《世界贸易组织成员》PPT课件

3世界贸易组织成员3.1世贸组织成员的来源、加入退出与互不适用3.2世贸组织中的发达国家成员3.3世贸组织中的发展中国家成员3.4发展中国家在世贸组织中的特殊与差别待遇3.1世贸组织成员的来源、加入退出与互不适用OriginalMembershipAccedingMembershipDevelopedmemberDevelopingmemberLeastdevelopedmemberOriginalMembershipAccedingMembership1.AnyStateorseparatecustomsterritorypossessingfullautonomyintheconductofitsexternalcommercialrelationsandoftheothermattersprovidedforinthisAgreementandtheMultilateralTradeAgreementsmayaccedetothisAgreement,ontermstobeagreedbetweenitandtheWTO.SuchaccessionshallapplytothisAgreementandtheMultilateralTradeAgreementsannexedthereto.2.DecisionsonaccessionshallbetakenbytheMinisterialConference.TheMinisterialConferenceshallapprovetheagreementonthetermsofaccessionbyatwo-thirdsmajorityoftheMembersoftheWTO.3.AccessiontoaPlurilateralTradeAgreementshallbegovernedbytheprovisionsofthatAgreement.一国四席11Dec2001China-1431Jan2002ChineseTaipei-1441Jan1995HongKong，China1Jan1995Macao,ChinaEuropeanUnionorCommunities?Since1December2009“EuropeanUnion”hasbeentheofficialnameintheWTO.Beforethat,“EuropeanCommunities” wastheofficialnameinWTObusinessforlegalreasons,andthatnamecontinuestoappearinoldermaterial.TheEUisaWTOmemberinitsownrightasareeachofits27 memberstates—making28 WTOmembersaltogether.TheEUisasinglecustomsunionwithasingletradepolicyandtariff.TheEuropeanCommission— theEU’sexecutivearm —speaksforallEUmemberStatesatalmostallWTOmeetings.HowtojointheWTO:theaccessionprocessFirst,“tellusaboutyourself”.Second,“workoutwithusindividuallywhatyouhavetooffer”.Third,“let’sdraftmembershipterms”.Finally,“thedecision”.First,“tellusaboutyourself”ThegovernmentapplyingformembershiphastodescribeallaspectsofitstradeandeconomicpoliciesthathaveabearingonWTOagreements.ThisissubmittedtotheWTOinamemorandumwhichisexaminedbytheworkingpartydealingwiththecountry’sapplication.TheseworkingpartiesareopentoallWTOmembers.Second,“workoutwithusindividuallywhatyouhavetooffer”Whentheworkingpartyhasmadesufficientprogressonprinciplesandpolicies,parallelbilateraltalksbeginbetweentheprospectivenewmemberandindividualcountries.Thesetalkscovertariffratesandspecificmarketaccesscommitments,andotherpoliciesingoodsandservices.Inotherwords,thetalksdeterminethebenefitsotherWTOmemberscanexpectwhenthenewmemberjoins.Third,“let’sdraftmembershipterms”.Oncetheworkingpartyhascompleteditsexaminationoftheapplicant’straderegime,andtheparallelbilateralmarketaccessnegotiationsarecomplete,theworkingpartyfinalizesthetermsofaccession.Theseappearinareport,adraftmembershiptreaty(“protocolofaccession”)andlists(“schedules”)ofthemember-to-be’scommitments.Finally,“thedecision”Thefinalpackage,consistingofthereport,protocolandlistsofcommitments,ispresentedtotheWTOGeneralCouncilortheMinisterialConference.Ifatwo-thirdsmajorityofWTOmembersvoteinfavour,theapplicantisfreetosigntheprotocolandtoaccedetotheorganization.Inmanycases,thecountry’sownparliamentorlegislaturehastoratifytheagreementbeforemembershipiscomplete.CaseStudy:theaccessionofChinaReadpage306-311toidentifyandlistthekeydatesintheprocessofChina’saccessiontoknowwhatarethelegaldocumentsonChina’saccession1947关贸总协定的23个缔约国之一1950台湾当局退出关贸总协定1986.7.11中国政府正式提出要求恢复中国的关贸总协定缔约国地位1987.3.4设立关于恢复中国缔约方地位的中国工作组1992.10中国工作组结束对中国经贸体制的审议1997.5中国与匈牙利最先达成 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1999.11.15中美双边协议达成2001.5.19中欧双边协议达成2001.9.13中国与墨西哥达成协议，双边谈判结束2001.9.17中国加入世贸组织法律文件(工作组报告书、加入议定书、减让表)通过，多边谈判结束2001.11.10世贸组织第四届部长级会议一致通过中国加入世贸组织决议2001.12.11中国正式成为世贸组织第143个成员国MembershipAllmembershavejoinedthesystemasaresultofnegotiationandthereforemembershipmeansabalanceofrightsandobligations.Theyenjoytheprivilegesthatothermembercountriesgivetothemandthesecuritythatthetradingrulesprovide.Inreturn,theyhadtomakecommitmentstoopentheirmarketsandtoabidebytherules.CountriesnegotiatingmembershipareWTO“observers”.Withdrawal1.AnyMembermaywithdrawfromthisAgreement.SuchwithdrawalshallapplybothtothisAgreementandtheMultilateralTradeAgreementsandshalltakeeffectupontheexpirationofsixmonthsfromthedateonwhichwrittennoticeofwithdrawalisreceivedbytheDirector-GeneraloftheWTO.2.WithdrawalfromaPlurilateralTradeAgreementshallbegovernedbytheprovisionsofthatAgreement.Non-ApplicationofMultilateralTradeAgreementsbetweenParticularMembers3.2世贸组织中的发达国家成员The“Quadrilaterals“orthe“Quad”:CanadaEuropeanUnionJapanUnitedStates3.3世贸组织中的发展中国家成员DevelopingcountriesmakeupaboutthreequartersofthetotalWTOmembership.Togetherwithcountriescurrentlyintheprocessof“transition”tomarket-basedeconomies,theyplayanincreasinglyimportantandactiveroleintheWTObecauseoftheirnumbers,becausetheyarebecomingmoreimportantintheglobaleconomy,andbecausetheyincreasinglylooktotradeasavitaltoolintheirdevelopmentefforts.HowdoestheWTOdealwiththespecialneedsofanincreasinglyimportantgroup?3.4发展中国家在世贸组织中的特殊与差别待遇theWTOagreementscontainspecialprovisionsondevelopingcountriestheCommitteeonTradeandDevelopmentisthemainbodyfocusingonworkinthisareaintheWTO,withsomeothersdealingwithspecifictopicssuchastradeanddebt,andtechnologytransfertheWTOSecretariatprovidestechnicalassistancefordevelopingcountries.SpecialProvisions“specialanddifferentialtreatment”—moretime,bettertermsextratimefordevelopingcountriestofullfiltheircommitments(inmanyoftheWTOagreements)SpecialProvisions“specialanddifferentialtreatment”—moretime,bettertermsprovisionsdesignedtoincreasedevelopingcountries’tradingopportunitiesthroughgreatermarketaccess(e.g.intextiles,services,technicalbarrierstotrade)SpecialProvisions“specialanddifferentialtreatment”—moretime,bettertermsprovisionsrequiringWTOmemberstosafeguardtheinterestsofdevelopingcountrieswhenadoptingsomedomesticorinternationalmeasures(e.g.inanti-dumping,safeguards,technicalbarrierstotrade)SpecialProvisions“specialanddifferentialtreatment”—moretime,bettertermsprovisionsforvariousmeansofhelpingdevelopingcountries(e.g.todealwithcommitmentsonanimalandplanthealthstandards,technicalstandards,andinstrengtheningtheirdomestictelecommunicationssectors).LegalassistanceTheWTOSecretariatspeciallegaladvisersassistingdevelopingcountriesinanyWTOdisputeandforgivingthemlegalcounsel32WTOgovernmentsAdvisoryCentreonWTOlawAllleast-developedcountriesareautomaticallyeligibleforadvice.Otherdevelopingcountriesandtransitioneconomieshavetobefee-payingmembersinordertoreceiveadvice.Least-developedcountries:specialfocusseveraldecisionsinfavorofleast-developedcountries:1996WTOPlanofActionforLDCstechnicalassistancetoenablethemtoparticipatebetterinthemultilateralsystemapledgefromdevelopedcountriestoimprovedmarketaccessLDCs’products.1997IMF/ITC/UNCTD/UNDP/WB/WTOIntegratedFrameworkajointtechnicalassistanceprogramexclusivelyforleast-developedcountries2002WTOworkprogramimprovedmarketaccess;moretechnicalassistance;supportforagenciesworkingonthediversificationofleast-developedcountries’economies;helpinfollowingtheworkoftheWTO;aspeediermembershipprocessforleast-developedcountriesnegotiatingtojointheWTOAofficeinGeneva:noteasyforallOnlyaboutonethirdofthe30orsoleast-developedcountriesintheWTOhavepermanentofficesinGeneva.AsaresultofthenegotiationstolocatetheWTOheadquartersinGeneva,theSwissgovernmenthasagreedtoprovidesubsidizedofficespacefordelegationsfromleast-developedcountries.AnumberofWTOmembersalsoprovidefinancialsupportforministersandaccompanyingofficialsfromleast-developedcountriestohelpthemattendWTOministerialconferences.DevelopedcountriesVSDevelopingcountriesDevelopedanddevelopingcountrieshavetendedtobeinoppositegroups.Inmanycases,thedevelopingcountriesdonotsharecommoninterestsandmayfindthemselvesonoppositesidesofanegotiation.DifferentalliancesintheWTOThe“G-6“orthe“thenewQuad”:AustraliaEuropeanUnionJapanUnitedStatesBrazilIndiaTheCairnsGroup: