初中七年级生物上册知识点总结

初中七年级生物上册知识点总结 第一单元生物和生物圈 1、 生物生存所需要的基本条件 营养物质、阳光、水和适宜的温度 2、 *影响生物的非生物和生物因素 非生物:光、温度、水和等 生物因素:影响某一生物生活的其他生物。如:捕食关系、竞争关系、合作关系等 3、*生物对环境的适应和影响————看七年级上册19的例子 5、*生态系统的组成 植物——生产者 生物 动物——消费者 细菌、真菌——分解者 非生物:空气、阳光、水等 6、*食物链和食物网 食物链:生产者和消费者之间的关系，主要是吃与被吃的关系，这样就形成了, 食物网:在一个生态系统中，有很多食物链，他们之间彼此交错连接形成了, 生态系统中的物质和能量就是沿着食物链和食物网流动的。 7、*生态系统具有一定的自动调解能力，但调节能力具有一定的限度，当人为或自然因素的干扰超过这种限度时，生态系统会遭到严重破坏。 8、*有害物质会通过食物链不断积累 因为一些有毒物质在生物体内比较稳定，不易分解，而且生物体无法排出，这些有毒物质随着食物链不断积累，所以在食物链中营养级越高，生物体内积累的有毒物质越多。 9、*多种多样的生态系统 种类有:森林生态系统——森林;草原生态系统——草原;海洋生态系统——海洋; points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each 淡水生态系统——河流、湖泊、池塘;湿地生态系统——沼泽; 农田生态系统——农田。 10、*生物圈是一个统一的整体 每一个生态系统都与周围的其他生态系统相关联。如: ? 从非生物因素来说。阳光普照所有的生产者 ? 从地域因素来说，各种生态系统也是相互关联的 ? 从生态系统的生物来说，许多微小的生物、花粉、种子，能够随大气运动， 到达不同的生态系统。 11、*生物圈是最大的生态系统——看书P 3012、*科学探究的意义和过程 第二单元生物和细胞 13、*显微镜的基本结构和作用——看书P36 14、*植物细胞的基本结构 包括:细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核、液泡(内含酸、甜、辣和色素)、叶绿体 15、*人和动物细胞的基本结构 包括:细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核 16、细胞核在生物遗传中的重要作用 细胞核是指导和控制细胞中物质和能量变化的一系列指令，也是生物体建造 自己生命大厦的蓝图。 17、*细胞分裂的基本过程 复制 植物 分裂 分裂 染色体 细胞核 细胞质 形成细胞膜 形形成 成细胞壁 18、人体的基本组织 包括:上皮组织、肌肉组织、神经组织、结缔组织 19、人体的结构层次 组织:由形态相似，结构功能相同的细胞联合在一起形成 器官:不同的组织按照一定的次序结合在一起形成 points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each 系统:能够共同构成一种或几种生理功能的多个器官按照一定的次序组合在一起形成 细胞 组织 器官 系统 个体 20、用显微镜观察人体的四种基本组织切片 21、植物体的几种基本组织 包括:保护组织、分升组织、营养组织、输导组织 22、绿色开花植物有六大器官 包括:根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子 23、*单细胞生物的结构和生活——看书P图 70 第三单元生物圈中的绿色植物 24、藻类植物、苔藓植物和蕨类植物的主要特征以及它与人类的关系 藻类植物的特征:大都生活在水中，少数生活在陆地上的阴湿处，没有根、 茎、叶的 化，全身都能从周围环境中吸收水分和无机盐，都能进行光 合作用，不需要有专门的吸收营养、运输和光合作用的器官。 关系:释放氧、可食用、可供药用和可作鱼类饲料 苔藓植物的特征:大多生活在潮湿环境中，一般具有茎、叶的分化，然而茎 中没有导管，叶中没有叶脉，根非常简单，称为假根。 关系:可做监测空气污染程度的指标 蕨类植物的特征:生活在潮湿环境中，具有根、茎、叶的分化，体内有输导 组织。 关系:可供药用、可做绿肥和饲料，形成煤。 