浅静脉留置针的护理

浅静脉留置针的 护理 卵巢癌的护理查房优质护理服务内容doc优质护理服务内容肺癌的护理常规消毒供应室优质护理 静脉留置针又称套管针，其作为头皮针的换代产品，近几年来，国内一些医院已相继在临床治疗中应用 。它的主要优点在于减少了病人由于反复穿刺而造成的痛苦，保护了血管，有利于临床用药和紧急抢救，而且还减轻了护士的工作量 。但如果临床不注意操作技术及术后护理观察处理不及时，会给病人造成不必要的痛苦。临床注意如下。 1 无菌操作 为了保证留置针的安全应用，在留置针穿刺时，必须严格执行无菌操作技术，用2%碘伏棉球环形或平行消毒皮肤2遍。消毒范围的直径要大于8cm。每日输液前用2%碘伏棉球消毒肝素帽及留置针栓部2遍后，取下肝素帽连接输液器。输液完毕后，严格按无菌操作技术用肝素盐水3ml(1?100)冲管扣上肝素帽，然后用无菌纱布将肝素帽边同套管针翼部包扎固定 。 2 操作要熟练 (1)留置针进针角度以15?,30?角为宜，进针速度宜慢，应直接刺入血管，若进针过快，极易刺破静脉造成穿刺失败。(2)注意送管时机及操作方法，进针后要及时观看回血腔，见有回血时降低穿刺的角度，将留置针继续沿血管前行1,2mm才送管，切忌见回血后立即送管 。(3)送管时在皮肤外只留3,4mm长导管，这样既不容易折转，也不容易使软管脱出 。血管选择不能离关节太近，否则易在活动时发生渗漏，躁动患者要绝对禁止近关节处穿刺。 3 套管针留置时间 在使用套管针的护理中，其留置时间是一个十分重要的问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 。留置时间过长，可使病人发生局部并发症的危险性增加;留置时间过短，则增加病人的药费及多次穿刺带来的痛苦。按BD公司的建议，套管针留置时间为3,5天。但临床有报道，留置时间最长为27天，平均留置天数为8,9天，病人静脉炎普通发生在置管后6,7天，而5天内静脉炎的发生率为0，5天应作为常规套管针留置时间。 4 护理要点 4.1 预防感染 穿刺处每天更换一次敷料，并用碘酒、酒精消毒穿刺点，盖上无菌干纱，用胶布重新固定好，也可使用无菌胶贴隔日更次一次，用碘伏消毒穿刺部位。 4.2 防止堵塞 (1)冲管:每日治疗结束后用0.9%生理盐水5ml冲管，将残余药液全部冲入血管内。(2)封管:每日用肝素盐水1ml封管一次。肝素盐水浓度为每毫升盐水含100U肝素(可维持抗凝12h) 。 4.3 静脉炎防治 每日仔细观察穿刺点皮肤的情况，同时询问患者有无不适感。如穿刺点局部有压痛或稍感不适提示有静脉炎的可能;要及时处理，可应用spacing of 100mm. C, line line line nearby. D, spare wire unified terminal strip Terminal (terminal strip at the top of the vertical, horizontal terminal strip from the harness to Terminal Pai end at the beginning), length to ensure as far as Terminal and set aside. After e, form a wire harness, cable, line. When the line should be in the core wire for better identification and marking on the cards will be prepared in advance, alternate core core content for the cable numbering. F, finish line, according to the corresponding terminal locations, wire one by one from the bunch out, pulling line, should be kept parallel to each other and more. Core dark as possible, determined in accordance with specific conditions, it is required that: neat, beautiful, shapely, pleasing to the eye. 7.6.2 wiring technology, out of the core wire according to Terminal position, cut off the excess, with wire stripping pliers or electrician knife stripped of insulation, so that connection. Stripping should not damage the copper core. B, core wire on the oxide and chip-insulated electricians knife scrape. C, core processing has been completed, thread round long nose pliers in a clockwise direction. Circle with the screw in the direction of spin in the same direction, circle should be appropriate, it is best to slightly larger than the screws, bent round the circle and the length of root and appropriate so set screw is screwed on tight. D, when on the crimp-type terminals when wiring, threads do not have to bend. Insulating part should be careful not to press it into a Terminal, and make the loop doesn't make sense and to prevent bad head crimping, fell down, causing an open circuit. After wiring, may be tried. E, crimping Terminal crimping, wire and Terminal contact is good, solid, not subject to mechanical strain, and ensure the insulation level. F, cables, such as when there is a bare copper ground wire, bare copper wire with a plastic pipe should be set. G, when wiring wiring must be in radians. H, terminal screws (1)静脉炎软膏或喜疗妥局部涂擦;(2)土豆切成片状，沿静脉行走方向贴敷于皮肤上，每日更换数次。