非谓语动词讲座

PAGEPAGE8非谓语动词讲座一、不定式的时态和语态㈠主动被动一般式towrite要，将tobewritten进行式tobewriting正在完成式tohavewritten已完成tohavebeenwritten完成进行式tohavebeenwriting（从过去到现在）一直在1、主动一般式：和主句动作同时或其后发生（将要）Hedemanded_______(see)themanager.主动进行式：和谓语动作同时发生（正在）Don’tpretend____________(work)hard.Heseems____________(think)deeply.2、主动完成式：发生在非谓语动词前（已完成）I’msorry________________(give)yousomuchtrouble.Heisconsidered________________(be)tomanycountries.3、主动完成进行式：从谓语动作之前开始一直进行到谓语动作发生，并有可能继续（一直在）Mollyissaid______________________(write)thenovelforyears.Heisconsidered_________________(study)abroad,butwedon’tknowwhichcountryhestudiesin.比较：Heisconsidered_______________(study)abroad,butwedon’tdon’tknowwhichcountryhestudiedin.4、被动一般式：tobedone(表将来动作)Thebookissaid________________(publish)nextyear.Sheisglad____________(take)totheparty.Thecarneeds________________(repair).Theconference____________(hold)tomorrowisaboutpollution.5、被动完成式：发生在谓语动作之前Theroomseems______________________(clean)already.Thetelephoneisgenerallyconsidered___________________(invite)byBell.㈡不定式主动表示被动意义1.a.当动词作宾补形容词（如easydifficult等）的状语，又与句子的宾语构成动宾关系时，相当于省略了forsbWefindthemanhard(forus)togetalongwith.IthinkEnglisheasy(forme)tolearn.b.主语+be+形容词+todoThisquestionisdifficult(forsb)toanswer.Theworkisimpossible(forsb)tofinishnextmonth.2.不定式作定语时，与最近的名词有动宾关系，且与另一名词构成主谓关系Givethechildrenmuchhomeworktodo.PleaselendmeapentowritewithIwanttogotoBeijing.Doyouhaveanything__________?A.totakeB.tobetaken3.疑问词+todo时，用主动表示被动Iknowwhattoexpectinmyfuturework.4.有些词，如：betoblame/let/seek用主动表被动Yourfatheraretoblameforthematter.Thehouseistolet.5.therebe句型中Thereisnothing(forus)tofear.6、其他主动表示被动的词①一些行为动词后加副词（有的可不加）也可表示被动意义如：read,write,sell,open,shut,begin,wash,wear,cut,lock,play,strike,clean,eat,dry,iron,act,splitBooksofthissellwell.Thedoorwon’tshut.Theshoeswearwell.Themeatcutseasily.Theworkdoesn’tpay.②某些感官动词和系动词，如look,feel,taste,sound,smell,prove,turnout,seem,appear,won’tbear此类动词常接形容词作表语Thedishtastesgood.③need,want,require,stand,take,deserve,beworth+doingYourhairneedscutting.你需要理发了Thepointdeservesmentioning.这点值得一提Thatwon’tbearthinkingof.那不堪想象Therulestakesomelearning。这规则需下点工夫学二、动词的现在分词（doing)㈠　时态，语态主动被动一般式writingbeingwritten完成式havingwrittenhavingbeenwritten否定式not+doing/havingwritten/beingwritten/havingbeen1、一般式(doing)（主语一致）①表示无时间性Ihatetalkingwithsuchpeople.(主动）——————（粗心）isnotagoodhabit.（主动）Idon’tlike——————————（被嘲笑）inpublic.Ienjoyrespectingothersand_____________(understand).②和谓语动词同时发生Thechildrensurroundedtheteacher,_______(listen)toherstory.Istoleintotheroomwithout_____________(notice).(被动）2、完成式（havingdone）①发生在谓语动作之前____________________(complete)thejob,wewenthomehurrrily.(主动）____________________(tell)manytimes,hestilldidn’tknowhowtodoit.②　Excuse,thank,remember,apologize等后常用一般式，尽管动作发生在谓语动作前Thankyouforgivingmesomuchhelp.Herememberedbeing/(havingbeen)takentoBJ㈡　当的主语与主句的主语不一致时，要在doing前加物主代词或名词所有格（即：动名词复合结构）Hiscarelesslydrivingcosthislife.What’stroublingusistheirnotcompletingtheproject.Doyoumindmy/meopeningthedoor?1、作主语时，只用“One’s+doing”2、作宾语或表语时，用“宾格+doing”或（one’s+doing)如：Thefatherinsistedon___________(儿子上）tocollege.—————————（玛丽生病）madehermotherupset.——————————（他起床晚）ledtohisbeinglate.__________________(他的粗心开车)costhislifeWhat’stroublingusis___________________(他们没完成)theproject.㈢　用法1、动名词作主语如：Seeingisbelieving.