社会工作专业英语讲义

Chapter1IntroductiontosocialworkandsocialwelfareChapter2SocialworkvaluesandethicsChapter3EmpowermentandhumandiversityChapter4TheprocessofgeneralistpracticeChapter5PracticesettingsChapter6AnoverviewofsocialwelfareandsocialworkhistoryChapter7PolicyandpolicyadvocacyChapter8PovertyproblemsChapter9SocialworkandsocialservicesforchildrenandfamiliesChapter10SocialworkandsocialservicesforolderadultsChapter11SocialworkandsocialservicesforpeoplewithdisabilitiesChapter12SocialworkandsocialservicesinhealthcareChapter13SocialworkandsocialservicesinmentalhealthChapter14Socialworkandsubstanceuse,abuse,anddependenceChapter15SocialworkandsocialservicesforyouthandintheschoolsChapter16SocialworkandsocialservicesinthecriminaljusticesystemChapter1IntroductiontosocialworkandsocialwelfareCaseAKeywords:adopt,familyservice,paperwork,familylifeplanningCaseB:Keywords:groupsessionandgroupwork;mentalhealth;self-helpgroup;mutual-helpgroupCaseC:Keywords:SexualAssault,match,funding-raisingWhatisSocialwork?Socialworkistheprofessionalactivityofhelpindividuals,groups,orcommunitiesenhanceorrestoretheircapacityforsocialfunctioningandcreatingsocietalconditionsfavorabletothisgoal.Socialworkpracticeconsistsoftheprofessionalapplicationofsocialworkvalues,principles,andtechniquestooneormoreofthefollowingends:HelpingpeopleobtaintangibleservicesProvidingcounselingandpsychotherapywithindividuals,familiesandgroups.HelpingcommunitiesorgroupsprovideorimprovesocialandhealthservicesParticipatinginrelevantlegislativeprocessesFivethemes:Socialworkconcernshelpingindividuals,groups,orcommunities.Socialworkentailsasolidfoundationofvaluesandprinciples.Afirmbasisoftechniquesandskillsprovidesdirections.Socialworksneedtolinkpeopletorecoursesoradvocateforservicedevelopmentforclients.Socialworkersparticipatelegislativeprocesstopromotepositivesocialchanges.Whatissocialwelfare?Socialwelfareisanation'ssystemofprograms,benefits,andservicesthathelppeoplemeetthosesocial,economic,educational,andhealthneedsthatarefundamentaltothemaintenanceofsociety.TwoDimensions:Whatpeoplegetfromsociety(programs,benefitsandservices?)Howwelltheirneeds(social,economic,educational,andhealth)arebeingmetHowaresocialwelfareandsocialworkrelated?Debatesonsocialwelfare:Individualresponsibility:yougetyoudeserveSocietyresponsibilityWhoshouldassumeresponsibilityforpeople'ssocialwelfare?Residual,institutional,anddevelopmentalperspectivesonsocialwelfare.1.ResidualModelSocialwelfarebenefitandserviceshouldbesuppliedonlywhenpeoplefailtoprovideadequatelyforthemselves.Blamethevictim(faultandfailure)Forinstance:socialassistanceFamiliesinneedreceivelimitedandtemporaryfinancialassistanceuntiltheycangetbackontheirfeet.2.InstitutionalmodelPeoplehavearighttogetbenefitandservice.Forinstance:publiceducation,fireandpoliceprotectionEveryonecangettheseservices.3.DevelopmentalmodelThisapproachseekstoidentifysocialinterventionsthathaveapositiveimpactoneconomicdevelopment.