2,3日即可缓解。(临床应用于病人，实践证明效果确切其原理可能是土豆液为高渗状，促使其液体回收所致);(3)局部理疗;(4)酒精纱布湿敷。 4.4 药液外渗 临床静脉输液的药液外渗是常见并发症，特别是有些药物刺激性强，给病人带来痛苦较大，如果出现此种现象给予(1)局部封闭，减轻疼痛，促进吸收，取0.9%生理盐水10ml+2%利多卡因5ml+氢化考地松0.5混合液局部浸润封闭;(2)取土豆切成片状贴敷于皮肤红肿部位;(3)局部物理疗法。 5 小结 浅静脉留置针的临床应用，如果严格的无菌操作程序，熟练的操作技能及穿刺术后掌握好护理要点，就会避免并发症的发生，减轻病人的痛苦，节省开支减少静脉穿刺次数，减少护理人员的工作压力。 spacing of 100mm. C, line line line nearby. D, spare wire unified terminal strip Terminal (terminal strip at the top of the vertical, horizontal terminal strip from the harness to Terminal Pai end at the beginning), length to ensure as far as Terminal and set aside. After e, form a wire harness, cable, line. When the line should be in the core wire for better identification and marking on the cards will be prepared in advance, alternate core core content for the cable numbering. F, finish line, according to the corresponding terminal locations, wire one by one from the bunch out, pulling line, should be kept parallel to each other and more. Core dark as possible, determined in accordance with specific conditions, it is required that: neat, beautiful, shapely, pleasing to the eye. 7.6.2 wiring technology, out of the core wire according to Terminal position, cut off the excess, with wire stripping pliers or electrician knife stripped of insulation, so that connection. Stripping should not damage the copper core. B, core wire on the oxide and chip-insulated electricians knife scrape. C, core processing has been completed, thread round long nose pliers in a clockwise direction. Circle with the screw in the direction of spin in the same direction, circle should be appropriate, it is best to slightly larger than the screws, bent round the circle and the length of root and appropriate so set screw is screwed on tight. D, when on the crimp-type terminals when wiring, threads do not have to bend. Insulating part should be careful not to press it into a Terminal, and make the loop doesn't make sense and to prevent bad head crimping, fell down, causing an open circuit. After wiring, may be tried. E, crimping Terminal crimping, wire and Terminal contact is good, solid, not subject to mechanical strain, and ensure the insulation level. F, cables, such as when there is a bare copper ground wire, bare copper wire with a plastic pipe should be set. G, when wiring wiring must be in radians. H, terminal screws 近些年来，随着静脉留置针越来越多的应用于临床，我院急诊科将套管针应用于急性心肌梗死溶栓患者、创伤性休克及危重患者，它不仅为患者减少了静脉穿刺次数，减轻了痛苦，保护了静脉，而且提高了护理人员的工作效率，在临床护理工作中取得了满意的效果，现将体会介绍如下。 1 方法 (1)全套的静脉留置针是由塑料套管、不锈钢针芯及肝素帽组成，(我院使用的是美国BDIintima-?一次性使用静脉留置针)外附无菌密封的塑料膜包装，开封后即可使用，套管针外附-6cm×7cm的无菌贴膜。(2)对静脉留置针患者的选择:创伤及失血性休克、急性危重患者，留置以后可以用于患者快速补液，24h均速补液，静脉抽血等。 2 护理 (1)加强病人宣教，做好解释工作，取得病人的合作。(2)穿刺前检查好套管针，严格无菌操作，选择走向直且粗大的血管，远离关节和静脉瓣的血管，局部皮肤常规消毒，范围8cm×8cm以上，穿刺见回血后，左手将留置针沿血管方向推进1,2mm，速度不要过快，右手随后将针芯退出2,3mm，缓慢将软管送入血管，保留5mm软管在外，然后将针芯全部抽出。(3)固定方法，穿刺成功后，将透明的无菌贴膜固定在穿刺部位，贴膜一端紧贴在进针点前上方旁2cm处，从左向右将贴膜与肤贴拉紧，使皮肤显现轻度皱纹为宜，将贴膜另一端紧贴在皮肤上，拉紧进针松弛的皮肤，使留置针固定更牢固，为了便于每日换输液器，贴膜勿将肝素帽与输液器针头连接处盖住，可用一条胶布固定输液器针头在皮肤上，防止患者活动时连接部脱离。(4)运用正确的封管方法，将肝素盐水2,3ml，缓慢推注1.5ml后边退边注入，使针头在退出过程中导管内始终保持正压状态，以解决导管长期留置引起的堵塞现象。(5)封管后的留置针在启用时必须先抽回血，见到回血后才可接上液体，不宜用注射器用力将血凝块推入血管内，以免发生堵塞。(6) ,1, 留置针留置时间一般5天 。