高中构词法归纳
1.派生法
(1)前缀
①
表
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示否定意义的前缀:
a. 纯否定前缀:
un-: unable, unemployment(失业), unload(卸载), uncover(揭开), unhappy, untrue, unlike (不像), unrest(不安的,动荡的), unfair, unknown, unhealthy, unusual, uncertain, unclear(不清楚的), unequal, unlucky, unreal, unkind, uncomfortable, uneasy(心情不安的), uninteresting, unimportant, unnecessary, unpleasant, undivided, unreserved(无保留的)
dis-: dislike(不喜欢), disarm, disconnect, disagree, disappear, disadvantage, dishonest, disability, discover(发现), disobey
in-, im-, il-, ir-: incapable, inability, incomplete, incorrect, inconvenient, inexpensive, impossible, immoral(不道德的), illegal(非法的), illogical(不合乎逻辑的), irregular, irrelative non-: non-smoker, non-stop, non-violent(非暴力的), nonwhite, non-member, nonparty(无党派), nonsense(无意义)
b. 表示错误的意义:
mis-: mistake, mislead(误导), misunderstanding, misuse, mis-spell, mistrust, mistreat
c. 表示“反、防、抗”的意义:
anti-: antiknock(防震), antiforeign(排外的), anti-war, antitank(反战车的), anti-pollution
②表示空间位置、方向关系的前缀:
a- 表示“在……之上”,“向……”:aboard, aside
de- 表示“在下,向下”:decrease(下降), degrade
en- 表示“在内,进入”:encage(入笼), enbed(上床)
ex- 表示“外部,外”:exit, expand(扩张), export
fore- 表示“在前面”:forehead, foreground, foreleg, forefoot
in-, im- 表示“向内,在内,背于”:inland, inside, indoor(s), import
inter- 表示“在……间,相互”:international, interaction, internet, interview
mid- 表示“中,中间”:middle, midnight
out- 表示“在外部,在外”:outline, outside, outward(s), outdoor(s)
over- 表示“在上面,在外部,向上”:overlook, overhead, overboard, overcoat, overdress, oversea(s)(海外)
post- 表示“向后,在后边,次”:postscript(附言)
pre- 表示“在前,在前面,提前”:prefix(前缀), preface(前言), preposition(介词) super- 表示“在…..之上,超级”:superstructure, supernatural, superpower, superman
trans- 表示“移上,转上,在那一边”:translate, transform(转移), transplant(移植),
transportation(交通)
under- 表示“在…..下面,下的”:underline, underground, underwater, undershirt
up- 表示“向上,向上面,在上”:upward(s), uphold, uphill(上坡)
auto- 表示“自己,独立,自动”:automobile(自动车), autobiography(自传)
tele- 表示“远离”:television, telephone , telegram(电报), telegraph(电报,抽象名词), telescope(望远镜)
③表示时间,序列关系的前缀:
fore- 表示“在前面,先前,前面”:foreword(前言), forecast(预报), foretell(预言), foresee(预见), foreknow(先知), foreknowledge(先知)
mid- 表示“中,中间”:midnight, midsummer, mid-day, mid-autumn
post- 表示“在后,后”:postwar, postgraduate(研究生), postdate
pre- 表示“在前,事先,预先”:preheat, prewar, prehistory(史前), preview(预习), prepay re- 表示“再一次,重新”:retell(复述), rewrite, renew(续借), reconsider, reuse, remarry, recycle(回收利用), rebuild
④表示比较程度差别关系的前缀:
extra- 表示“超越,额外”:extraordinary
over- 表示“超过,过度,太”:overeat(吃过多), oversleep(睡过头), overpraise(过奖), overwork, overact(行为过分), overdo
under- 表示“低劣,低下”:undersize, undergrown, underproduction(生产不足)
vice- 表示“副,次”:vice-president, vice -chairman
⑤表示共同,相等意思的前缀:
co- 表示“共同,一起”:coexist(共同生存), co-operate, co-worker, coactions(合作行动), coauthor(合作作者)
⑥表示某种状态,构成形容词、副词或动词:
a- afraid, alive, alone, asleep, ashamed, aloud, ahead, aside, alike, awake
⑦表示分离,离开意思的前缀:
a- 表示“分离,离开”:away, apart
de- 表示“离去,处去”:depart, decolour
⑧表示“自我”:
self- self-protect(ion), self-made, self-knowledge
⑨表示变换词类作用的前缀:
be- befriend
en- enslave, enable, enrich, enlarge, encourage
⑩表示数量关系的前缀:
a. 表示“单一”,“一”:
uni- uniform(统一服装), unicellular(单细胞)
b. 表示“二,两,双”:
bi- bicycle
twi- twilight
c. 表示“半,一半”:
semi- semiconductor(半导体), semicircle(半圆), semimonthly(半月刊), semifinal (半决赛)
d. 表示“百,百分之一”:
centi- centimeter
e. 表示“千,千分之一”:
kilo- kilometer, kilogram, kilowatt
f. 表示“微小”:
micro- microvolt(微伏特), microcomputer(微机), microscope(显微镜)