25、种子的结构与功能——看书P85 果皮 结构 种皮 胚 :胚芽、胚轴、胚根、子叶 胚乳:单子叶植物所有 26、裸子植物和被子植物的区别 裸子植物:种子无果皮包被 被子植物:种子有果皮包被 27、*种子萌发的条件、种子萌发的过程 points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each 条 环境条件:一定的水分，适宜的温度和充足的空气等 件 自身条件:干瘪的种子、被昆虫咬过的种子、储存时间过长的种子、休眠 的种子等。 过程:一粒种子萌发时，首先要吸收水分，子叶或胚乳的营养物质转运给胚 根、、胚轴，随后，胚根发育，突破种皮，形成根，胚轴伸长，胚芽发 育成茎和叶。 28、芽的发育、根的生长过程 芽:形成新的枝条 根的生长:一方面靠分生而增加细胞的数量;另一方面靠伸长区细胞体积 的增大。 29、*花的结构，受精与果实的形成 花瓣 结构: 柱头 花药 花柱 花丝 雄蕊 雌蕊 萼片 子房 花托 受精和果实——看书P 102 30、*绿色植物的生活需要水 无机盐只有溶解在水中，才能被植物体吸收，并运输到植物体的各个器官 水影响植物的分布 31、*水分进入植物体内的途径 水 根尖成熟区 导管 植物各处 32、*植物的蒸腾作用 能够带动植物体对水分和无机盐的吸收和向上运输，给叶片源源不断地提供 原料。 气体进入 气孔 植物体 水、气体出 33、*绿色植物在生物圈中的作用 points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each 通过根部从土壤中吸收水分，将大部分水分，又通过蒸腾作用散失了，促 进了生物圈中水循环地进行。 34、*绿色植物地光合作用 光 CO+HO 有机物，O (光能转化为化学能) 222 叶绿体 (储存能量) 35、*呼吸作用 有机物，OCO+HO+能量 主要线粒体 2 22 36、*光合作用的产物及原料——见光合作用的公式 37、*光合作用与生物圈中的碳氧平衡 绿色植物在光合作用中制造的O，超过了自身呼吸作用对O的需要，其22 余的O都以气体的形式排到了大气中，绿色植物还通过光合作用不断的消2 耗大气中的CO，这样就维持了生物圈中CO和O的相对平衡简称碳—222 —O平衡。 2 38、*光合作用及其在农业生产中的应用 种植农作物时，即不能过密，也不能过稀，应该合理密植。 第四单元生物圈中的人 通过胎39、*人类的起源和发展:现代的类人猿和人类的共同祖先是森林古猿 盘、脐40、生殖系统: 带从母男性 输卵管:输送精子 体获得 输卵怪结合 分裂 营养和睾 丸:产生精子 受精卵 胚胎 氧气 输卵管、子宫 女性 卵 巢:产生卵细胞 输卵管:输送卵细胞 分裂 分裂 40周 8周 *生殖的过程:受精卵 胚泡 胚胎 胎儿 分娩 子宫 子宫 输卵管 诞生 points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each 41、 *人体需要的主要营养物质 糖类:如葡萄糖、甘蔗、淀粉等;蛋白质:如奶、蛋、鱼、肉等;脂肪:如肥肉、大豆、花生等;水;无机盐和维生素(V――夜盲症，V――脚气病、神AB经炎，V――坏血病)。 C 42、 *人体消化系统的组成 消化道:口腔,咽,食道,胃,小肠,大肠 消化腺:唾液腺、胃腺、肠腺、肝脏 43、 *食物的消化和营养物质的吸收 糖类――口腔中初步消化――,最终分解为葡萄糖被吸收 蛋白质――胃中初步消化―――最终分解为氨基酸被吸收 脂肪――小肠初步消化―――作中被分解为甘油和脂肪酸被吸收 小肠是主要的吸收部位，过程:营养物质 小肠壁毛细血管 血液 44、 *人体呼吸系统的组成 呼吸道:鼻—,咽——喉――气管――支气管 肺 45、 *人体肺与外界的气体交换 肋间肌收缩――胸廓左右前后扩大 ――肺扩大――肺内压下降――吸气 膈肌收缩，顶部下降――上下扩大 肋间肌舒张――胸廓左右前后缩小 ――肺缩小――肺内压升高――呼气膈肌舒张，顶部上升――上下缩小 气 46、 肺泡与血液之间的气体交换 氧 肺泡 血液(血液由静脉变为动脉血) 二氧化碳 47、 血液的成分 血浆(淡黄色):成分水、无机盐、葡萄糖、氨基酸、血浆蛋白等 白细胞:吞噬病菌 血小板:凝血 血细胞: 红细胞:运输氧 48、血管的类型及特点 动脉:管壁较厚，弹性，大管内血流速度快 points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each 毛细血管:内径8,10毫米，管壁非常薄，血流速度最慢 静脉:管壁较薄，弹性小，管内血流速度慢，四肢静脉内 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 