古建筑构件名称

古建筑构件名称 中国古建筑技术 (构件名词篇) 一、 通则名词 1、明间:建筑物居中的开间。 2、次间:建筑物明间和梢间之间的开间。如有多次间可分为一次间、二次间、三次间等。 3、梢间:建筑物两端头的开间。 4、檐面:平面呈矩形的建筑物，短边方向称山面。 5、面阔:又称面宽，建筑物面宽方向相邻两柱间的轴线距离。 6、通面阔:建筑物两尽端柱间轴线距离。 7、进深:垂直于建筑物面宽方向的平面尺寸称为进深。 8、通进深:建筑物侧面(进深方向)两尽端柱间的轴线尺寸。 9、步架:相邻两檩间轴线的水平距离。 10、举架:坡屋顶屋面的相邻两檩，上面一檩比下面一檩抬起的高度。 11、举高:相邻两檩轴心的垂直距离。 12、上出:建筑物檐口自檐柱轴线向外挑出的水平长度。带斗拱的建筑，上出是由斗拱出踩和檐椽飞椽挑出两部分组成。 13、下出:台明(台基露出的地面部分)由檐柱中线向外延展出的部分称台明出沿，又称下出。 14、出水:建筑物的上檐出又称出水。 15、回水:建筑物的上出大于下出，上出与下出之差称为回水。 quality egg, chicken, ... Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt •, half opened the henhouse when • 2~5 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW •, rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW •. Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 10~20. China's energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.5~2 times, so when you 16、收分:中国清代建筑柱子直径下大上小，以柱根部分直径为基数，按柱高的1/100或一定比例减小柱径，称为收分。 17、侧脚:柱头位置不动，柱脚按一定尺度向外侧移出，造成柱头略向内侧斜，称为侧脚。清代建筑仅檐柱有侧脚，明代以前建筑里圈柱也有侧脚。柱侧脚有利于建筑物稳定。 18、斗口:斗拱最下层的坐斗(大斗)面宽方向的刻口称斗口。在清式建筑体系中，斗口是最基本的建筑模数之一，凡带斗拱的建筑，所有的构件、部位均与斗口有倍分关系。 19、硬山:屋面既有前后两坡，两侧山墙与屋面相交，并与檩木梁架全部封砌在山墙内的建筑，称为硬山建筑。 20、悬山:屋面有前后两坡，屋面两端悬挑于山墙或山面梁架之间的建筑，称为悬山式建筑。悬山又称挑山。 21、庑殿:屋面有四坡并有正脊的建筑称庑殿建筑，庑殿又称四阿殿、五脊殿，是古建筑屋顶的最高型制。 22、歇山:由悬山屋顶和庑殿屋顶组合形成的一种屋顶形式。歇山建筑又称九脊殿，型制等级仅次于庑殿建筑。 23、攒尖:建筑物的若干坡屋面在顶部交汇成一点形成尖顶，称为攒尖建筑。攒尖建筑平面为正多边形，如正三边形、正四边形、正五边形、正六边形、正八边形、圆形等。 24、复合:由两种或两种以上的建筑形式，或由一种建筑形式的不同形态组合而成的建筑称复合建筑。复合建筑形式优美，历史上很多著名楼阁如黄鹤楼、腾王阁、故宫角楼等都是复合建筑。 quality egg, chicken, ... Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt •, half opened the henhouse when • 2~5 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW •, rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW •. Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 10~20. China's energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.5~2 times, so when you 25、三滴水:古代屋檐为滴水，三滴水即三重屋檐。 二、木作构件 (一)大木作 木柱 1、檐柱:位于建筑物外围的柱子。 2、金柱:位于檐柱内侧的柱子，多用于带外廊的建筑。金柱又是除檐柱、中柱和山柱以外的柱子的通称，依位置不同可分别以外金柱和内金柱。 3、下檐柱:在二层或多层楼房中，最下面的一层的檐柱。 4、通柱:为于二层楼房中贯通上下层的柱子，用一木做成。 5、假檐柱:假檐柱是专用于转角房的外转交两侧，转间房的外转角两侧开间(即转角进深)大于其余两开间，为解决开间过大而附加的檐柱。假檐柱的高度比一般檐柱要高垫板一份、檩碗一份外施假梁头。如用代梁头，则其高度与其他各檐柱同。 6、里金柱:即围金柱，参见“金柱条”。 7、山柱:位于建筑物两端山墙部位的中柱。 8、童柱:柱脚落于梁背上，用于支顶上层檐或平座支柱。 平台海墁下桐柱 用于三滴水楼房，支承平台(平座)部分的桐柱。 9、擎檐柱:立于建筑物台明(或平座)四角，用于支顶四偶角梁的方柱。 10、垂莲柱:用于垂花门的垂柱，倒悬于垂花门麻叶抱头梁下，端头有莲花等雕饰，故得名。 quality egg, chicken, ... Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt •, half opened the henhouse when • 2~5 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW •, rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW •. Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 10~20. China's energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.5~2 times, so when you 10、雷公柱:(一)用于庑殿建筑屋脊两端太平梁之上，用于支顶脊桁挑出部分的柱子;(二)用于攒尖建筑斗尖部位的悬空柱。 11、重檐金柱:用于重檐建筑的金柱，采用一木做成，其下半段为金柱，上半段支承上层檐，故称重檐金柱。 12、重檐角金柱:用于转角部位的角金柱。 13、封廊柱:位于楼阁建筑平座之上，用于支承挑出深远的檐椽端头的方形木柱，与擎檐柱作用相似，柱头间通常有横枋及折柱花板雀替等构件相连，柱间有栏杆，栏杆内为走廊。 14、馒头榫:柱子上端与梁结合之榫，位于柱头中线位置，榫呈方形，宽高均为柱直径的1/4~3/10，其榫根部略大，头部略小，呈方形馒头状，多见于小式做法。 15、管脚榫:柱根与柱顶石相结合之榫，有方形和圆形两种，其径寸略同于馒头榫，多见于小式做法。 16、升线:有侧角的柱子侧面特有的墨线，该线位于柱子侧面中线的内侧，与中线之距离等于侧角尺寸，升线垂直于地面(水平面)，柱整体向内侧倾斜。 方子口 柱子端头的刻口，呈上大下小的形状，是安装枋子用的卯口。 木梁 1、桃尖梁:用于柱头科斗拱之上，承接檐头桁檩之梁，其梁头侧面成桃形，故名。 2、顺桃尖梁:用于建筑物山面的桃尖梁，因其放置方向与建筑物面宽一致，故名。 quality egg, chicken, ... Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt •, half opened the henhouse when • 2~5 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW •, rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW •. Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 10~20. China's energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.5~2 times, so when you 3、桃尖随梁枋:桃尖梁下面，用以拉结檐柱与金柱的构件。其作用略同于小式建筑的穿插枋。 4、顺随梁枋:用于顺梁下面的随梁枋。 5、七架梁:其上承七根檩，长度为六步架之梁。 6、五架梁:其上承五根檩，长度为四步架之梁。 7、三架梁:其上承三根檩，长度为二步架之梁。 8、六架梁:其上承六根檩，长度为四步架加一顶步之梁。 9、四架梁:其上承四根檩，长度为二步架加一顶步之梁。 10、顶梁:其上承二根檩，长度为一顶步架之梁。 11、双步梁:长度为二步架，后尾交于中柱或山柱之梁。多用于门庑建筑或一般建筑的两山。 12、单步梁:长度为一步架，后尾交于中柱或山柱之梁。多用于门庑建筑或一般建筑的两山。 13、三步梁:长度为三步架，后尾交于中柱或山柱之梁。多用于门庑建筑。 14、七架随梁枋:帖附于七架梁之下，拉结前后金柱之构件。 15、五架随梁枋:帖附于五架梁之下，拉结前后金柱之构件。 16、天花梁:用于建筑物进深方向，承接天花之梁。 17、踩步金:歇山建筑山面的特有构件。其正身似梁，两端似檩，位于距山面正心桁(或檐檩)一步架之处，具有梁、檩等多种功能。 18、承重梁:用于楼房进深方向，承接楼板楞木之梁。 quality egg, chicken, ... Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt •, half opened the henhouse when • 2~5 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW •, rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW •. Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 10~20. China's energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.5~2 times, so when you 19、斜双步梁:用于建筑物转角位置，于山面、檐面各成45?的双步架。 20、斜三步梁:用于建筑物转角位置，于山面、檐面各成45?的三步架。 21、斜五步梁:用于建筑物转角位置，于山面、檐面各成45?的五步架。斜五步梁又称递角梁。 22、递角随梁枋:贴附于递角梁之下，用于拉结内外角柱之构件。 23、抱头梁:用于无斗拱建筑廊间，承接檐檩之梁。 24、斜抱头梁:用于无斗拱建筑廊子转角，于山面檐面各成45?角的抱头梁。 25、顺梁:用于建筑物山面，平行于建筑物面宽方向之梁。多用于无斗拱建筑，相当于无斗拱建筑的顺桃尖梁。 26、趴梁:梁头外端扣搭在檩之上的梁，多用于庑殿建筑的山面，故又称顺趴梁。 27、下今顺趴梁:承接下金檩的顺趴梁。 28、上今顺趴梁:承接上金檩的顺趴梁。 