第二次美国女权运动_图文

第二次美国女权运动_图文 第十五讲第二次美国女权运动1960-1990 Guide Line for the final examination: Part A: Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F): 1. The first successful English colony was Jamestown, established in 1607, on a small river near Chesapeake Bay. The venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company, a joint stock company looking for gold.(T) 3. During the American Revolution thousands of women took an active role in both the American and British armies. Most were the wives or daughters of officers or soldiers. These women, who maintained an almost constant presence in military camps, were known as "military servants." (F) Part B: Fill in the blank with the properate names of those amazing historical figures in the United States. 1. Mary Musgrove, the Creek (American) Indian interpreter, diplomat and businesswoman, born to the prestigious Creek tribe near the present day Macon, Georgia, U.S.A.. Lucy Stone Sarah Grimké and Angelina Grimké Weld "Black Moses, Harriet Tubman Susan B. Anthony Elizabeth Cady Stanton Martha Jane Anne Hutchinson Margaret Cochran Corbin Molly Pitcher Lucretia Coffin Mott Sarah Emma Edmonds Belle Boyd Clara Barton Dorothea Lynde Dix Deborah Sampson Anna Eleanor Roosevelt Margaret Higgins Sanger Alice Paul Florence Kelley Rosie the Riveter Jacqueline Cochran Malcolm X Martin Luther King Molly Brant Pauline Cushman Abigail Adams Nat Turne Annie Oakley Jane Addams Maya Ying Lin Betty Friedan Bess Myerson Part C: Define the following terms: the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 The Donner Party The Cold War The Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan NATO The New Frontier program The Feminine Mystique First-wave feminism Second-wave feminism Affirmative Action Part D: Essay Questions: Chapter 9 Women in the Trans-Mississippi Frontier West (Page 245-258) thWe know Native American women, by the late 19 century, lost a great deal of control, agency, and status, as ―white‖ Euro-Americans moved westward and began dominate the cultural, political, and social landscapes. Was the story the same for Chinese women? For Spanish-Mexican women? Chapter 13 Women and the Disputed Meanings of Gender, Race, and Sexuality during World War II (Page 379-407) Meyer’s work on women ―soldiers‖ provides a fascinating look at how military leaders expected women to maintain their femininity while in the armed forces. Why was this expectation placed upon them? What role did Americans’ overwhelming homophobia and ideas about ―sexual respectability‖ play in creating these expectations? Chapter 15 ―Second Wave Feminism in America, 1960-1990‖ (Page 469-498) As the intro to the chapter explains, there is a historical debate going on about what exactly constitutes ―feminism.‖ When historians first began to write about this topic, they assumed women wanted to be ―equal‖ to men, to enjoy the same rights and privileges men did. As historians began to examine women’s varying experiences, however, they found that the history of feminism was not that simple. Chavez, MacLean, and Kline describe varied types of activism, none of which is really about simply being equal to men. How would each of the historians define the ―feminism‖ engaged in by their subjects? Chapter 16 Women Social Change, and Reaction from the 1990s to the New Millennium (Page 524- 536) Make a comparision between Gwendolyn Mink’s and Barbara Epstein’s arguments. What evidence would each of the historians apply to support their arguments. Part E: North Country is a 2005 American drama film directed by Niki Caro. The screenplay by Michael Seitzman was inspired by the 2002 book Class Action: The Story of Lois Jensen and the Landmark Case That Changed Sexual Harassment Law by Clara Bingham and Laura Leedy Gansler, which chronicled the case of Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Company. Lois E. Jenson v. Eveleth Taconite Co. was the first class-action sexual harassment lawsuit in the United States, filed in 1988 on behalf of Lois Jenson and other female workers at the EVTAC mine in Eveleth, Minnesota. The case was documented in the 2002 book Class Action and a 2005 fictionalized film version, North Country. ## What is Feminism?