常用作形式主语It’snouse/goodarguingwithhim.There’snouse/gooddoing…Ifinditnouse/good/uselessdoing…Thereisnodoing…（口语常用）译为：不可能，无法…如：There’snotellingwhenhewillbeback.2、动名词作宾语①动词后②介词后或某些词组后Can’thelp,can’tstand,beworth,feellike,succeedin,Prevent/stop/keepsbfromdoing…Insiston,burstout,bebusy(in)doingbeengagedin,beproudof,thinkof,setabout③用于某些句型中Havedifficulty(trouble,ahardtime,fun)(in)doingsthThereisdifficulty(trouble,ahardtime)(in)doingsthIt’snouse/nogooddoing…④　下列词组中“to”为介词后接doingBe/getusedto,stickto,objectto/beopposedto(反对),leadto,devote….to…（致力于/花时间干…）getdownto（开始认真干），lookforwardto,payattentionto,makecontributionsto…，seeto(负责，留意，照料，处理）⑤Want/need/require+doing/tobedone⑥Advise/allow/permit/forbid+doing/sbtodo三、过去分词（done/written)1否定形式：notwritten2表示被动或完成________(give)enoughtime,thechildrencancooperatebetter.Greatly__________(encourage),wemadeupourmindtocarryonthehardwork.Themeeting_______(hold)yesterdaywasabouttheairpollution.3单个分词常做前置定语既表被动又表完成：UsedbooksThelosttimecanneverbefoundagain.Sheiswearinganexcitedexpression.只表完成ThechangedsituationThefallenleavesTheretiredteacherThedevelopedcountry4过去分词短语只作后置定语ThestorywrittenbyLuXunispopularinthecampus.Thebooks,publishedin1989,hittheschool.四、区别㈠　作主语时ReadingEnglishnovelsisreallygreatfun.动名词指一般抽象、泛指或一个已完成的动作ToreadEnglishnovelsthiseveningwilltakemostofmytime.具体的某一次行为或将来的动作注意：1“done”不作主语，要用“beingdone”Beingexploredtothesunlightfortoomuchtimewilldoharmtoyourskin.2不定式作主语多用“it”作形式主语，Itisapleasantexperiencetowalkinthispark.但动名词-ing较少使用it。只有下列情况：Itisnogood/useless/nouse/fun/interesting+doing用it作形式主语3不定式的逻辑主语用“for/of”引出For/ofsbtodoIt’skindofyoutohelpme.It’shardforyoutolearnEnglishwell.动名词的逻辑主语用“one’s/名词所有格/宾格+doing”引出His/liMing’sbeinglatemadehisparentsangry.4对称结构SeeingisbelievingToseeistobelieveTowastetimeistokillyourself.㈢　作表语1表示一般概念时doing/todo可以互换Whatshelikesiswatching/towatchchildrenplay.Hisfavouritehobbyiscollecting/tocollectoldcoins.但Wish,hope,desire,dream,plan,order,decision作主语时，表语多用todoMywishistogoabroad.2表示具体的个别动作或有将来含义时，用todo；而doing表示一般、抽象（同作主语）Ouraimistohelptheoldleadahappylife.Myjobisteaching.3Doing\done作表语的区别Doing表示主语的性质或特征，与句子主语是主谓关系，多译为：“令人…的，多修饰物”Thenewsissurprising.Theteacherfelttomwassatisfying.Thefilmisinteresting.themeetingisboring.Done作表语时，一般表示主语所处的状态。“（人）感到…的”，多修饰人，与句子主语是被动关系Iwasdeeplymovedbythemovingstory.注意：英语中有一类表感情或情绪的使动词：Surprise,please,satisfy,interest,excite,move,puzzle,frighten,disappoint,astonish,bore…多物作主语，人作宾语“使人…”Thenewssurprisedmegreatly.形容人的音容笑貌，用-edAnexcitedvoice/face/look/expression用名词表达“令人…的”:(Much)toone’ssurprise㈣　作宾语时Doing/todo相差不大的有：Continue/start/begin/hate/like/love/prefer/attempt+doing/todoDoing/todo相差大的有：Try/regret/forget/remember/can’thelp/mean/goon/stopIregrettotellyouthatIcan’tcomeIregretmissing/havingmissedhislecture.㈤补足语1、感官动词如：feel,listento,hear,lookat,notice,seewatch,observe,smell,findWhenIenteredtheroom,Ifoundhim________(listen)totheradio.Ioftenheardthesong_______(sing)inthenextroom.Ioftenheardhim________(sing)inthenextroom.IIsawhim_______(enter)theofficeandthen________(come)out.小结：-ing作宾补表主动、进行done作宾补表被动、完成(to)do作宾补表动作的全过程、或经常2、使动词make,get,have,keep,leave,catchset,startThetwocheatshadtheirlights_________(burn)allnightlongThoughhehadoftenmadehissister________(cry),todayhewasmade_________(cry)byhissister.Withalotofproblems___________(solve),thenewpresidentishavingahardtime.Hetriedtogetthecar________(go).