面有防止血液倒流的静脉瓣 49、心脏的结构 右心房 充满静脉血，二者之间有防止血液倒流的房室瓣 右心室 左心房 充满动脉血，二者之间有防止血液倒流的房室瓣 左心室 50、血液循环 体循环:左心室 主动脉 全身毛细血管 上下腔静脉 右心房 动脉血 静脉血 肺循环:右心室 肺动脉 肺部毛细血管 肺静脉 左心房 静脉血 动脉血 51、*尿液的形成和排出 动脉血 过滤 原尿 尿液 血液 入球小动脉 肾小球 肾小囊 肾小管 输尿管 出球小动脉 膀胱 尿道 排出 52、*人体神经系统的组成 脑 中枢神经系统 脊髓 脑神经 周围神经系统 53、*神经调解的基本方式――反射 类型::非条件反射:人生来就具有的。如缩手反射、眨眼反射、排尿反射、膝调反射等 points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each 条件反射:后天形成的。如望梅止渴、谈虎色变、小狗算术等 反射弧:感受器 传入神经 神经中枢 传出神经 效应器 54、*内分泌系统的组成及人体主要激素的功能 垂体――生长激素:促进生长。幼年缺乏换侏儒症;幼年过多巨人症;成年过多肢端肥大症。 甲状腺――甲状腺激素:调节生长发育，新陈代谢。幼年缺乏呆小症;过多甲亢。 胸腺――胸腺激素 肾上腺――肾上腺素等 胰岛――胰岛素:调节糖在体内的吸收利用和转化 卵巢――雌激素等 睾丸――雄激素等 激素调节和神经调解的关系 55、* 人体的生命活动二者同时参与，但神经调解为主，激素调节为辅。 第五单元生物圈中的其他生物 56、 鱼鳍在游泳中的作用 背鳍:保持身体平衡直立 胸鳍:保持身体平衡转方向 尾鳍:保持前进方向，提供前进动力 57、 蚯蚓的主要特征 穴居，昼伏夜出，身体有许多相似的环节构成，体壁呼吸，变温动物 58、 家兔的特征 体表被毛，胎生、哺乳，用肺呼吸，心脏四腔，体内有膈，门齿、盲肠发达，于食性相符。 59、 鸟的主要特征 体表被覆羽毛，前肢特化为翼，具有迅速飞翔的能力，身体内有气囊，飞行时双重呼气，体温高而恒定。 points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each 60、 昆虫的主要特征 身体分为头胸腹，两对翅膀，三对足，头上两根感觉须，里头是肉外是骨。 61、 节肢动物的特征 身体有许多体节构成，体表有外骨骼，足和触角分节 62、 *先天性行为和学习行为 先天性行为:生来就有，由遗传物质决定。如:捕食行为，防御行为、繁殖行为、取食行为 学习行为:在遗传因素的基础上，通过环境因素，由生活经验和学习而获得。即出生后获得的。如:鹦鹉学舌、小狗算术等 63、 *白蚁等动物的社会行为 社会行为:群体内部不同成员之间分工合作，共同维持群体的生活。如:蜜蜂、猴、狒狒、象、鹿等。 64、 *动物在自然界中的作用 在生态平衡中的重要作用 促进生态系统的物质循环 帮助植物转粉、传播种子 65、 动物在自然界中的作用 军用雷达――蝙蝠;冷光――萤火虫;宇航员――长颈鹿;薄壳建筑――龟背甲 66、*细菌的结构及特征 有细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、没有成形的细胞核;没有叶绿体，异养;分裂生殖。 67、*真菌的结构及特征 有细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质和细胞核;没有叶绿体，异养;孢子生殖。 68、*细菌真菌在自然界中的作用 作为分解者参与物质循环 引起动植物和人患病 与动植物共生 69、人类对细菌和真菌的利 points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each 第七单元生物圈中生命延续和发展 70、*植物的有性生殖 由两性生殖细胞结合成受精卵，由受精卵发育成新个体的生殖方式叫, 71、*植物的扦插和嫁接 扦插:用枝条和土壤。常见如:甘薯、葡萄、菊、月季等 嫁接:用枝条或芽和砧木。可在一个果树上的到不同品种的果子。常见如:苹果、梨、桃等 72、昆虫的生殖和发育过程及变态发育 昆虫生殖:有性生殖;体内受精，卵生。 完全变态，发育过程:卵 幼虫 蛹 成虫共四期，如:蜜蜂、菜粉蝶、蚊蝇等 不完全变态，发育过程:卵 若虫 成虫共三期，如:蟋蟀、蝼蛄、螳螂、椿象、蜻蜓 73、*两栖动物的生殖和发育过程 体外受精，卵生。幼体生活在水中，用鳃呼吸，成体可以上陆，用肺呼吸，皮肤辅助呼吸。 