美国输液护理学会将套管针留置时间规定为3天，我国尚无统一 ,2,规定。有报道套管针可留置5,7天，在无静脉炎发生时，留置7天是完全可行的;但有报道 套管针留置5天内静脉炎发生率为0，建议将5天作为常规留置时间。(7)拔管。沿血管走向，轻柔地将留置针拔出，拔管后压迫5min无出血后方可离去。 3 体会 急诊科抢救病人所采取的最有效重要措施是尽快为患者建立静脉通路，以确保药物的输入，这是抢救成功的关键。留置针操作简单，使用方便，容易被病人和护理人员接受，在急性心肌梗死病人溶栓治疗过程中也可用于每2h一次采血，保护了静脉，减少了感染和出血的机会;还可用于连接三通测外周静脉压;并可用为静脉营养的通路，值得临床推广。 spacing of 100mm. C, line line line nearby. D, spare wire unified terminal strip Terminal (terminal strip at the top of the vertical, horizontal terminal strip from the harness to Terminal Pai end at the beginning), length to ensure as far as Terminal and set aside. After e, form a wire harness, cable, line. When the line should be in the core wire for better identification and marking on the cards will be prepared in advance, alternate core core content for the cable numbering. F, finish line, according to the corresponding terminal locations, wire one by one from the bunch out, pulling line, should be kept parallel to each other and more. Core dark as possible, determined in accordance with specific conditions, it is required that: neat, beautiful, shapely, pleasing to the eye. 7.6.2 wiring technology, out of the core wire according to Terminal position, cut off the excess, with wire stripping pliers or electrician knife stripped of insulation, so that connection. Stripping should not damage the copper core. B, core wire on the oxide and chip-insulated electricians knife scrape. C, core processing has been completed, thread round long nose pliers in a clockwise direction. Circle with the screw in the direction of spin in the same direction, circle should be appropriate, it is best to slightly larger than the screws, bent round the circle and the length of root and appropriate so set screw is screwed on tight. D, when on the crimp-type terminals when wiring, threads do not have to bend. Insulating part should be careful not to press it into a Terminal, and make the loop doesn't make sense and to prevent bad head crimping, fell down, causing an open circuit. After wiring, may be tried. E, crimping Terminal crimping, wire and Terminal contact is good, solid, not subject to mechanical strain, and ensure the insulation level. F, cables, such as when there is a bare copper ground wire, bare copper wire with a plastic pipe should be set. G, when wiring wiring must be in radians. H, terminal screws 静脉留置针的操作方法及封管方法 2009-09-09 14:46 操作方法 1 血管及留置针型号的选择 对使用静脉留置针的患者宜选用相对粗直、有弹性、血流丰富无静脉瓣、避开关节且易于固定的血管.下肢静脉血栓的发生率是上肢静脉的3倍，一般情况应用上肢静脉，在不影响输液速度的前提下应选细短的留置针，相对小号的留置针进入血管后漂浮在血管中，减少机械磨擦对血管内壁的损伤，从而降低机械性静脉炎及血栓静脉炎的发生. 2 穿刺方法 穿刺前先将输液器空气排至过滤器，检查并打开留置针，然后将输液器针头直接插入留置针肝素帽内，再次排尽空气.常规消毒穿刺部位皮肤，操作者右手持留置针与皮肤呈15?~30?刺入皮下血管内，见回血后压低角度(约5?~15?)再进0.2cm，左手退出针芯少许，右手将外套管送入血管内，要边退针芯边置入外套管，这样避免了针芯触及血管壁，外套管对针芯有支撑作用，可顺利通过皮肤，提高穿刺成功率. 封管技术 封管是留置针成功的关键，封管液浓度配置合理，封管方法得当可延长置管时间，防止并发症的发生. 1 封管液的选择 留置针封管液主要有稀释的肝素钠盐水及生理盐水，目前认为肝素钠盐水优于生理盐水.肝素钠盐水封管液的配置方法是:用0.9%的生理盐水250ml联合肝素钠1.25U. 2 封管方法 输液完毕，用注射器抽取肝素钠配制液3ml，常规消毒肝素帽，将注射器针头刺入肝素帽内3mm~5mm，缓慢推注，边推边退，推注2mL~2.5mL，余0.5mL~1mL即全部拔出针头，完成封管.封管后再启用时必须先抽回血，见回血后才能接上补液，不可用注射器用力将血凝块推入血管内，以免发生堵塞. 留置针留置时间 留置针在无静脉炎发生时，5d作为常规留置.每2d更换1次留置针护贴，进针处用碘伏擦拭消毒.