小结：Get/havesthdone见Havesbdo/getsbtodoHavesbdoing让某人一直干Getsbdoing：使开始动起来，使发动，使干起来Getthechildrenmoving,thecargoing,themachinerunning作定语时时态不同Todo:要发生的主动tobedone要被…的-ing:正在进行的主动beingdone正在被…的done:被动又完成ThebridgebuiltlastyearThebridgetobebuiltnextyearThebridgebeingbuiltnowTheman__________(travel)aroundtheworldnextyearTheman__________(travel)aroundthesemonthsTheman__________________(环游)theworldlastyear现在分词作定语时，动作多表进行或与谓动几乎同时发生，若两个动作有先后，一般不用分词作定语。而要用定语从句。Doyouknowanything_________yesterday?A.happenedBhappeningCthathappenedDtohappenTheboy_______(come)tomethismorningismybrother.Those_________________(finish)theirworkcangohomenow.Istheiranyone_____________(answer)thequestion?有些-ing不能或一般不可作后置定语1、Havingdone/havingbeendone一般不作后置定语或补足语，除非为非限制性后肢定语2、有些Beingdone3、Being+adj.Mostofthepeoplebeinginvitedtothepartywerefamous.Theproblemhavingbeendiscussedfor2000yearshasnowbeensolved.Anyonebeingfitforthejobcansighyournamehere.Anyone(whois)fitforthejobcansighyournamehere.Thequestion,havingbeendiscussedfor2000years,hasnowbeensolved.㈥作状语（主语一致）1、不定式作状语表示目的/结果①目的todo=inorderto/soasto/②结果onlytodo2、A.Writtenverywell,thenovelsellswell.B.Beingwrittenverywell,thenovelsellswell.A.Beingencouragedbyhisspeech,wemadeupourmindstomakemoreefforts.B.Encouragedbyhisspeech,wemadeupourminds….A.Readmanytimes,thestoryseemsmucheasier.B.Havingbeenwrittenmanytimes,…..但与Not连用时，多用-ingNotbeingincluded,Ihavetoattendanotherinterview.Notbeingtested,alltheproductswillhavetolosetheirmarket.五、与主句主语不一致时，用独立结构或with结构㈠不定式独立结构1、表示伴随Theydividedthework,JohntowashthevegetablesandMarytocookthemeal..Anumberofstudentssataroundtheprofessors,sometoaskquestions,sometodiscussamongthemselves.2、插入语Tobebrief简而言之,tobeexact精确地说,tobefrank老实说,toputitstraight直截了当,tomakemattersworse更糟的是,tostart/beginwith首先(句首）更不用说：nottomention,nottospeakof,letalone,nottosay（句尾）㈡动名词独立结构1、名词/代词+doing表示主动意义Marycomingback,,theydiscussedittogether.Itbeingfine,wewentforawalk.2、There+being结构多放句首，being不省略Therebeingnothingtodo,weplayedgames.Therebeingnocustomers,theyclosedthestore.插入语Judgingfrom/by从...来看,allowingfor考虑到,comingto论及，说到,notexcepting也包括,leaving…ononeside抛开…不谈,takingsllintoaccount/consideration…全盘考虑㈢过去分词独立结构：表被动意义Thequestionsettled,themeetingwasover.Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.Hisworkfinished,hepreparedtogohome.六、With/without短语Hefellasleepwithhelight__________(burn)Withalotofthings____________(solve),themanagerwillhaveahardtime.It’sbadmannerstositwithyourfoot________(point)towardsothers.Hewaslyingwithhiseyes___________(shut)注意：With/by/through/on/from+todo相当一个定语从句Shehadonly$50___________(用它买)herhusbandagift.Sheisanicewomen_______________(和她工作)Heopenedthewindow__________(从那里欣赏)thehill.练习1.Fishingishisfavoritehobby,and__________(collect)coinsarealsohishobby.2._____________________(devote)to_________(look)afterhersickfather,shebadlyneededaholiday.3._________________(devote)twoyearsto…4.agroup__________(call)itselftheLeagueofPeace…5.agroup__________(call)theLeagueofPeace…6.-forwhatwashesounhappy?-____________________________(因为丢了足球赛的票）7.thefire_____________(发生）wasseen__________(燃烧)thenextmorning.Thereismorelandthanthegovernmentknows____________(处理)it.定语一作名词的前置修饰语1Whentheyreachedtheburningbuilding,theyfoundthattheirladderswerenotlongenoughtoreachthepeoplewhoweretrapped2Whenwearrived,weweregivenprintedquestionpapers.二作名词的后置修饰语1EinsteinwasabletoprovethatlightcomingfromthestarswasbentasitpassedtheSun.(comingfromthestars相当于定语从句whichcomesfromthestars.)2ItcamefromtheworksongssungbyblackpeopleandhaditsrootsinAfrica.(后置。