浅谈中药透皮制剂的发展

浅谈中药透皮制剂的发展 摘 要 透皮给药系统(Transdermal therapeutic systems,TTS)是指药物透过角质层吸收进入体循环，产生药效的一类制剂。TTS具有其它给药方式所不具备的优点:可避免肝脏首过效应、免去人体胃酸和酶对药物的破坏和降解、以及胃肠道给药时的副作用、可以减少给药次数、毒副反应小、出现不良反应时可随时中断治疗、药物以恒定的速率进入体内使病人易于接受。这些独特的优势使TTS成为国内外制剂学专家研究的重点，但TTS技术在中药领域的运用尚处于初级阶段，可喜的是许多学者已开始进行中药透皮吸收给药的实验研究。发展中药透皮系统，不仅是现代科学技术对中医药的挑战，也是中药外治自身发展的需要。本文对近年来有关中药透皮给药的研究发展进行了整理。 strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 2 目 录 摘 要 ------------------------------------------------------- 1 一、 中药透皮促进剂 ----------------------------------------- 3 1(冰片 2(薄荷 3(桉叶油 4(双戊烯 二、与化学透皮促进剂联合使用的研究 --------------------------- 4 三、制剂研究 ------------------------------------------------- 5 1(软膏剂 2(巴布膏 3(喷雾剂 4(乳膏剂 5(贴剂 (方药 6 四、药理作用研究 --------------------------------------------- 6 五、临床应用研究 --------------------------------------------- 7 1(中药调成糊状贴敷 2(贴片经电超导透皮给药治疗 3(中药穴位敷贴透皮制剂 4(中药透皮贴膏 5(中药气雾透皮吸收 六、结束语 --------------------------------------------------- 8 参考文献 ----------------------------------------------------- 9 致 谢 ---------------------------------------------------- 10 strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 浅谈中药透皮制剂的发展 上海医药职工大学3 一、 中药透皮促进剂 1(冰片 冰片可以促进外用皮质激素(曲安缩松)、双氯灭痛、甲硝唑、氟脲嘧啶、水杨酸、川芎嗪、醋酸曲安奈德等药的透皮吸收。研究发现冰片的促进作用主要在角质层，可能是由于冰片改变脂质分子的排列和增加其流动性。另外冰片还能增加完整皮肤及其去角[1]质层皮肤的贮库效应。以上研究表明了冰片是一种有效的透皮促进剂。 2(薄荷 [2]王晖等等探讨薄荷醇及其二组分系统对氟脲嘧啶(5,FU)经皮渗透和贮库效应的影响，结果表明不同浓度薄荷醇对5,FU经皮渗透均有明显的促进作用，其中含2%浓度[3]的薄荷醇组作用最强。冯小龙等研究透皮促进剂氮酮和薄荷醇对外用抗真菌药特比萘芬体外经皮渗透性的影响，结果薄荷醇和氮酮对特比萘芬体外经皮吸收具有显著的促进作用，并能增加储存作用。 3(桉叶油 [4]陈彩莲等对尼莫地平的透皮制剂进行了研究，结果表明不加透皮吸收促进剂组的尼莫地平渗透系数为7.64ug/(h.*cm)，时滞为2.15h。而用桉叶油的渗透系数为163.69 h.*cm)，时滞为2.27h。ug/(h.*cm)，时滞为1.23h。用氮酮组的渗透系数为49.91 ug/( 说明桉叶油对尼莫地平有明显的促渗作用，起效快且强于氮酮。 4(双戊烯 双戊烯为柠檬烯的消旋体，存在于多种挥发油中，在松节油中含量较高。尚北城等[5]考察了不同浓度双戊烯对替硝唑透皮吸收的促透效果，与氮酮作比较。结果表明3%的双戊烯为最佳浓度，促透效果最为显著。促透效果大小顺序为3%双戊烯,2%双戊烯?4%氮酮,3%氮酮。 strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 4 二、 与化学透皮促进剂联合使用的研究 蛇床子挥发油和氮酮单独应用对甲硝唑的经皮吸收都有促渗作用，增渗倍数分别为2.48和2.21。两者合用时促渗作用显著增强。对甲硝唑的储库效应影响同样也是合用[6][7]时效果显著增强。江川等在研制替硝唑凝胶剂时发现含2%桉叶油和2%氮酮的替硝唑凝胶与不含桉叶油和氮酮的替硝唑凝胶之间，其透皮速率增加了2.91%。结论:不同浓度的混合促进剂均可不同程度地促进替硝唑的透皮吸收效果，其中以2%桉叶油加氮酮组成的混合促进剂作用最显著。 strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 浅谈中药透皮制剂的发展 上海医药职工大学5 三、 制剂研究 1(软膏剂 [8]许伟等用荧光分光光度法，采用改进Franz扩散装置，以离体大鼠皮肤为透皮屏障，用生理盐水为接受液，测定黄腐酸钠的透皮吸收量。结果:黄腐酸钠软膏以零级速率释药，无角质层皮肤透皮速率(149.61ug?cm-2?h-1)是完整离体皮肤透皮速率(20.37ug?cm-2?h-1 )的7.2倍。角质层是黄腐酸钠经皮吸收的主要屏障。 