初中阶段常用的文言虚词

初中阶段常用的文言虚词 初中阶段常用的文言虚词 初中阶段常用的文言虚词大致有四类: 1.起指代作用，如之、其、何; 2.起组合作用，如以、于、为; 3.起连接作用，如而、则、乃; 4.起语助作用，如也、乎、夫、焉。 其中最为重要的文言虚词有之、于、以、其、而。 之 1、代词，代人，译为:他，他们。例:愿陛下亲之信之。(《出师表》 2、代词，代事，译为:这，它。 例:肉食在者谋之。(《曹刿论战》) 3、代词，代物，译为:它，它们。例:太医以王命聚之。(《捕蛇者说》) 4、指示代词，译为:这。 例:有良田、美池、桑竹之属。(《桃花源记》) 5、助词，用于定语和中心语之间，译为:的。 例:?燕雀安知鸿鹄之志哉。(《陈涉世家》) ?予尝求古仁人之心。 ?小大之狱，虽不能察，必以情。 6、助词，放在主谓之间，取消句子独立性。 例:?虽我之死，有子存焉。(《愚公移山》) ?予独爱莲之出淤泥而不染。 ?臣以王吏之攻宋也，为与此同类。 7、结构助词，是宾语前置的标志。例:?何陋之有。《陋室铭》 ?宋何罪之有, 8、音节助词，凑足音节，无实意，不译。例:?公将鼓之。(《曹刿论战》) ?久之，日似瞑，意暇甚。 ?怅恨久之。 9(结构助词，定语后置的标志。例:居庙堂之高则忧其民，处江湖之远则忧其君。 10、动词，作谓语，译为:去，往，到。 例:吾欲之南海。(注:此处作实词) 于 文言文中于一般用作介词，表示处所、时间、对象、被动、比较、原因等。 1、表示处所，译为:从，在。 例:?公与之乘，战于长勺。(在) ?舜发于畎亩之中。 ?子墨子闻之，起于鲁。(从) 2、表示时间，译为:到。 例:积于今，六十岁矣。(《捕蛇者说》) 3、表示对象，译为:对，向。 例:?贫者语于富者曰。(《为学》)?操蛇之神闻之，惧其不已也，告之于帝。(向) 4、用在被动句中，介绍行为主动者，可译为“被”。 例:则人之食于虎也。(《说虎》) carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe. 5、用在形容词之后，表示比较，可译为“比”或不译。 例:苛政猛于虎也。(《捕蛇者说》)6、表原因，可译为“由于” 、“因为” 。 例:生于忧患，死于安乐。 以 1、介词，与后面的词或短语一起构成介宾短语，充当状语或补语，其译意较多。 (1)表示动作行为的方式，可译作“把” 、“拿” 、“用”等。 ?把，拿。 例:医之好治不病以为功。(《扁鹊见蔡桓公》)屠惧，投以骨。 ?用，拿。 例:以刀劈狼首。(《狼》) ?凭，靠。 例:何以战。(《曹刿论战》) (2)介绍动作行为所凭借的条件，可译为“凭借” 、“按照” 、“依靠”等。 ?凭借。 例:以残年余力，曾不能毁山之一毛。 ?根据，按。例:策之不以其道，食之不能尽其材。(《马说》) ?依靠。 例:域民不以封疆之界，固国不以山溪之险，威天下不以兵革之利。 (3)介绍动作行为产生的原因，可译为“因为” 、“由于”。例:?不以物喜，不以己悲。?是以先帝简拔以遗陛下.(前一个“以”表原因，因为;后一个“以”表目的，来) 2、作连词，表示顺承、目的、结果等。 ?表示目的，相当于现代汉语里的“来” 。例:A.属予作文以记之(《岳阳楼记》) B.杀之以应陈涉。 C.无从致 书 关于书的成语关于读书的排比句社区图书漂流公约怎么写关于读书的小报汉书pdf 以观。 ?表示结果，可译作“以致” 、“因而” 。 例:A.恐托付不效，以伤先帝之明。(《出师表》) B.不宜妄自菲薄，引喻失义，以塞忠谏之路也。 ?有时相当于连词“而” ，表修饰。 例:A.俯身倾耳以请。 B. 高祖因之以成帝业。 3、作副词，表示时间，译为:已，已经。例:固以怪之矣。(《陈涉世家》) 4、动词，用作谓语，译为:以为，认为。例:愚以为宫中之事(《出师表》)(此处作实词) 其 1、 作人称代词，代人或物，与后面的动词、形容词一起作宾语。译为:他，他们;它，它 们。 例:安求其能千里也。(《马说》)(它) 2、 作人称代词，代人，作定语。译为:他的，他们的。 例:殚其地之出，竭其庐之入。(《捕蛇者说》) 3、作人称代词，代物，作定语。译为:它的，它们的。例:刻唐贤今人诗赋于其上。 4、作指示代词，近指。译为:这(种)。例:专其利三世也。(《捕蛇者说》) 5、作指示代词，近指。译为:其中。 例:其一犬坐于前。(《狼》) 6、作指示代词，远指。译为:那。 例:其中往来种作(《桃花源记》) 7、作副词，常用于句首，表示委婉语气、反问语气等。译为:恐怕，大概，难道，可要，怎么，或不译。例: ?其恕乎,(大概) ?其如土石何,(加强反问语气，不译)?其真无马邪,其真不知马也。(前一个“其”可译作“难道” ，后一个“其”可译为“恐carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe. 怕” ) ?安陵君其许寡人～(可译为“可要” ) 而 1、作连词，表示并列、顺承、转折、假设关系。 ?表示并列关系，译为:并且，而且。 例:黑质而白章。(《捕蛇者说》) ?表示顺承关系，译为:就，然后。 