女权主义, Feminism is a belief in the right of women to have political, social, and economic equality with men. It is a discourse that involves various movements, theories, and philosophies which are concerned with the issue of gender difference, advocate equality for women, and campaign for women's rights and interests. ### Three Waves? According to some, the history of feminism can be divided into three waves. The first wave was in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the second was in the 1960s and 1970s and the third extends from the 1990s to the present. Feminist theory emerged from these feminist movements. ### What do feminist activists campaign for? 1. for women's legal rights (rights of contract, property rights, voting rights) 2. for women's right to bodily integrity and autonomy, for abortion rights, and for reproductive rights 3. for protection from domestic violence, sexual harassment and rape; 4. for workplace rights, including maternity leave and equal pay; 5. against other forms of discrimination ## Historical Review of the Feminist Movements Feminists and scholars have divided the movement's history into three "waves". The first wave refers mainly to women's suffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries (mainly concerned with women's right to vote). The second wave refers to the ideas and actions associated with the women's liberation movement beginning in the 1960s (which campaigned for legal and social equality for women). The third wave refers to a continuation of, and a reaction to, the perceived failures of, second-wave feminism, beginning in the 1990s. ###First-wave feminism refers to a period of feminist activity during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century in the United Kingdom and the United States. Originally it focused on the promotion of equal contract and property rights for women and the opposition to chattel marriage and ownership of married women (and their children) by their husbands. However, by the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of women's suffrage. In the United States leaders of this movement included Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery prior to championing women's right to vote. In the United States first-wave feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1919), granting women the right to vote in all states. The first wave of feminists, in contrast to the second wave, was hostile to abortion. ### Second Wave Second-wave feminism refers to a period of feminist activity beginning in the early 1960s and lasting through the late 1980s. The first wave focused on rights such as suffrage, whereas the second wave was largely concerned with other issues of equality, such as ending discrimination. Second-wave feminists saw women's cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked and encouraged women to understand aspects of their personal lives as deeply politicized and as reflecting sexist power structures. ###Women's Liberation in the USA The phrase "Women’s Liberation" was first used in the United States in 1964 and first appeared in print in 1966. By 1968, although the term Women’s Liberation Front appeared in the magazine Ramparts, it was starting to refer to the whole women’s movement. Bra-burning also became associated with the movement, though the actual prevalence of bra-burning is debatable. Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique (1963) criticized the idea that women could only find fulfillment through childrearing and homemaking. In 1963 Betty Friedan explicitly objected to the mainstream media image of women, stating that placing women at home limited their possibilities, horizons, and was a mere waste of talent and potential. In the book Friedan hypothesizes that women are victims of a false belief system that requires them to find identity and meaning in their lives through their husbands and children. ### Different arguments about the feminist movement: At the same time, America's post-war economic boom had led to the development of new technologies that were supposed to make household work less difficult. Other post-feminists say that feminism is no longer relevant to today's society. Amelia Jones has written that the post-feminist texts which emerged in the 1980s and 1990s portrayed second-wave feminism as a monolithic entity and criticized it using generalizations. One of the earliest uses of the term was in Susan Bolotin's 1982 article "Voices of the Post-Feminist Generation," published in New York Times Magazine. This article was based on a number of interviews with women who largely agreed with the goals of feminism, but did not identify as feminists. Some contemporary feminists, such as Katha Pollitt or Nadine Strossen, consider feminism to hold simply that "women are people". Views that separate the sexes rather than unite them are considered by these writers to be sexist rather than feminist. ###Third wave Third-wave feminism began in the early 1990s, often focuses on "micro-politics" and challenge the second wave's paradigm as to what is, or is not, good for females. Third-wave feminism also contains internal debates between difference feminists such as the psychologist who believes that there are important differences between the sexes and those who believe that there are no inherent differences between the sexes and