2(巴布膏 [13]寿旦等采用改良Franz扩散池法，研究化瘀巴布膏中胡椒碱的体外透皮吸收特性，采用高效液相色谱法检测透过的胡椒碱，同时采用气相色谱法，以丁香酚为检测指标考察制剂稳定性。结果得出胡椒碱的体外渗透过程符合零级方程，并且试验过程中制剂基本稳定。 3(喷雾剂 在制备复方蛇床子喷雾剂时需考察水溶性氮酮在复方蛇床子喷雾剂中对蛇床子素促透情况并找出最佳促透浓度。水溶性氮酮能增加蛇床子素的透皮吸收，水溶性氮酮最[10]佳促透浓度为1.5%。 4(乳膏剂 [11]田应彪等探讨复方冬虫夏草透皮乳膏的制备及其质量控制。选用适宜乳膏基质，将冬虫夏草、昆明山海棠浓缩液与透皮促进剂制成,/,型乳膏，建立质量控制 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 。结果显示本制剂质量稳定，保湿性良好，能显著延长猪同种植皮存活期。 5(贴剂 [12]毛平等按《中国药典》(2000年版)透皮贴剂释放度测定法的 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 和在体剩余量法，用HPLC色谱法对如意金黄贴膏中大黄酚进行释放度和在体敷贴后剩余量的测定，结果:大黄酚能从贴膏中释放出来，并形成药物浓度梯度，具有良好的扩散性。 6(方药 [13]蔡庆顺等 设计 领导形象设计圆作业设计ao工艺污水处理厂设计附属工程施工组织设计清扫机器人结构设计 体外离体透皮试验法(即用离体鼠皮在单室扩散池中进行试验)，测定不同时间三七粉末中有关成分的透皮总量(以三七皂苷为对照)，计算透皮吸收率及促透剂的促透倍数。结果表明三七粉末的丙二醇溶液有一定透皮吸收能力，不同浓度的氮酮对其具有显著的促透作用，但氮酮的促透效果与其剂量不呈直线关系，5%氮酮效果好于7%氮酮。 strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 6 四、药理作用研究 [14]刘继勇等通过与天和骨痛贴比较，发现痹痛宁透皮贴剂大、中剂量组能显著提高 小鼠痛阈值，延长小鼠镇痛潜伏期，具有明显的镇痛作用。能降低小鼠毛细血管通透性， 抑制由二甲苯引起的小鼠耳廓肿胀及角叉菜胶所致的炎症反应，抑制肉芽组织增生。 strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 浅谈中药透皮制剂的发展 上海医药职工大学7 五、临床应用研究 1(中药调成糊状贴敷 [15]李鹤等随机选择门诊支气管哮喘病人30例，每周2次予中药透皮治疗30min,1h,共计18次，治疗前后抽取肝素血5ml，作外周血淋巴细胞分离，用放射配基竞争结合法比较β受体含量。结果:治疗前处于发作期的支气管哮喘患者与缓解期患者相比，其外周血β受体含量低于缓解期患者(,<0.05)。结论:提高β受体含量是中药透皮治疗支气管哮喘的重要 机制 综治信访维稳工作机制反恐怖工作机制企业员工晋升机制公司员工晋升机制员工晋升机制图 之一。 2(贴片经电超导透皮给药治疗 [16]梁春杰等将入选的210例小儿腹泻患者随机分成两组，对照组105例采用常规治疗，观察组105例在常规治疗基础上采用专用中药贴片经电超导透皮给药治疗，药贴置于脐部两侧。结果:两组有效率比较差异有显著性(,<0.05)，在常规治疗基础上采用专用中药贴片经电超导透皮给药佐治小儿腹泻有效、安全、无明显毒副作用。 3(中药穴位敷贴透皮制剂 [17]陈静等探讨中药穴位敷贴透皮制剂肝舒贴对慢性肝病胁肋疼痛的临床疗效。选择肝郁脾虚兼血瘀的慢性肝病胁痛患者60例，随机分为肝舒贴治疗组30例和服用逍遥丸对照组30例，均2周为1个疗程。结果:治疗组总有效率为93.4%，对照组总有效率为86.6%(,>0.05)，但胁痛缓解起效时间、持续止痛时间方面治疗组明显优于对照组(,<0.05);治疗前后治疗组无痛人数占30.0% ，对照组无痛人数占16.7%(,<0.05);对?级疼痛缓解率治疗组为80.0,，对照组为33.3%(,<0.05)。说明肝舒贴在治疗胁肋部疼痛方面有明显优势。 4(中药透皮贴膏 [18]吴惠明等观察速效消肿止痛膏治疗急性闭合性软组织损伤的疗效及起效时间。运用透皮吸收技术研制速效消肿止痛膏，临床治疗急性闭合性软组织损伤100例，对照组(即扶他林乳膏组)87例，观察比较2组疗效及起效时间。结果:治疗组总有效率98%，对照组89%，2组有非常显著性差异(,<0.01 );2组止痛起效时间比较有非常显著性差异(,<0.01)，治疗组疗效明显优于对照组。因此，速效消肿止痛膏是治疗急性闭合性软组织损伤起效快、疗效好的外用膏药。 5(中药气雾透皮吸收 [19]赵晓刚等在研究类风湿性关节炎时随机按2:1比例分为两组:治疗组中药气雾再加青霉素静滴及乐松片，对照组青霉素静滴及乐松片，治疗组有效率94.44%，对照组55.56%(P<0.05)。表明中药气雾透皮吸收疗效优于口服及静滴。 strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 8 六、结束语 短短的几年时间，中药透皮制剂有了突飞猛进的发展。中药透皮制剂已经不单单只 有贴剂，还有涂膜剂，软膏剂，乳膏剂等，同时，为了促进药物更好的透皮吸收，除了 添加中药、化学透皮促进剂以及他们的复合制剂，还能结合电疗与穴位疗法。随着不断 地深入研究，中药透皮给药系统这一新的领域将会得到更广阔的发展。 strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 浅谈中药透皮制剂的发展 上海医药职工大学9 参 考 文 献 1、刘养凤，张伯礼(指导)，冰片的药理学研究进展，中医药学报2003，31(6):55-58 2、王晖，许卫铭，薄荷醇及其二组分系统对5氟脲嘧啶经皮渗透和贮库效应的影响， 中国临床药理学与治疗学，2003Aug.8(4):422-424 3、冯小龙，王晖，朱慧明，氮酮和薄荷醇对特比萘芬体外经皮渗透性的影响，中国新 医药，2003，2(6):27-28 4、陈彩莲，姚梅坤，桉叶油与氮酮促透作用比较,J,，武警医学，2001，3:7 5、尚北城，方丽莎，贺建国等，双戊烯对替硝唑透皮吸收促进作用的研究，药学实践 杂志，2001，19(2):89 6、蔡伟明，王晖，李昕，许卫铭，蛇床子挥发油与氮酮促透作用的比较，2004，4，2 (2):83-84 、江川，黄玉芳，姚梅坤，陈金通，陈荔贞，韩雅峰，桉叶油和氮酮对替硝唑凝胶剂 7 体外透皮释药的研究，海峡药学，2 0 0 3，1 5(1):18-19 8、许伟，王桂秋，范卓文，黄腐酸钠软膏剂的制备及体外透皮吸收研究，ITCM ，Juanuary， 2003，Vol.20,No.1:54 9、寿旦，孙静芸，化瘀巴布膏体外透皮吸收研究，中草药，2003，3，34(3):220-222 10、马平勃, 复方蛇床子喷雾剂的体外透皮吸收试验, 中国实验方剂学杂志，2002,6,8 (3):33-34 11、田应彪，石凤鸣，陈泽慧，邹勇，刘龙忠，杨艳，王承建，中药复方冬虫夏草透皮 乳膏的研制及质量控制，遵义医学院学报，2003，6，26(3):288-289 12、毛平，徐嘉，吴云鸣，如意金黄贴膏中大黄酚的释放度实验研究，中国中药杂志， 2004，8，29(8):746，816 13、蔡庆顺，欧阳胜，钟小群，冯英萍，三七粉末透皮吸收研究, 江西中医学院学报,2002， 4(14):9-10 14、刘继勇，田景振，胡晋红，痹痛宁透皮贴剂镇痛、抗炎作用研究，中国实验方剂学 杂志，2003，6，9(3):35-37 15、李鹤，沈惠风，闵亮，卢锦花，秦亮甫，指导:夏宗勤，胡雅儿，中药透皮治疗哮 喘对患者外周血β受体的影响，成都中医药大学学报，2003，3，25(1):16 16、梁春杰，王薇，黄大鸣，陈鸿莲，廖辉奇，中药贴片电超导透皮给药佐治小儿腹泻， Guangdong Medical Journal Jan.2004,Vol.25,,,. 1:92-93 17、陈静，王灵台，赵钢，肝舒贴治疗慢性肝病胁痛的临床研究，上海中医药杂志，2004， 10，38(10):6-8 18、吴惠明，张帆，王家员，速效消肿止痛膏治疗急性闭合性软组织损伤，现代中西医 strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality 10 结合杂志，2004，7，13(13):1713-1714 19、赵晓钢，王璟璐，姚建，中药汽疗雾化透皮法治疗类风湿性关节炎108例，中国中 医药信息杂志，2004，8，11(8):728-729 致 谢 感谢 论文 政研论文下载论文大学下载论文大学下载关于长拳的论文浙大论文封面下载 指导老师对我的论文的指导，感谢大学三年所有关心帮助过我的老师和同学，经过三年的努力与实践的确让我明白了许许多多的道理和知识。除此我更加要感谢我的带教老师对我孜孜不倦的教诲，以及传授给我的药品的各个方面的知识，使我的各个方面有了提高，使我更加扎实了自己的基础，争取在日后的工作上迈出了稳重的第一步～ strengthen the sense of responsibility, work to solve the lack of decent occupation explain away, conduct problems. To establish the overall concept, eliminate departmentalism. Strict assessment and accountability, to solve the spiritual slack, nianqingpazhong, status quo, and other issues. To establish and perfect the muddle along Bureau staff conduct work regulations, standardize the behavior of personnel. 2. To strengthen the responsibility system. One is the in-depth study and implement the "Hunan provincial Party and government leading cadres Interim Provisions on the work safety of a pair of > (Hunan Office issued 2013 No. 5)," Hunan province safety supervision and management responsibilities of the provisions on the production (Hunan Zhengban made 2013 No. 4) And resolutely implement the safety production of the party with