例:一鼓作气，再而衰，三而竭。(《曹刿论战》) ?表示转折关系，译为:但，却，可是。例:千里马常有而伯乐不常有。(《马说》) ?表示假设关系，译为:如果，假如。 例:而吾蛇尚存，(《捕蛇者说》) 2、副词，常依附在表示时间的词语后面，无实意，一般不译。 例:既而儿醒，大啼。(《口技》) 虽 “虽”作连词，在文言文中主要有两种用法: (1)表假设，译为“即使” 、“纵然” 。例: ?虽千里弗敢易也，岂止五百里哉。 ?虽乘奔御风，不以疾也. ?虽欲言，无可进者。?故虽有名马，祈辱于奴隶人之手。 (2)表示转折，可译为“虽然” 。例: ?故余虽愚，卒获有所闻。 ?游人虽未盛，泉而茗者，罂而歌者，红装而蹇者，亦时时有。 乃 “乃”作代词时，相当于“你” 、“你的” ，如“家祭无忘告乃翁” 。“乃”作虚词时主要作副词和连词。 (1)副词 ?表示动作在时间上的承接，译作“才”。 例:?乃悟前狼假寐。?太丘舍去，去后乃至。 ?表示动作在时间上的承接，译作“就” 。 例:乃诈称公子扶苏、项燕，从民欲也。 ?表示出人意料，译作“竟” 、“竟然” 。 例:闻今是何世，乃不知有汉，无论魏晋。 ?用于判断句中，相当于“是” 、“就是” 。例:当立者乃公子扶苏。 (2)连词，表示前后的衔接或转折，可译为“于是” 。例:?乃重修岳阳楼。 ?蒙乃始就学。 carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe. 为 “为”可作动词，表判断，相等于“是” 。如“中轩敞者为舱” ;或可译为“做” 、 “成为”“认为” ，如“孰为汝多知乎” 。下面讲“为”作介词、连词、助词的用法。 (1)介词 ?表示行为动作的对象，可译为“向” 、“对” 、“替”等。 例:A.为天下唱。(向)B.不足为外人道也。(对) C.为人谋而不忠乎(替) ?表示原因或目的，可译为“为了”等。 例: A.愿为市鞍马。B.为报倾城随太守. C.为宫室之美，妻妾之奉，所识穷乏者得我与。 ?表示被动，译为“被” ，有时与“所”组成“为所”或“为„„所”结构。 例:A.士卒多为用者。 B.舌一吐而二虫尽为所吞。C.山峦为晴雪所洗。 (2)连词，表因果关系，可译为“因为” 。 例: 问渠那得清如许,为有源头活水来。 (3)语尾助词，表示反诘，疑问，多与‘何’相配合使用。 例如:夫子何命焉为, 焉 “焉”可作代词，相当于“之” 、“哪里” ，如“忽啼求之，父异焉” 、“且焉置土石” 。这里只讲其作助词、兼词时的用法和意义。 (1)语气助词 ?用在句尾，表直陈的语气，相当于 “了” ，也可不译。例:可远观不可亵玩焉。 ?用在句尾，表疑问语气，相当于“呢” 。 例: A.万钟于我何加焉, B.肉食者谋之，又何间焉, (2)兼词。 相当于“于之” ，其中“于”为介词，“之”为代词，可译为“在这(那)里” 、“从这(那)里 ” 。 例:?夫大国，难测也，惧有伏焉。(在那里) ?率妻子邑人来此绝境，不复出焉。(从这里) carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe. 者 “者”一般作助词，有下列几种用法: (1)附在动词、形容词、数词、时间词后面组成名词性结构，相当于“„„的” 、“„„的人” 、“„„的事物” 、“„„的情况” 、“„„的原因”等，或不译出。 例如:?卜者知其指意。 ?若有作奸犯科及为忠善者。(„„的人) ?以中有足乐者，不知口体之奉不若人也。(„„的东西) ?中轩敞者为舱。(„„的地方) ?或异二者之为，何哉,(指人，不译出) (2)用在主语之后表达停顿，一般不译出，其作用或引出判断(谓语部分一般用“也”字结尾)，或引出原因(有时可译为“的原因” )，或引出 说明 关于失联党员情况说明岗位说明总经理岗位说明书会计岗位说明书行政主管岗位说明书 。 例如:A.陈胜者，阳城人也。 B.诸葛孔明者，卧龙也。(引出判断) C.而安陵以五十里之地存者，徒以有先生也。(引出原因) D.北山愚公者，年且九十。(引出说明) (3)用在句末，与“若”组成“若者” 、“若„„者”结构，表示比拟，相当于“像„„的样子” 、“„„似的” . 例如:中有楼若者，堂若者，坊若者，历历在目。 (4)放在后置的定语之后，相当于“的” .例如:遂率子孙荷担者三夫，叩石垦壤。 (5)放在假设复句中，表示假设，相当于“„„的话” 。 例如:入则无法家拂士，出则无敌国外患者，国恒亡 然 “然”作实词时，可以作形容词，相当于“对的” ，如“吴广以为然” 。 它还可以作指示代词，这在文言文中很常用，因此这里着重提出来加以说明。“然”作指示代词时，译作“这样” 、“如此” 。例如:A. “父利其然也。” B. “惟博陵崔州平、颖川徐庶元直与亮友善，谓之信然。” C. “子墨子自曰:‘然，胡不已乎,’”。 “然”作虚词有下面两种用法: (1) 连词，表转折关系 ，评作“然而”“但是”等。 例如:A.然足下卜之鬼乎, B.然志犹未已。 carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe. (2)助词 ?