如护贴内有渗液、渗 spacing of 100mm. C, line line line nearby. D, spare wire unified terminal strip Terminal (terminal strip at the top of the vertical, horizontal terminal strip from the harness to Terminal Pai end at the beginning), length to ensure as far as Terminal and set aside. After e, form a wire harness, cable, line. When the line should be in the core wire for better identification and marking on the cards will be prepared in advance, alternate core core content for the cable numbering. F, finish line, according to the corresponding terminal locations, wire one by one from the bunch out, pulling line, should be kept parallel to each other and more. Core dark as possible, determined in accordance with specific conditions, it is required that: neat, beautiful, shapely, pleasing to the eye. 7.6.2 wiring technology, out of the core wire according to Terminal position, cut off the excess, with wire stripping pliers or electrician knife stripped of insulation, so that connection. Stripping should not damage the copper core. B, core wire on the oxide and chip-insulated electricians knife scrape. C, core processing has been completed, thread round long nose pliers in a clockwise direction. Circle with the screw in the direction of spin in the same direction, circle should be appropriate, it is best to slightly larger than the screws, bent round the circle and the length of root and appropriate so set screw is screwed on tight. D, when on the crimp-type terminals when wiring, threads do not have to bend. Insulating part should be careful not to press it into a Terminal, and make the loop doesn't make sense and to prevent bad head crimping, fell down, causing an open circuit. After wiring, may be tried. E, crimping Terminal crimping, wire and Terminal contact is good, solid, not subject to mechanical strain, and ensure the insulation level. F, cables, such as when there is a bare copper ground wire, bare copper wire with a plastic pipe should be set. G, when wiring wiring must be in radians. H, terminal screws 静脉留置针的操作 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 与注意事项 一、操作规范 1、用物带至患者床旁，对床号、姓名，向患者解释2、将输液瓶挂于输液架上，打开导管针外包装，戴手套。 3、选择血管。在穿刺点上方10cm处扎压脉带，按常规进行局部皮肤消毒，待干。 4、取出导管针，去除针套，转动针心使针头斜面向上。将已备好的静脉输液器的头皮针刺入肝素帽内，注意排尽空气，关闭输液器开关。 5、针头与皮肤呈15,300角穿刺，见回血后，降低角度再将穿刺针推进0.2,0.5cm.穿刺。嘱患者握拳，左手绷紧皮肤，右手以拇指和食指夹紧导管针的护翼。右手固定导管针、左手拔出针心0.5,1cm，左手将外套管全部送入静脉，松压脉带，嘱患者松拳。 6、抽出针心，用专用敷贴固定导管针，在敷贴上写上患者姓名、留置日期和时间，然后固定肝素帽，取出压脉带。 7、脱手套，再次查对无误后，在输液卡上记录时间、滴速并签名。根据医嘱和病情调节输液速度(参考静脉输液法) 8、助患者卧于舒适位置，整理床单位，按皮内注射法处理用物，洗手。 9、向患者交待注意事项。根据情况进行健康教育。 10、封管:当液体输完后进行封管。 ?常规消毒肝素帽。 ?将抽有封管液(生理盐水和肝素液生理盐水)的注射器针头刺入肝素帽内。 (肝素液的配制浓度:1支肝素1.25万U稀释于125,1250mL生理盐水中，即每毫升含10,100U肝素，用量5mL，严格掌握封管液的维持时间，一般生理盐水维持6,8小时，稀释的肝素溶液维持12小时)。 ?边推注封管液边退针。 ?用夹子将留置针硅胶管夹好。 11、再次输液。 ?常规消毒肝素帽:松开夹子，将抽有生理盐水的注射器针头刺入肝素帽内，先抽回血，再推注5,10mL生理盐水。 ?然后将输液器头皮针刺入肝素帽内，打开调节器调节滴速进行再次输液。 ?观察穿刺部位有无红肿，在完整敷料表面沿导管走向触摸有无触痛。 二、注意事项 1、使用静脉留置针时，必须严格执行无菌技术 操作规程 操作规程下载怎么下载操作规程眼科护理技术滚筒筛操作规程中医护理技术操作规程 。 2、密切观察患者生命体征的变化及局部情况。每次输液前后，均应检查穿刺部位及静脉走行方向有无红肿，并询问患者有无疼痛与不适。如有异常情况，应及时拔除导管并作相应处理。对仍需输液者应更换肢体另行穿刺。 3、对使用静脉留置针的肢体应妥善固定，尽量减少肢体的活动，避免被水沾湿。如需要洗脸或洗澡时应用塑料纸将局部包裹好。能下地活动的患者，静脉留置针避免保留于下肢，以免由于重力作用造成回血，堵塞导管。 4、每次输液前先抽回血，再用无菌的生理盐水冲洗导管。如无回血，冲洗有阻力时，应考虑留置针导管堵管，此时应拔出静脉留置针，切记不能用注射器使劲推注，以免将凝固的血栓推进血管，造成栓塞。 天添资源网 spacing of 100mm. C, line line line nearby. D, spare wire unified terminal strip Terminal (terminal strip at the top of the vertical, horizontal terminal strip from the harness to Terminal Pai end at the beginning), length to ensure as far as Terminal and set aside. After e, form a wire harness, cable, line. When the line should be in the core wire for better identification and marking on the cards will be prepared in advance, alternate core core content for the cable numbering. F, finish line, according to the corresponding terminal locations, wire one by one from the bunch out, pulling line, should be kept parallel to each other and more. Core dark as possible, determined in accordance with specific conditions, it is required that: neat, beautiful, shapely, pleasing to the eye. 7.6.2 wiring technology, out of the core wire according to Terminal position, cut off the excess, with wire stripping pliers or electrician knife stripped of insulation, so that connection. Stripping should not damage the copper core. B, core wire on the oxide and chip-insulated electricians knife scrape. C, core processing has been completed, thread round long nose pliers in a clockwise direction. Circle with the screw in the direction of spin in the same direction, circle should be appropriate, it is best to slightly larger than the screws, bent round the circle and the length of root and appropriate so set screw is screwed on tight. D, when on the crimp-type terminals when wiring, threads do not have to bend. Insulating part should be careful not to press it into a Terminal, and make the loop doesn't make sense and to prevent bad head crimping, fell down, causing an open circuit. After wiring, may be tried. E, crimping Terminal crimping, wire and Terminal contact is good, solid, not subject to mechanical strain, and ensure the insulation level. F, cables, such as when there is a bare copper ground wire, bare copper wire with a plastic pipe should be set. G, when wiring wiring must be in radians. H, terminal screws 近年来，静脉留置针的临床应用范围不断扩大，尤其在抢救危重病人、输注化疗药物和静脉营养等方面发挥了重要作用。然而，在应用过程中也带来了一些不良影响，特别是长期置管病人常导致某些并发症的发生。因此，在静脉留置针置管期间做好并发症的预防及观察护理十分重要。 常见并发症及预防 1.皮下血肿。穿刺及置管操作不熟练、技巧掌握不好、操之过急、动作不稳等，往往容易使留置针穿破血管壁而形成皮下血肿。因此，护理人员应熟练掌握穿刺技术，穿刺时动作应轻巧、稳、准。依据不同的血管情况，把握好进针角度，提高一次性穿刺成功率，以有效避免或减少皮下血肿的发生。 2.液体渗漏。血管选择不当、进针角度过小、固定不牢、病人躁动不安、外套管未完全送入血管内或套管与血管壁接触面积太大等原因均可导致液体渗漏。轻者出现局部肿胀、疼痛等刺激症状，重者可引起组织坏死。为避免液体渗漏，护理人员除加强基本功训练外，应妥善固定导管，嘱病人避免留置针肢体过度活动，必要时可适当约束肢体，同时注意穿刺部位上方衣服勿过紧，并加强对穿刺部位的观察及护理。 3.导管堵塞。造成导管堵塞的原因较为复杂，通常与静脉高营养输液后导管冲洗不彻底，封管液种类、用量以及推注速度选择不当，病人的凝血机制异常等有关。因此，在静脉高营养输液后应彻底冲洗管道，每次输液完毕应正确封管，要根据病人的具体情况，选择合适的封管液及用量，并注意推注速度不可过快。有研究表明，缓慢推注堵管率明显低于快速推注。 spacing of 100mm. C, line line line nearby. D, spare wire unified terminal strip Terminal (terminal strip at the top of the vertical, horizontal terminal strip from the harness to Terminal Pai end at the beginning), length to ensure as far as Terminal and set aside. After e, form a wire harness, cable, line. When the line should be in the core wire for better identification and marking on the cards will be prepared in advance, alternate core core content for the cable numbering. F, finish line, according to the corresponding terminal