contend that gender roles are due to social conditioning. In this picture, Betty Friedan is shown with Gloria Steinem in August 1977 signing an ―ERAgram‖ asking President Jimmy Carter to support the Equal Rights Amendment. Friedan’s best-selling book The Feminine Mystique, published in 1963, promoted the idea that women could find happiness in a career outside of the family. Friedan became a leader in the women's movement, and in 1966 she founded the National Organization for Women (NOW), which continues to advocate equality and freedom for women. ### Ms. Magazine Ms. is an American feminist magazine co-founded by American feminist and activist Gloria Steinem and founding editor Letty Cottin Pogrebin that first appeared in 1971 as an insert in New York magazine. Many women did not want to be defined by their marital status and, for a growing number of women who kept their last name after marriage, neither Miss nor Mrs. was technically a correct title in front of that name. Ms. made history when it published the names of women admitting to having had abortions when the procedure was still illegal in most of the United States. A 1976 cover story on battered women made Ms. the first national magazine to address the issue of domestic violence. The cover photo featured a woman with a bruised face. Ms. magazine's credibility was damaged in the 80s and 90s when it became swept up in the day care sexual abuse hysteria and moral panic about Satanic ritual abuse. ### Domestic Violence Domestic Violence Domestic violence (also known as domestic abuse or spousal abuse) occurs when a family member, partner or ex-partner attempts to physically or psychologically dominate another. Domestic violence often refers to violence between spouses, or spousal abuse but can also include cohabitants and non-married intimate partners. Domestic violence occurs in all cultures; people of all races, ethnicities, religions, sexes and classes can be perpetrators of domestic violence. Domestic violence is perpetrated by both men and women. Domestic violence has many forms, including physical violence, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, intimidation, economic deprivation, and threats of violence. Violence can be criminal and includes physical assault (hitting, pushing, shoving, etc.), sexual abuse (unwanted or forced sexual activity), and stalking. Although emotional, psychological and financial abuse are not criminal behaviors, they are forms of abuse and can lead to criminal violence. There are a number of dimensions including: , Mode: physical, psychological, sexual and/or social. , Frequency: on/off, occasional and chronic. , Severity: in terms of both psychological or physical harm and the need for treatment. , Transitory or permanent injury: mild, moderate, severe and up to homicide. An important componet of domestic violence, often ignored is the realm of passive abuse, leading to violence. Passive abuse is covert, subtle and veiled. This includes victimization, procrastination, forgetfulness, ambiguity, neglect, spiritual and intellectual abuse. Recent attention to domestic violence began in the women's movement, particularly feminism and women's rights, in the 1970s, as concern about wives being beaten by their husbands gained attention. Awareness and documentation of domestic violence differs from country to country. Estimates are that only about a third of cases of domestic violence are actually reported in the United States and the United Kingdom. According to the Centers for Disease Control, domestic violence is a serious, preventable public health problem affecting more than 32 million Americans, or more than 10% of the U.S. population. What is Domestic Violence? Domestic violence is abuse committed by a spouse, a former spouse, a fiancee, a boyfriend or girlfriend, and a cohabitant upon another individual. It is estimated that a domestic violence act occurs every 15 seconds somewhere in the United States. That figure translates to over 2.5 million victims per year. This abuse affects the lives of the victim and the children who live within the boundaries of these abusive relationships. All women, children and men have the right to live their lives in a healthy and safe environment and to conduct their lives without emotional, physical or sexual abuse or the fear of abuse. Family and Intimate Violence Definition: Family and Intimate Violence can be defined as encompassing threatened or actual use of physical or sexual force among family members or intimate others that either results in or has the potential to result in injury or death. Violence Against Women encompasses a subset of family and intimate violence including threatened or actual use of physical or sexual abuse against a woman by her family members or other