用在形容词之后，作为词尾，译作“„„地”或“„„的样子” 。例如:A.杂然相许。 B.望之蔚然而深秀者 ?用于句尾，常与“如” 、“若”连用，构成“如„„然” 、“若„„然” 格式，相当于“„„的样子” 、“好像„„似的”。 例如:其人视端容寂，若听茶声然。 补充:由指示代词“然”组成的固定结构主要有: ?虽然:两个词，连词“虽”意为“虽然” 、“即使” ，代词“然”意为“这样” ，合起来意为“虽然如此”“即使如此” 。 例如:A.善哉～虽然，公输盘为我为云梯，必取宋。 B.虽然，受地于先王。 ?然后:即“这之后” 、“这样以后” ，表示承接，也可大致译为现代汉语“然后” 、“然后才” 。 例如:A.人恒过，然后能改。 B.后知生于忧患，而死于安乐也。 C.世有伯乐，然后有千里马。 ?然则:起承上启下的作用，“然”总结上文，“则”引起下文的推论，意为“既然如此，那么(就)” 。 例如:A.然则北通巫峡，南极潇湘。 B.是进亦忧，退亦忧，然则何时乐耶, ?然而:“然”是“这样” ，总结上文的内容，“而”引起下文的转折，组合起来相当于现代汉语“(虽然)这样，但是” 。 例如:夫环而攻之者，必有得天时者矣，然而不胜者，是天时不如地利也。 carried out; 4) for spring hangers (included simple spring, hangers and constant support hangers) it should also be recognized as setting and locking of loads. 5) check the surface quality, folded layering and without cracks, rust and other defects. 5) after completion of the test and control drawing number one by one, by series baled. Color alloy steel parts, the parts marking installation location and rotation about the direction you want. 7.3.14. hangers installation 7.3.14.1 hanger layout a. a clear design of hanger should be installed strictly in accordance with the drawings and designs shall not be installed wrong, missing, etc. B. own arrangement of piping support and hanger set and selection should be based on comprehensive analysis of general layout of piping systems; cold installation of steam pipe with particular attention reserved for compensation of thermal expansion displacement and orientation. C. support systems should be rational to withstand pipe loads, static load and incidental load; reasonable piping displacement; guaranteed under various conditions, stress are within the allowed range. Strength, stiffness, and meet requirements to prevent vibration and soothing water, without affecting the adjacent equipment maintenance and other piping installation and expansion. D. equipment connected to the interface to meet pipeline thrust (torque) limit requirements; increase the stability of piping systems to prevent pipeline ... C. welding elbow should be not less than 1.5 times the pipe diameter. D. Press elbow should be not smaller than the outside diameter of the pipe.