74、鸡卵的结构和鸟的生殖发育过程 鸡卵的结构见八年级 下册 数学七年级下册拔高题下载二年级下册除法运算下载七年级下册数学试卷免费下载二年级下册语文生字表部编三年级下册语文教材分析 P页 17 生殖发育过程:求偶 交配 筑巢 产卵 孵化 育雏(每个阶段都伴随着复杂的繁殖行为) 75、*生物的性状有基因控制 76、*染色体、DNA和基因的关系 基因是染色体上具有控制生物性状的DNA片段或基因是染色体上具有遗传效应的DNA片段 77、*DNA是主要的遗传物质 大多数生物的遗传物质是DNA，少数是RNA，如病毒 78、*基因的显性和隐性 显性:用大写字母表示;隐性:用对应的小写字母表示。 DD或Dd表现显性基因控制的性状;dd表示隐性基因控制的性状。 基因组成Dd的，虽然d控制的性状不表现，但d并没有受D影响，还会遗传下去。 points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each 79、*近亲结婚的危害 近亲婚配，后代患遗传病的机会就会增加。 80、*人的性别决定 男染色体数:22对，XY;女染色体数:22对，XX 生男生女有精子所携带的性染色体决定;生男生女的机率1:1 81、*生物的变异 亲代与子代以及子代与子代之间不同的性状成为变异 82、*生命的起源 高温、紫外 温度降低 原始海洋 原始大气(无机物) 小分子有机物 d大分子有机物 原始海洋 线和雷电 原始生命诞生 83、*生物进化的历程 生物进化的总趋势:由简单到复杂;由水生到陆生;由低等到高等 84、*生物进化的基本观点――自然选择的结果 自然选择:通过激烈的生存斗争，适应者生存下来，不适应者被淘汰的过程。 生物通过遗传、变异和自然选择，不断进化 第八单元健康的生活 85、传染病的病因、传播途径和预防 措施 《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施 病因:病原体引起 途径:传染源、传播途径、易感人群 措施:控制传染源、切断传播途径、保护易感人群 86、艾滋病 87、*区别人体的特异性免疫和非特异性免疫 特异性免疫:出生后才产生，只针对某一特定的病原体或异物起作用。如:人体第三防线 非特异性免疫:生来就有，不针对某一特定的病原体。如:人体第一、二道防线。 points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each 88、人体的免疫功能 清楚体内衰老、死亡和损伤的细胞 抵抗抗原的侵入，防止疾病的侵入 监视、识别和清楚体内产生的异常细胞(如:肿瘤细胞) 89、 计划 项目进度计划表范例计划下载计划下载计划下载课程教学计划下载 免疫的意义 是预防免疫的一种简便易行的手段，对于保护儿童的健康和生命提高人口素质，造福子孙后代，具有十分重要的意义。 1(生物学是研究(生命现象)和(生命活动规律)的科学。 2(生物的特征:动物吃食物，植物光合作用制造有机物:(生物的生活需要营养); 鲸呼气时产生雾状水柱，植物通过气孔吸收氧气，排出二氧化碳:(生物能进行呼吸); 人出汗、呼出气体和排尿，植物落叶:(生物能排出体内产生的废物); 动物追猎物，含差草叶片合拢:(生物能对外界刺激作出反应); 植物产生种子，动物产卵、产崽:(生物能生长和繁殖); 除(病毒)外，生物都是由(细胞)构成的。 3(有时因为调查的范围很大，不可能逐个调查，就要选取一部分调查对象作为(样本)。 4(按照(形态结构)特点，将生物归为(植物、动物)和其他生物三大类; 也可以按照(生活环境)将生物划分为(陆生生物和水生生物)等; 还可以按照用(用途)将生物分为作物、家禽、家畜宠物等。 5(地球上(适合生物生存的地方)其实只是它表面的一薄层，科学家把这一薄层叫做(生物圈)。 6(如果以(海平面)为 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 来划分，生物圈向上可达约(10千米)的高度，向下可深入(10千米)左右的深处。这个厚度为20千米左右的圈层，包括(大气圈的底部)、(水圈的大部)和(岩石圈的表面)。 7(大气圈是由(多种气体)组成的，如氮气、氧气、二氧化碳等。 8(水圈包括地球上(全部的海洋和江河湖泊)。 9((岩石圈)是地球表层的固体部分。它的表面大多覆盖着土壤，是一切陆生生物的立足点。 