intimates. , Domestic violence teaches children to use violence , Domestic abuse can affect children in serious and long-lasting ways , Where there is domestic violence there is often child abuse , Children will often blame themselves for domestic violence , Alcohol misuse is very common when domestic abuse occurs, as a contributing factor and as a survival mechanism Pregnant women are more vulnerable to domestic violence Commonly referenced behaviors included within the broad category of violence against women include: , Homicide , Elder abuse , Domestic Violence , Spouse abuse , Partner abuse , Woman battering , Dating violence , Courtship violence , Sextual assault , Date rape , Acquaintance rape , Stranger rape Signs of Abuse Do you feel your partner has power and control over you? Does your partner hit, punch, scratch, kick, or physically harm you in any way? Does your partner call you names, insult you, play mind games on you or any other kind of emotional harm? Does your partner threaten or intimidate you? Does your partner use your children to control you? Is there unwanted sexual touching, name calling and/or forced sex from your partner? Does your partner isolate you from your extended family and friends? Does your partner take away your economic / financial control? These are some signs of abuse – remember abuse is NOT your fault! ###Woman Battering Battering is the establishment of control and fear in a relationship through violence and other forms of abuse. The batterer uses acts of violence and a series of behaviors, including intimidation, threats, psychological abuse, isolation, etc. to coerce and to control the other person. Spousal abuse and battery are used for one purpose: to gain and maintain total control over the victim. In addition to physical violence, abusers use the following tactics to exert power over their wives or partners: , Dominance — Abusive individuals need to feel in charge of the relationship. They will make decisions for you and the family, tell you what to do, and expect you to obey without question. Your abuser may treat you like a servant, child, or even as his possession. , , , Humiliation — An abuser will do everything he can to make you feel bad about yourself, or defective in some way. After all, if you believe you're worthless and that no one else will want you, you're less likely to leave. Insults, name-calling, shaming, and public put-downs are all weapons of abuse designed to erode your self-esteem and make you feel powerless. , Isolation — In order to increase your dependence on him, an abusive partner will cut you off from the outside world. He may keep you from seeing family or friends, or even prevent you from going to work or school. You may have to ask permission to do anything, go anywhere, or see anyone. , , Threats — Abusers commonly use threats to keep their victims from leaving or to scare them into dropping charges. Your abuser may threaten to hurt or kill you, your children, other family members, or even pets. He may also threaten to commit suicide, file false charges against you, or report you to child services. , Intimidation — Your abuser may use a variety of intimation tactics designed to scare you into submission. Such tactics include making threatening looks or gestures, smashing things in front of you, destroying property, hurting your pets, or putting weapons on display. The clear message is that if you don't obey, there will be violent consequences. , Denial and blame — Abusers are very good at making excuses for the inexcusable. They will blame their abusive and violent behavior on a bad childhood, a bad day, and even on the victims of their abuse. ###Sexual Harassment The term sexual harassment was used in 1973 by Dr Mary Rowe in a report to the then President and Chancellor of MIT about various forms of gender issues. (See Saturn's Rings, 1973). Rowe has stated that she believes she was not the first to use the term, since sexual harassment was being discussed in womens groups in Massachusetts in the early 1970s, but that MIT may have been the first or one of the first large organizations to discuss the topic (in the MIT Academic Council), and to develop relevant policies and procedures. MIT at the time also recognized the injuries caused by racial harassment and the harassment of women of color which may be both racial and sexual. The President of MIT also stated that harassment (and favoritism) are antithetical to the mission of a university as well as intolerable for individuals. Approximately 15,000 sexual harassment cases are brought to the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) each year. 在2005年8月28日上午闭幕的十届全国人大常委会第十七次会议上，新修改的 《妇女权益保障法》通过审议。其中明确规定:"禁止对妇女实施性骚扰。受害 妇女有权向单位和有关机关投诉。"这是我国首次将性骚扰列入现行法律的框架 内。 