29、斜承重:用于楼房转角处，与山面、檐面成45?角的承重梁。 30、麻叶抱头梁:梁头做成麻叶头形状的抱头梁。垂花门的主梁亦称麻叶抱头梁。 31、抹角梁:用于矩形或方形建筑转角部位，垂直于角梁方向放置的趴梁。 quality egg, chicken, ... Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt •, half opened the henhouse when • 2~5 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW •, rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW •. Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 10~20. China's energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.5~2 times, so when you 32、井口趴梁:平面呈井字形的组合梁架，是趴梁的一种形式，多用于多角亭或藻井等部位。 33、假梁头:外端做成梁头状，至于假檐柱柱头之外。 34、四角花梁头:至于角柱柱头，沿角平分线放置的梁头，用于承接搭接檩，两端常做成麻叶头状，花梁头又称角云。多用于四角亭、六角亭、八角亭等建筑。圆亭柱头上也常放置花梁头。 35、角梁:用于建筑物转角部位，沿角平分线方向向斜下方挑出的用以承接翼角部分菏载之梁，角梁一般有上下两根重叠使用，下面一根是老角梁，上面一根是仔角梁。 36、老角梁:角梁的下面一根称老角梁，主要用于承接翼角椽。 37、仔角梁:角梁的下面一根称仔角梁，主要用于承接翘飞椽。 38、由戗:角梁的后续构件，依位置不同又分下花架由戗，上花架由戗，脊由戗等。 39、下花架由戗:用于下步金的由戗。 40、上花架由戗:用于上步金的由戗。 41、脊由戗:用于脊部的由戗。 42、里掖角角梁:用于建筑物里转角部位的角梁，其断面的高度小于外转角角梁，没有冲出和翘起，主要用于两翼檐椽。 43、里掖角老角梁:里掖角角梁两根中的下面一根，主要用于承接里角与之相交的檐椽。 44、里掖角仔角梁:里掖角角梁两根中的上面一根，主要用于承接里角与之相交的飞椽。 quality egg, chicken, ... Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt •, half opened the henhouse when • 2~5 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW •, rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW •. Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 10~20. China's energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.5~2 times, so when you 45、帽儿梁:承接天花支条与天花板的构件，其两端搭置于天花梁之上，相当于顶棚中的大龙骨。帽儿梁通常用圆木制作，梁断面呈半圆形。 木枋 1、额枋:用于大式带斗拱建筑檐柱柱头间的横向拉结构件。 2、大额枋:大式带斗拱建筑，檐柱间用重额枋时，上面一根(与柱头平齐)称大额枋。 3、小额枋:大式带斗拱建筑檐柱间用重额枋时，位于大额枋和由额垫板下面，断面较小的横枋。 4、平板枋:大式带斗拱建筑，叠置于檐柱头和额枋之上的扁平木枋。因其上安置斗拱，又称坐斗拱。 5、檐枋:无斗拱小式建筑檐柱柱头间起拉接作用的横枋。 6、老檐枋:金柱柱头间起拉接作用的横枋。 7、下金枋:位于下金位置，用于拉接柱头的横枋。 8、上金枋:位于上金位置，用于拉接柱头(或瓜柱头)的横柱。 9、脊枋:位于脊部，用于拉接脊瓜柱头的横枋。 10、两山下金枋:位于建筑物山面下金部位，用于拉结柱头的横枋，见于四坡顶建筑。 11、两山上金枋:位于建筑物面上金部位，用于拉结柱头的横枋，见于四坡顶建筑。 12、七架随梁枋:附在七架梁之下，用于拉结前后金柱之枋。 quality egg, chicken, ... Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt •, half opened the henhouse when • 2~5 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW •, rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW •. Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 10~20. China's energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.5~2 times, so when you 13、顺随梁枋:用于顺挑尖梁下面，用来拉结山面檐柱与金柱的枋子，用于歇山、庑殿等建筑。 14、穿插枋:位于廊内抱头梁之下，用来拉结金柱和檐柱的枋子，用于有廊建筑。 15、斜穿插枋:位于廊子转角部位，用来拉结角檐柱和角金柱的枋子，见于周围廊转角建筑。 16、递角随梁枋:用于递角梁下，用于拉结内角粮梁柱的枋子，见于转角建筑。 