points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each 10( 动物植物等所有生物生存所需要的基本条件是一样的，它们都需要(营养 物质)、(阳光)、(空气和水)，还有(适宜的温度)和(一定的生存空间)。动 物需要的营养物质是(食物)，植物需要的营养物质是(无机盐)。 points, engineering plastic used in the cable the level should not exceed 400mm, vertical should not be greater than 1000mm. The minimum bending radius of the cable should be greater than 10D (d is the outer diameter of the cable). Minimum bending radius of the cable shall conform to the values set out in table:-cable single core cables, electrical cable type rubber cable 10D PVC control cable 10D cable 10D 15D 20D 4.1.4.4 of xlpe cable and cable laying, cable leads at the top of the disk, cables should not be in the bracket and the frictional drag on the ground. Cable laying should be neat, not cross and should be fixed, and to install signs in time. Cable terminations, cable glands, the corner office should install signs. Line number must be shown on the sign, and when there is no number, should indicate the type, specification and starting point, sign writing should be clear and not easy to fall off, the mount should be solid. Vertical installation or more than 45 degree tilt on the laying of cables in each bracket should be fixed, horizontal laying of cables at the cable head end and corner should be fixed. 4.1.4.5 for on site installation of cables and pipelines, the spacing between thermal equipment, parallel should not be less than 1M cross should not be less than 0.5M, when you subject to conditions, protective measures should be taken, after the completion of cable laying should be promptly remove debris, cover cover plate. If necessary, cover the gap should be sealed. 4.1.4.6 part outside the use of buried cables, the laying distance from the floor should not be less than 0.7m, the introduction of building steel protection, cable when crossing the road, should be added to the metal protective tube, which protect tube ends should extend each