responsibility, a pair of responsibility. "Two is issued safety production administration and inspection to promote the responsibilities bear safety production supervision departments strictly and effectively assumed responsibility. The three is to establish risk self correction self reporting system for safety in production enterprises, promote the enterprises to implement the main responsibility for production safety is introduced. Four strengthen the county safety production supervision ability construction work, promote safe production responsibility to the grassroots. 3, strict accountability and target management. Adhere to the" who is in charge, who is responsible for the pipe industry must be safe, Guan Sheng production and operation must be safe, pipe business must control security "principle, the implementation of safety The production of "cure." stagnation supervision and leadership responsible system. The safety production of key towns, key enterprises and key problems, by the township government and the Department responsible for the stagnation led the lump sum, to tackle tough. To further increase the production safety index assessment, strictly implement the safety production of the "one vote veto" and the reward system, strengthen the safety incentive and restraint mechanism. (six) the implementation of the work force is not strong. The documents, meeting, long work arrangement, check and supervise the implementation of small, poor implementation of the system, the work is not effective. Some leading cadres sense of purpose, consciousness of the masses is not strong, the ruling " For the people "," the interests of the masses no matter "concept understanding is not in place. The specific work treats with the deployment, a few leading cadres complain that work is too complicated, too much responsibility, the pressure is too large, too much emphasis on the difficulty of the work, such as underground mines to avoid the disaster of" six systems "construction and construction of mechanical ventilation to file the form, forwarding arrangements work, no in-depth mining enterprises to promote the specific work, the increase in the number of files, but the effect is not good, not according to the actual situation of non coal mines in the county, to engage in" across the board ", and the quality