs in line five makes the text very interesting to read. One cannot help marveling at the poet?s artistic skills. Page 63 Romeo and Juliet(Shakespeare) The statement that my only love sprung from my only hate is absurd because love and hate have opposite meanings, and it is inconceivable that love can spring from hate. In the play, however, Juliet has fallen madly in love with the son of the family she has been brought up to hate. Thus, the paradox here effectively expresses Juliet? s mixed feelings for what she has done and at the same time, duly anticipates her final tragedy. Page 65 The Glories of our Blood (Shirley) In this poem, four metonyms are used: Sceptre, Crown, Scythe, and Spade. Sceptre and Crown are things that kings and queens carry and wear to represent their power and authority, and are therefore metonyms for kings and queens. Scythe and spade are things used by peasants or farm workers, and are therefore metonyms for peasants. What Shirley is trying to say is that death comes to all people, the noble and the humble alike. The idea would have been expressed much less effectively, if metonyms had not been used. Page 79 Franklin (Peter Stone and Sherman Edwards) The playwrights here deliberately exploit the use of hang to mean both „put to death with a rope around the neck?(as in punishment for a crime) and „remain united? (an idiom with the word together). In this way, they have succeed in making Franklin a witty, humorous and highly literary character, like Franklin was in person. 4. page16 close/shut ?close and rose form an internal rhyme, but not connect the enter line.?shut a)connects bud phonetically &supraclausally, form assonance. Also connects should phonetically& visually. Because the above connections run across both parts of the line, the unity is greatly strengthened. b)the phonetic connection with bud underlines the semantic connection, for the shape of the flower. c)/?/takes a much shorter duration to produce than /eu/,/t/is a plosive which is produced with a rapid release of compressed air leading to short and sharp explosion, while/z/is a sibilant which is produced with the blade of the tongue making almost complete contact with the alveolar ridge but leaving a narrow groove along its median line. d)shut may produce a sense of suddenness and abruptness. This reinforces the meaning of the line. 5. page177 Roger McGough 40 love ?the shape of the poem, not conditional lines and stanzas but two columns with 2 words even being divided into 2 parts(ten-nis, be-tween). In a symmetrical and balanced way, it produces a visual image of a tennis court where the 2 sides are physically separated by a net.?an unusual of plosives being used in the poem. It produces an onomatopoeic effect. Read aloud and feel that the sound of a tennis ball hitting the ground and the rackets.?the repetition of sounds has a paradoxical function. It knits the text together &give balance to the text; it generates a sense of monotony.?the title is ambiguous. “love at 40 years of age” \ “the score of 3points(called40)to 0 point(love)in a tennis game”. Foregrounded features have cohesion and the discovery of the cohesion is important to the interpretation of a literary work.