相当于定语从句…whichweresungbyblackpeople…)TheOlympicGames,___in776B.C.didnotincludewomenplayersuntil1912.A.firstplayedB.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayingD.tobefirstplaying①过去分词做定语与其修饰词之间是动宾关系且过去分词表示的动作以完成。②现在分词作定语表示动作正在发生，与修饰词是主谓关系。③不定式作定语表示将要发生的动作。所以A是正确的。Firstplayedin776B.C.=whichwasfirstplayedin776B.C.1.TheshipwhichwastravelingtothewestcoastoftheUnitedStatesfromKoreawascaughtinaseverestorm.Theship___________________________________________________wascaughtinaseverestorm.2.Holmescarefullyexaminedtheseatofthechairwhichstoodagainstthewall.Theseatofthechair________________________wascarefullyexaminedbyHolmes.作状语1Walkingslowlyacrossthegrass,hepointedthepipeatthelionandfired.（V-ing分词短语表示时间，其逻辑主语是he；walking的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生，相当于While/When(hewas)walkingslowlyacrossthegrass）2Seenfromspace,theearthlooksblue.Thisisbecausetwo-thirdsoftheearth’ssurfaceismadeupofvastoceans.(作时间状语或条件状语，相当于When/Iftheearthisseenfromspace,itlooksblue.)3Thefishhaveverysharpteeth;theycaneatapersonintwominutes,leavingonlythebones.(分词短语作结果状语，其逻辑主语是thefish，与句子主语一致。)4Thespermwhalethereforehastolookforthesquid,usingsoundwaves.(V-ing分词短语表示行为方式；using与句子谓语动词hastolookfor同时发生。)5Pilesofstoneslieinacornerofthecourtyard,waitingtobereplaced.(V-ing分词短语表示与谓语动词lie同时发生的伴随动作；其逻辑主语是pilesofstones，与句子的主语一致。)6Theroom,althoughsupposedtobekeptlocked,wasoftenleftopen.(作让步状语，其逻辑状语是theroom；当过去分词作时间，条件，让步等状语时，其前还可加when,once,if,although等连词.)7“DrWatsonandIwillspendthenight,lockedinyourroom.”(作状语，表示伴随状况或方式。)ExercisesCompleteeachofthefollowingsentencesusingV-ingorV-edforms.1.Whilewewerebackpackinginthemountains,weadmiredthesceneryaroundus.2.Einsteinwasashyperson,sohefoundithardtogetalongwiththeotherboys.3.MrHolmesandDrWatsonfollowedthegirlupthestairstoherroom.Thegirlwentupthestairstoherroom,_______________________4.Afterhehadspentthreehoursdoinghishomework,hewascompletelywornout.5.Whenhewasaskedhowhegainedfirstplace,hesuddenlybecamecheerful.6.Theboyswalkedroundthetowncentre.Theylookedatthesightsandtookphotos.Theboyswalkedroundthetowncentre,_______________[例]NMET1998Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,___itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.madeD.tomakeMakingitthepopularsportintheworld为现在分词短语作结果状语，这类分词短语常放在句子的后面,ing表示顺其自然，不定式表示突然，出乎意料。如：Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.Herushedtothepostofficeonlytofinditwasclosed[例]NMET1998_____inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.A.LosingB.HavinglostC.LostD.Tolose1.该题考查过去分词作状语的用法。动词-ing或过去分词作状语，其逻辑主语应是主语。2.“陷入深思”有两种表达法，A.LoseoneselfinthoughtB.belostinthought,按句子提供的语境可用结构B.Correcterrors,ifany,inthefollowingsentences.Putatickifthesentenceiscorrect.1.Feelingtired,soIwenttobedearly.2.Ahusbandandwifeusuallycalleachotherbytheirfirstnameswhenspeakingtotheirfriends.3.IntheBastilleMonsieurDefargefoundtheletterbeingwrittenbyDrManette.4.Havingnevergoneskiing,Idecidedtotakelessons.5.Walkingalongthestreet,Inoticedasmallice-creamstorealmosthiddenbetweenadepartmentstoreandabank6.Carryingaflashlight,thepathcouldbeseenclearly.7.Doingalltheirshopping,theywenthomeforarest.8.Gottothedaycarecentre,shesawherdaughterholdingthenewdollandscreaming.9.DidyounoticethatAlexbehavedquitedifferentlyinmanywayscomparingtousChinese?10.BorninanartisticfamilyinDalian,QinHaiujoinedtheYingkouDramaSchooltolearnPekingOperaattheageoftenandbecameatopstudent.