17、间枋:用于楼房面宽方向柱间，承接建筑物下层檐檐椽后尾的枋子。 18、承椽枋:用于重檐金柱或通柱间，承接木楼板的枋子。 19、踩步金枋:附于踩步金下面，拉结山面金柱柱头之枋，见于歇山式建筑。 20、天花枋:用于面宽方向柱间，承接天花的枋子。 21、合头枋:用于两步梁(或三步梁)下之枋，起拉结中柱与檐柱的作用。 22、斜合头枋:用于斜两步梁(或斜三步梁)下之枋，起拉结中柱与内外角柱的作用。 23、合头穿插枋:两端均不出透榫的穿插枋。 24、麻叶穿插枋:出榫部分做成麻叶头饰的穿插枋，多用于垂花门等装饰性强的建筑 。 25、箍头檐枋:端头做成箍头榫的檐枋，见于多角亭或转角建筑。 quality egg, chicken, ... Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt •, half opened the henhouse when • 2~5 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW •, rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW •. Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 10~20. China's energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.5~2 times, so when you 26、燕尾枋:附着于悬山建筑两山挑出的桁条下皮，形状似燕尾的构件，可看作是垫板向外端的延伸，属装饰部件。 26、挑檐枋:用于挑檐桁下面，其高二2口，厚1斗口，是斗拱附属构件。 27、井口枋:斗拱附属构件，用于斗拱最里侧，与井口天花相接的枋子，高3斗口，厚1斗口。 28、正心枋:斗拱附属构件，用于正心桁下面，高2斗口，厚1.25斗口，有连接开间内各攒斗拱和传导屋面荷载的作用。 29、里外拽枋:附属于斗拱的木枋中除井口枋、挑檐枋和正心枋之外的其他枋子，有连接开间内各攒斗拱的作用。 30、机枋:连接斗拱的内外拽枋又称机枋。 31、后尾压抖枋:衬压斗拱后尾以防外倾的木枋，多见于城垣类建筑。 32、围脊枋:用于重檐建筑物下层屋面围脊内侧的木枋，常与围脊板等构件共用，有附着、固定、遮挡围脊的作用。 木檩 1、挑檐桁:出踩斗拱挑出部分承托的桁檩。 2、正心桁:带斗拱建筑中位于檐柱轴线位置的桁檩。 3、下金桁:与正心桁相邻的桁檩。 4、上金檩:与脊桁相邻的桁檩。 5、中金檩:位于上金桁和下金桁之间的桁檩。 6、脊桁:位于建筑物正脊位置的桁檩。 7、扶脊木:位于脊檩之上，辅助脊檩承接正脊的构件。 quality egg, chicken, ... Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt •, half opened the henhouse when • 2~5 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW •, rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW •. Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 10~20. China's energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.5~2 times, so when you 8、檐檩:位于檐柱轴线位置的檩木，见于无斗拱建筑。 9、脊檩:位于建筑物正脊位置的檩木。 10、金檩:位于檐檩和脊檩之间的檩木均称金檩，金檩又因位置不同又分为下金檩、中金檩、上金檩。 11、金盘:截面成圆形的构件，与其他构件水平相叠时，为求稳定，在圆构件的上下面做出的平面称金盘。清式建筑 规定 关于下班后关闭电源的规定党章中关于入党时间的规定公务员考核规定下载规定办法文件下载宁波关于闷顶的规定 金盘宽度为构件直径的3/10。 12、平水:清式木构建筑中，将桁檩底面的水平位置称为平水，它是计算各檩高差，确定各步举高的基准点。 13、搭交檩:以90?120?135?或其他角度扣搭相交。 木板 1、檐垫板:用于檐檩和檐枋之间的木板。见于清式无斗拱建筑。 2、脊垫板:用于脊檩和脊枋之间的木板。见于清式无斗拱建筑。 3、金垫板:檐垫板和脊垫板之外的其他垫板均称金垫板。金垫板依位置不同又分为下金垫板、中金垫板、上金垫板等。 4、老檐垫板:即下金垫板。 5、棋枋板:用于间枋与椽枋之间的木板，见于清式楼房建筑。清式三檩垂花门中柱间门上方之走马板也称棋枋板。 6、楼板:楼房中的楼面板，沿进深方向铺于楞木之上。厚2~3寸。 7、博缝板:用于挑山建筑山面或歇山建筑的挑山部分，用以遮梢檩、燕尾枋端头以及边椽、望板等部位的木板。 quality egg, chicken, ... Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt •, half opened the henhouse when • 2~5 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW •, rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW •. Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 10~20. China's energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.5~2 times, so when you 8、象眼板:用于封堵挑山建筑山面梁架间空隙的木板，具有分割室内外空间、防寒保温等作用。 9、滴珠板:用于平座边沿四周，遮挡斗拱、沿边木等部位的木板，具有遮风挡雨、保护斗拱大木等建筑。 10、走马板:古建筑中，将大面积的隔板，统称走马板。走马板常用于庑殿建筑大门的上方、重檐建筑棋枋与承椽枋之间的大面积空间。 圆垫板 平面呈弧形的垫板，专用于圆亭或其他圆形建筑。 11、山花板:用于歇山建筑山面，封堵山花部分的木板，由若干块厚木板立闸拼对使用，故又称立闸山花板。 12、由额垫板:大式带斗拱建筑檐柱间用重额枋时，位于大小额枋之间的构件。 13、望板:南方古建筑中，位于檐椽上部，挑檐檩与檐檩之间的木板，通常厚为20mm。 14、瓦口板:锯成瓦楞起伏状之木板，钉于檐口，以隐瓦间空隙之板称为瓦口板。 15、卷戗板:檐口瓦下，钉于飞椽头上之弯的木板称之为卷戗板(戗角上之弯的滴水板)。 quality egg, chicken, ... Development of poultry industry will occupy a certain area of land, there is a modern product with comprehensive rollup of 50,000 chickens laying hens, covers an area of 14.87 hectares (233 acres) more (including Office of hatching, brood rearing, and laying House, eggs, feed processing workshop, Office, etc). The poultry industry should work in land conservation, not accounted for or less cultivated land, wasteland, the principle of slope land. When the chicken farm should generally not available to local arable land area to determine an appropriate level of breeding size and not, as in the past, first determine the size, then go to the expropriation. 3. energy-saving, water-saving awareness in the 1970 of the 20th century, the pig and chicken farm mechanization in our country forward under the slogan, the country started building a modern large chicken farms in the climax. Was built as the fully enclosed intensive chicken farms, using artificial light, mechanical feeding and mandatory ventilation, a small number of chicken farms also use mechanical sets eggs and manure. According to statistics, fully enclosed chicken coop per chicken when the annual electricity consumption of 10-kilowatt •, half opened the henhouse when • 2~5 kW (open), when the entire opening is 0.5 kW •, rolling open sheds at 0.45 kW •. Hen house types, power consumption difference is very big, a difference of 10~20. China's energy supply is in short supply. Therefore, in determining the breeding, poultry equipment selection should take full consideration of energy saving issues. Lack of fresh water resources in China, the average annual precipitation is 600 mm. 1988 2474 cubic meters of water per capita in China, only 1/4 of the population all over the world, now reduced to 2300 cubic meters. Hen daily water intake to about 1.5~2 times, so when you