g. 表示“许多,复,多数”:
multi- multimedia(多媒体), multicolored, multiform, multinatural
h. 表示“千分之一、毫”:
milli- millimeter, milligram
i. 表示“微小、微型”:
mini- minibus, miniskirt, minipark
(2)后缀
①名词后缀:
a. 具有某种职业或动作的人:
-an, -ian, -ician 表示“……地方的人,精通……的人”:American, Asian, Australian, Russian, Italian , historian, librarian, electrician, magician(魔术师), technician, musician, politician(政客), physician(内科医生),
-ant,-ent 表示“……人”:merchant, servant, assistant, agent, student,
-ee 表示“动作承受者”:employee(雇员), examinee, payee(收款人), interviewee -eer 表示“从事于……人”:engineer, volunteer(志愿者)
-er 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区,地方的人”:banker, observer, Londoner, villager singer, driver, writer, speaker, traveller, buyer
-or 表示“……者”:author, doctor, operator, actor, visitor, inventor, educator
-ar, -ary 表示“……的人, 从事……的人”:scholar, liar, beggar, secretary, missionary
-ese 表示“ ……国人,……地方的人”:Chinese, Japanese, Cantonese(广东人)
-ess 表示“阴性人称名词”:actress(女演员), hostess(女主人), manageress(女经理) -ist 表示“从事……研究者,信仰……主义者”:pianist, communist, dentist, artist, chemist,
socialist, typist, receptionist
-icist 表示“……家,……者, ……能手”:physicist, phoneticist(语音学家), technicist -logist 表示“……学家,研究者”:biologist, geologist(地质学家)
b. 构成具有抽象名词的含义:
-age 表示“状态,行为,身份及其结果,总称”:courage, storage, marriage, percentage -al 表示“事物的动作,过程”:refusal, arrival, survival, denial, approval, trial, burial
-ance, -ence 表示“性质,状况,行为,过程,总量,程度”:importance, distance, avoidance, appearance, performance, diligence, difference, obedience, absence, presence(出席), existence -ancy, -ency 表示“性质,状态,行为,过程”:frequency(频繁), urgency(紧急), efficiency (高效率),
-ity 表示“性质,状态,程度”:purity, reality, equality
-bility 表示“动作,性质,状态”:ability, possibility, probability, responsibility
-dom 表示“等级,领域,状态”:freedom, kingdom, wisdom
-ery, -ry 表示“行为,状态,习性,性质”:bravery, slavery
-hood 表示“资格,身份, 年纪,状态”:childhood, girlhood, boyhood, manhood
-ice 表示“行为,性质,状态”:notice, justice, service
-ing 表示“动作的过程,结果”:building, writing, learning
-ion, -ation, -ition, -sion 表示“行为的过程,结果,状况”:suggestion, action, solution, invention, direction, correction, collection, instruction, destruction, introduction, congratulation, dictation, invitation, pronunciation, examination, graduation, operation, education, information, translation, starvation, satisfaction, relation, irrigation, determination, preparation, imagination, explanation, opposition, competition, description, decision, division, conclusion, explosion, impression, expression, admission, permission, discussion
-ment 表示“行为,状态,过程,手段及其结果”:disappointment, treatment, movement, judgment, punishment, argument, agreement, government, development, improvement, requirement, astonishment, encouragement
-ness 表示“性质,状态,程度”:goodness, kindness, tiredness, friendliness, business, illness, happiness, goodness, willingness, weakness, fairness
-ism 表示“
制度
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,主义,学说,信仰,行为”:socialism, criticism, heroism, tourism, communism(共产主义), Marxism(马克思主义)
-ship 表示“情况,性质,技巧,技能及身份,职业”:hardship, relationship, membership, friendship, seamanship, ownership, scholarship, professorship
-th, 表示“动作,性质,过程,状态”:strength, length, width, depth, wealth, truth, growth, warmth, youth
-ure 表示“行为,结果”:exposure(暴露), pressure, failure, procedure(手续), mixture
-craft 表示“
工艺
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”:aircraft, needlecraft, woodcraft
c. 带有场所,地方的含义:
-age 表示“住所,地点”:village, cottage