China's legislature Sunday passed amendments to the law on women's rights protection, which "prohibits sexual harassment of women" and empowers women to "lodge complaints" to relevant organizations. "This is the first time the issue of sexual harassment has been written into Chinese law," said Wu Changzhen, professor at the China University of Political Science and Law. "It provides the legal basis for handling such issues." For a long time, "sexual harassment" has been regarded as a moral issue rather than a legal one in China. ###Affirmative Action The term affirmative action refers to policies that take gender, race, or ethnicity into account in an attempt to promote equal opportunity. The focus of such policies ranges from employment and public contracting to educational outreach and health programs (such as breast or prostate cancer screenings). The impetus towards affirmative action is twofold: to maximize the benefits of diversity in all levels of society, and to redress disadvantages due to overt, institutional, or involuntary discrimination. 积极平权措施(Affirmative Action)??或者是另一个较普遍的称呼为―优惠待 遇‖??是认为某特定人群在某些方面与其他群体(或主流群体)相比处于劣势， 而需要以照顾或者补贴的方式，积极的对其提供帮助，使弱势群体地位获得改善， 渐渐在社会上与其他群体相比能够较为平等的政策。这种政策的本意是纠正或补 偿某些在今日被认为是不正确的―歧视‖。在这些由于历史文化因素造成的歧视 下，妇女、少数民族在教育或者就业的方面丧失了其应有的权利等，而世代累积 下来，使得这些弱势群体已经不足以靠自己的力量改善自身不利的处境，政府即 使废除这些对他们不利的差别待遇也无法使得这些群体的生存获得改善。 ##The Origins of Affirmative Action Affirmative action, the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, is under attack. , Originally, civil rights programs were enacted to help African Americans become full citizens of the United States. The Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution made slavery illegal; the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law; the Fifteenth Amendment forbids racial discrimination in access to voting. The 1866 Civil Rights Act guarantees every citizen "the same right to make and enforce contracts ... as is enjoyed by white citizens ... " , In 1896, the Supreme Court's decision in Plessy v. Ferguson upheld a "separate, but equal" doctrine that proved to be anything but equal for African Americans. The decision marked the end of the post-Civil War reconstruction era as Jim Crow laws spread across the South. , In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 8802 which outlawed segregationist hiring policies by defense-related industries which held federal contracts. Roosevelt's signing of this order was a direct result of efforts by Black trade union leader, A. Philip Randolph. , During 1953 President Harry S. Truman's Committee on Government Contract Compliance urged the Bureau of Employment Security "to act positively and affirmatively to implement the policy of nondiscrimination . . . ." , The 1954 Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education overturned Plessy v. Ferguson. , The actual phrase "affirmative action" was first used in President John F. Kennedy's 1961 Executive Order 10925 which requires federal contractors to "take affirmative action to ensure that applicants are employed, and that employees are treated during employment, without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin." The same language was later used in Lyndon Johnson's 1965 Executive Order 11246. , In 1967, Johnson expanded the Executive Order to include affirmative action requirements to benefit women. , Other equal protection laws passed to make discrimination illegal were the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Title II and VII of which forbid racial discrimination in "public accommodations" and race and sex discrimination in employment, respectively; and the 1965 Voting Rights Act adopted after Congress found "that racial discrimination in voting was an insidious and pervasive evil which had been perpetuated in certain parts of the country through unremitting and ingenious defiance of the Constitution." Much of the opposition to affirmative action is framed on the grounds of so-called "reverse discrimination and unwarranted preferences." In fact, less than 2 percent of the 91,000 employment discrimination cases pending before the Equal Employment Opportunities Commission are reverse discrimination cases. Under the law as written in Executive Orders and interpreted by the courts, anyone benefiting from affirmative action must have relevant and valid job or educational qualifications. ### Controversy Debate: The controversy surrounding affirmative action’s effectiveness is based on the idea of class inequality. Opponents of racial affirmative action argue that the program actually benefits middle- and upper-class minorities at the expense of lower class Caucasians . This argument supports the idea of solely class based affirmative action. America’s poor is disproportionately made up of minorities, so class-based affirmative action would