locations, wire one by one from the bunch out, pulling line, should be kept parallel to each other and more. Core dark as possible, determined in accordance with specific conditions, it is required that: neat, beautiful, shapely, pleasing to the eye. 7.6.2 wiring technology, out of the core wire according to Terminal position, cut off the excess, with wire stripping pliers or electrician knife stripped of insulation, so that connection. Stripping should not damage the copper core. B, core wire on the oxide and chip-insulated electricians knife scrape. C, core processing has been completed, thread round long nose pliers in a clockwise direction. Circle with the screw in the direction of spin in the same direction, circle should be appropriate, it is best to slightly larger than the screws, bent round the circle and the length of root and appropriate so set screw is screwed on tight. D, when on the crimp-type terminals when wiring, threads do not have to bend. Insulating part should be careful not to press it into a Terminal, and make the loop doesn't make sense and to prevent bad head crimping, fell down, causing an open circuit. After wiring, may be tried. E, crimping Terminal crimping, wire and Terminal contact is good, solid, not subject to mechanical strain, and ensure the insulation level. F, cables, such as when there is a bare copper ground wire, bare copper wire with a plastic pipe should be set. G, when wiring wiring must be in radians. H, terminal screws 4.静脉炎。静脉炎按原因不同分为化学性和感染性两种，其常见症状为穿刺部位血管红、肿、热、痛，触诊时静脉如绳索般硬、滚、滑、无弹性，严重者局部针眼处可挤出脓性分泌物，并可伴有发热等全身症状。护理人员应注意各操作环节的严格无菌;选择静脉尽量从血管远端开始，力争一次穿刺成功;输注对血管刺激性较强的药物前后应用生理盐水冲管，以减少静脉炎的发生。 5.静脉血栓形成。静脉血栓多见于血流缓慢的静脉内。据报道，久病卧床病人发生在下肢静脉的血栓比上肢静脉多3倍。另外，反复多次在同一部位用留置针进行静脉穿刺导致血管壁损伤，也是血栓形成的促发因素。为防止静脉血栓形成，穿刺时尽可能首选上肢粗静脉，并注意保护血管，避免在同一部位反复穿刺。对长期卧床的病人，应尽量避免在下肢远端使用静脉留置针，且留置时间不能过长。 并发症观察与护理 1.做好病人教育。置管前护士应将静脉留置针应用的目的、意义告诉病人及其家属，让其了解有关静脉留置针的护理知识、常见的并发症及其预防方法，避免置管肢体过度活动，置管期间注意保持穿刺部位干燥、清洁等，预防感染、堵管、液体渗漏等并发症的发生。 2.观察局部反应。静脉留置针置管期间，要经常观察穿刺部位有无渗血、渗液、肿胀及局部炎症反应等，及时发现并发症的早期症状。一旦发生局部并发症，出现局部红、肿、热、痛等症状，应立即拔管，并根据情况及时给予相应处理，以促进血液循环，恢复血管弹性，减轻病人的痛苦。 3.置管期间护理。静脉留置针置管期间，应加强生命体征监测，做好全面护理。穿刺部位周围皮肤应每日用碘伏或碘酊、酒精消毒1次，并盖以无菌敷料。连续输液者，应每日更换输液器1次。肝素帽至少每周更换1次。注意留置针的通畅情况。 spacing of 100mm. C, line line line nearby. D, spare wire unified terminal strip Terminal (terminal strip at the top of the vertical, horizontal terminal strip from the harness to Terminal Pai end at the beginning), length to ensure as far as Terminal and set aside. After e, form a wire harness, cable, line. When the line should be in the core wire for better identification and marking on the cards will be prepared in advance, alternate core core content for the cable numbering. F, finish line, according to the corresponding terminal locations, wire one by one from the bunch out, pulling line, should be kept parallel to each other and more. Core dark as possible, determined in accordance with specific conditions, it is required that: neat, beautiful, shapely, pleasing to the eye. 7.6.2 wiring technology, out of the core wire according to Terminal position, cut off the excess, with wire stripping pliers or electrician knife stripped of insulation, so