PluralNounsPluralNouns1.PluralsofindividualnounsNumberindicateswhetheryouaretalkingaboutoneormorethanoneperson,placeorthing.Ifyouarereferringtoonlyone,thenounisinthesingularnumber.Ifyouarereferringtomorethanone,thenounisinthepluralnumber.Thepluralformsofmostnounsaremadebyadding-stothesingularforms.Butifthesingularendswith-s,-x,-z,-ch,or-sh,thepluralismadebyadding-es.SingularPluralSingularPluralpaperpaperslunchlunchestaxitaxisdressdressesideaideasquizquizzesmenumenusbrushbrushesgamegamesboxboxesWordsthatendwith-oaredifferent.Ifsuchvowelsas-a,-e,-i,-o,and-ucomejustbeforethe-o,only-sisadded:studios.Ifaconsonantcomesjustbefore-o,usuallyonly-sisadded.Butinsomewords,-esisadded.Youshouldmemorizethesecommon-eswords:cargoesmosquitoespotatoestorpedoesechoesmottoestomatoesvetoesheroesNegroestornadoesvolcanoesWordsthatendwith-yformthepluralintwoways.Generally,the-yischangedto-iand-esisadded.country--countriescompany--companiesarmy--armiesButpropernamesareexceptions,e.g.Henry--HenrysMary--MarysIfanounendsin"-y"precededbyavowel,thepluralisformedsimplybyadding"-s",e.g.boy--boyskey--keysThepluralofnounendingwith"-f"or"-fe"isformed,sometimesbyadding"-s",sometimesbychanging"-f"or"-fe"to"-ves".Forthisthereisnoallpurposerule.leafleaveschiefchiefshalfhalvesgulfgulfslifelivesproofproofsselfselvesroofroofswifewivessafesafesStillweshouldpayattentiontothefollowingpoints:a.Afewnounsformthepluralbychangeofaletterorlettersinthemiddleoftheword:tooth--teethwoman--womengoose--geesefoot--feetmouse--micelouse--liceb.Afewnounshavethesameforminbothnumbers,e.g.deersheepyokemeansChinese lijinyuanc.Namesofthingsconsistingoftwosimilarhalves,e.g.scissors,trousers,scales,spectacles,tongs,pants,shorts,etc.,andsome-ingparticiplesusuallytakepluralforms,e.g.savings,belongings,tidings,etc..Someothernounsalwaystakepluralformsincertainsense,e.g.contents（目录），slums（贫民区），goods（货物），thanks（感谢），remains（遗物，遗体），etc..d.Examplesofdoublepluralformscloth cloths不同的布clothes衣服fishfish可指一尾或多尾鱼fishes不同种类的鱼fruit fruit水果的总称fruits不同种类的水果genius geniuses天才genii鬼shotshots开枪的次数shot投篮e.Thepluralformsofsomenounsmayhavedifferentmeaningfromtheirsingularforms,e.g.air空气airs架子、架式condition情况conditions条件、环境arm手臂arms武器letter字母letters文学custom风俗customs关税minute分钟minutes记录礼貌look看looks外表、容貌colour颜色colours军旗manner方式manners举止、礼貌sense意义、常识senses感觉regard尊敬regards致意work工作works工厂spirit精神spirits酒精、情绪
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