disproportionately help minorities. This would eliminate the need for race based affirmative action as well as reducing any disproportionate benefits for middle and upper class minorities. Proponents of affirmative action generally advocate it either as a means to address past discrimination or to enhance representation of racial, ethnic, gender, or another diverse group. ###Abortion law is legislation which pertains to关于 the provision条款 of abortion. Abortion has at times emerged as a controversial subject in various societies because of the moral and ethical issues that surround it, though other considerations, such as a state's pro- or antinatalist policies or questions of inheritance and patriarchy, also dictate abortion law and regulation. Roe v. Wade (1973), is a United States Supreme Court case that resulted in a landmark decision regarding abortion.According to the Roe decision, most laws against abortion in the United States violated a constitutional right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The decision overturned all state and federal laws outlawing or restricting abortion that were inconsistent with its holdings. Roe v. Wade is one of the most controversial and politically significant cases in U.S. Supreme Court history. The Roe v. Wade decision prompted national debate that continues today. Debated subjects include whether and to what extent abortion should be legal, who should decide the legality of abortion, what methods the Supreme Court should use in constitutional adjudication, and what the role should be of religious and moral views in the political sphere. Roe v. Wade reshaped national politics, dividing much of the nation into pro-Roe (mostly pro-choice) and anti-Roe (mostly pro-life) camps, while activating grassroots movements on both sides. ### Pro-Choice VS Pro-life support a 'woman's right to choose' abortion anti-abortion activists ###Presidential positions The New York Times cover page from January 23, 1973. President Lyndon B. Johnson died the same day as the Roe decision. The Roe decision was opposed by Presidents Gerald Ford, Ronald Reagan,and George W. Bush. President George H.W. Bush also opposed Roe, though he had supported abortion rights earlier in his career. Jimmy Carter supported legal abortion from an early point in his political career, in order to prevent birth defects and in other extreme cases; he encouraged the outcome in Roe and generally supported abortion rights.Roe was also supported by President Bill Clinton. President-elect Barack Obama has taken the position that, "Abortions should be legally available in accordance with Roe v. Wade." Richard Nixon, who was President when the Roe decision occurred, did not believe abortion was an acceptable form of population control. Nixon did not publicly comment about the decision. Protesters block the driveway of an abortion clinic. Proabortion activists surround the car and cover the car windows to protect the identity of the abortion patient inside. Since Tiller performs late-term abortion, his clinic was the primary target of the protests. But the protesters also targeted the two other abortion clinics operating in Wichita at the time. The Central Avenue abortion clinic was the target of a "pastors' rescue" in which over 80 pastors and priests blockaded the doors and were arrested. Tens of thousands of Pro-Lifers participated in some way, though a majority did not participate in the blockades. Most protesters prayed and sang and carried signs. The protests and blockades continued for six weeks with over 2,700 arrests. So many were arrested that the police could not transport them all to jail in squad cars. The police used plastic hand cuffs on the protesters and then transported them in city busses and rental trucks. Many priests and pastors banded together to promote the protests. About 80 pastors took part in a "Clergy Rescue" at the Central Avenue abortion clinic. This is believed to be the largest act of civil disobedience by clergy in American history. As the protests continued, Wichita Police took drastic action. At the Central Avenue abortion clinic, the police waded horses through a blockade at the front door. The officers had difficulty prodding the horses through the crowd, since this behavior is exactly what these highly-trained horses are trained not to do. Several Pro-Lifer protesters were injured in the mayhem. When the horses were able to break the blockade, the angered Pro-Lifers took the protest into busy Central Avenue blocking traffic for several minutes. The protests ended with a large rally at Cessna Stadium on the campus of Wichita State University on August 25, 1991. About 35,000 people attended this rally including Kansas Governor Joan Finney, Wichita Mayor Bob Knight, and Evangelist Pat Robertson.