that connection. Stripping should not damage the copper core. B, core wire on the oxide and chip-insulated electricians knife scrape. C, core processing has been completed, thread round long nose pliers in a clockwise direction. Circle with the screw in the direction of spin in the same direction, circle should be appropriate, it is best to slightly larger than the screws, bent round the circle and the length of root and appropriate so set screw is screwed on tight. D, when on the crimp-type terminals when wiring, threads do not have to bend. Insulating part should be careful not to press it into a Terminal, and make the loop doesn't make sense and to prevent bad head crimping, fell down, causing an open circuit. After wiring, may be tried. E, crimping Terminal crimping, wire and Terminal contact is good, solid, not subject to mechanical strain, and ensure the insulation level. F, cables, such as when there is a bare copper ground wire, bare copper wire with a plastic pipe should be set. G, when wiring wiring must be in radians. H, terminal screws 输液过程中，须密切观察滴速，以防输液速度过快造成循环负荷过重或药物不良反 应。快速输液须严防液体滴空。如为动脉留置针，更应加强监测，防止意外发生。 spacing of 100mm. C, line line line nearby. D, spare wire unified terminal strip Terminal (terminal strip at the top of the vertical, horizontal terminal strip from the harness to Terminal Pai end at the beginning), length to ensure as far as Terminal and set aside. After e, form a wire harness, cable, line. When the line should be in the core wire for better identification and marking on the cards will be prepared in advance, alternate core core content for the cable numbering. F, finish line, according to the corresponding terminal locations, wire one by one from the bunch out, pulling line, should be kept parallel to each other and more. Core dark as possible, determined in accordance with specific conditions, it is required that: neat, beautiful, shapely, pleasing to the eye. 7.6.2 wiring technology, out of the core wire according to Terminal position, cut off the excess, with wire stripping pliers or electrician knife stripped of insulation, so that connection. Stripping should not damage the copper core. B, core wire on the oxide and chip-insulated electricians knife scrape. C, core processing has been completed, thread round long nose pliers in a clockwise direction. Circle with the screw in the direction of spin in the same direction, circle should be appropriate, it is best to slightly larger than the screws, bent round the circle and the length of root and appropriate so set screw is screwed on tight. D, when on the crimp-type terminals when wiring, threads do not have to bend. Insulating part should be careful not to press it into a Terminal, and make the loop doesn't make sense and to prevent bad head crimping, fell down, causing an open circuit. After wiring, may be tried. E, crimping Terminal crimping, wire and Terminal contact is good, solid, not subject to mechanical strain, and ensure the insulation level. F, cables, such as when there is a bare copper ground wire, bare copper wire with a plastic pipe should be set. G, when wiring wiring must be in radians. H, terminal screws