-ary 表示“住所,场地”:library, granary (谷仓)
-ory 表示“工作场所,住处”:factory, dormitory, laboratory, observatory
②形容词后缀:
a. 带有“属性,倾向,相关”的含义:
-able, -ible: movable, comfortable, eatable, enjoyable, acceptable, reasonable, applicable, visible, responsible, terrible, horrible
-al: natural, additional, educational, national
-ant, -ent: distant, important, excellent
-ing(表示特征:令人觉得): moving, touching, daring, interesting, exciting, disappointing , astonishing, boring, amazing
-ed(表示情绪:觉得): pleased, interested, surprised, worried, excited, bored, determined, delighted
-ish: foolish, bookish, selfish
-ive: active, impressive, decisive, active, instructive, expensive, progressive
b. 表示“相象,类似”的含义:
-ish: boyish, childish
-like: manlike, childlike
-some: troublesome, handsome
-y: milky, cloudy sunny, windy, rainy, foggy, healthy, wealthy, worthy, bloody, funny, dirty, lucky, noisy, salty, smelly, hilly
-ly: manly, fatherly, motherly, sisterly, brotherly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly, friendly, lonely, orderly, lovely, lively, likely, scholarly
c. 表示“充分的”含义:
-ful: beautiful, wonderful, helpful, truthful, successful, harmful, useful, careful, forgetful, merciful
-ous: dangerous, courageous, nervous, mountainous, humorous, various
d. 表示由某种物质形成,制成或生产的含义:
-en: wooden, golden, woolen
e. 表示方向的含义:
-ern: eastern, western, southern, northern, southeastern, northwestern
-ward: downward, forward
f. 表示“数量关系”的含义:
-teen: thirteen
-ty: fifty
-th: fourth, fiftieth
g. 表示国籍,语种,宗教的含义:
-an: Roman, European
-ese: Chinese, Japanese
-ish: English, Spanish
h. 表示否定:
-less: countless, stainless(不锈的), wireless, useless, endless, priceless(无价的,贵重的), hopeless
③动词后缀:
-ize, ise 表示“做成,变成,……化”:modernize(现代化), democratize(民主化), organize, apologize, realize
-en 表示“使成为,引起,使有”:quicken, weaken, soften, harden
-fy 表示“使……化, 使成”:beautify, purify(净化), intensify, signify, simplify(简化), satisfy
④副词后缀:
-ly: possibly, swiftly, simply
-ward(s): downward, inwards, upward
-ways: always, sideways
-wise: otherwise, clockwise
注意:有的单词有双重后缀,如:
use(用途)→useless(无用的)→uselessness(无用)
self(自己)→selfish(自私的)→selfishness(自私)
有的单词则是前后缀同时使用,如:
importan t→importance→unimportance
regular(有规律的,有规则的)→irregular(无规律的,不规则的)→irregularity(无规律,不规则)
2.合成法
(1)合成名词
boyfriend, girlfriend, bus-driver, necklace, playground, radioactive, headmaster, sunshine, notebook, armchair, wheelchair, postcard, football, spaceship, blackboard, firefighter, fireman, gateman, chairman, weatherman, businessman, armyman, postman, sportsman, bedroom, reading-room, classroom, newspaper, pickpocket(扒手), she-goat(雌性山羊), editor-in-chief (主编), daybreak(破晓), handshake(握手), silkworm(蚕), outbreak(爆发)
(2)合成形容词
名词+动词过去分词:man-made, homemade
副词+动词过去分词:well-known, newly-built(新建的)
形容词+名词ed:kind-hearted, cold-blooded
数词+名词ed:five-storeyed(五层楼的), four-legged(四条腿的)
名词+动词现在分词:English-speaking, Chinese-speaking, brainwashing(洗脑的)
由三个词构成的合成形容词:face-to-face, heart-to-heart, two-year-old, eight-metre-long 其他合成形容词:everyday(日常的), faraway(遥远的), snow-white(雪白的), lay-off (下岗的)
3.转化法
(1)名词→动词
hand(手→传递)back(背部,后面→支持,后退)
charge(费用→收费)copy(抄本,复印件→抄写,复印)
flood(洪水→淹没)heat(热量→加热)
paint(油漆→刷漆)phone(电话→打电话)
pin(别针→装订)waste(废物→浪费)
face(脸→面对)use(用途→使用)
interest(兴趣→使兴趣)surprise(惊讶→使惊讶)
taste(味道→品尝)smell(气味→闻)
break(短暂休息→折断)present(礼物→赠送)
(2)形容词→动词
clean(干净→使干净,打扫)clear(清楚→清理)
dirty(脏→弄脏)dry(干燥→烘干,晒干)
empty(空的→倒空)free(自由→使自由,释放)
slow(慢的→放慢)warm(暖和→使暖和)
cool(凉的→冷却)quiet(安静→使安静)