(1)Investineducation,nutritionandhealthcare(2)Investinphysicalfacilities(3)helppeopleinneedengageinproductiveemploymentandself-employment.Politicalideology:conservatives,liberalismandradicalismConservatismisthephilosophythatindividualsareresponsibleforthemselves,governmentshouldprovideminimalinterferenceinpeople'slives,andchangeisgenerallyunnecessary.Liberalismisthephilosophythatgovernmentshouldbeinvolvedinthesocial,politicalandeconomicstructuresothatallpeople'srightsandprivilegesareprotectedinthenameofsocialjustice.Radicalismisthephilosophythatthesocialandpoliticalsystemasitstandsisnotstructurallycapableoftrulyprovidingsocialjustice.Thefundamentalchangesarenecessaryinthebasicsocialandpoliticalstructuretoachievetrulyfairandequaltreatment.FieldsofpracticeinsocialworkWorkwithpeopleinneeds(children,youth,oldpeople,thedisableetc.)WorkwithsomeoccupationThecontinuumofsocialworkcareersDegreeinsocialworkBSW:preparefortheentry-levelsocialworkMSW:receivemorespecializedtrainingDSW:teachatthecollegelevelorconductresearchSocialworkbuildsonmanydisciplinespsychologysociologypoliticalscienceeconomicsbiologypsychiatrycouncilculturalanthropologysocialworkSocialworkersdemonstratecompetenciesCompetenciesaremeasurablepracticebehaviorsthatarecomprisedofsufficientknowledge,skills,andvalues"andhavethegoalofpracticingeffectivesocialwork.Competency1:identificationasaprofessionalsocialworkerCompetency2:theapplicationofsocialworkethicalprinciplestoguidepracticeCompetency3:theapplicationofcriticalthinkingtoinformprofessionaljudgmentsCompetency4:engagementofdiversityinpracticeCompetency5:theadvancementofhumanrightsandsocialeconomicjustice.Competency6:engagementinresearch-informedpracticeEvidence-basedpracticeCompetency7:applicationofknowledgeofhumanbehaviorandthesocialenvironmentCompetency8:engagementinpolicyproactivetoadvancesocialandeconomicwell-beingCompetency9:responsivenesstocontextsthatshapepracticeCompetency10:engagement,assessment,intervention,andevaluationwithindividuals,families,groups,organizations,andcommunities.Chapter2socialworkvaluesandethics1.ValueandethicsSocialworkerisvalue-basedprofession.Whatisvalue?Valueinvolveswhatyoudoanddonotconsiderimportantandworthwhile,andalsoinvolvejudgmentsanddecisionsaboutrelativeworth.WhatisEthics?Ethicsinvolveprinciplesthatspecifywhatisgoodandwhatisbad.TheyclarifywhatshouldandshouldnotbedoneDifferencebetweenvalueandethics:Valuedeterminewhatbeliefsareappropriate.Ethicsaddresswhattodowithorhowtoapplythosebeliefstodotherightthing.Theimportanceofethics2.ValueandethicsforsocialworkersSixcorevaluesforsocialworkers:(1)Service(2)Socialjustice(3)Dignityandworthoftheperson(4)Importanceofhumanrelationships(5)Integrity(6)CompetenceSocialworkers'ethicalresponsibilitiestoclients:(1)Self-determinationPractitionersshouldnurtureandsupportclientself-extermination：eachindividual'srighttomakehisorherowndecisions.(2)Privacyandconfidentiality(3)ConflictofinterestandDualrelationshipsTheclients'bestinterestsmustbeprotectedtothemaximumextentpossible.(4)SexualrelationshipSocialworkers’Ethicalresponsibilitiestocolleagues(1)Respect(2)ReferralforservicesSocialWorkers’EthicalresponsibilitiesinPracticesettingsSocialworkers'ethicalresponsibilitiesasprofessionalscompetenceagainstdiscriminationhonestnotsolicitclientsforthepurposeofpersonalgainsSocialworkers'ethicalresponsibilitiestothesocialworkprofession.IntegrityResearchEvaluationSocialworkers'ethicalresponsibilitiestothebroadersociety(1)Advocateforpeople'swelfare(2)Ensurefairandequalaccesstoresourcesandopportunities.(3)Respectculturaldiversity.(4)PreventdiscriminationagainstorexploitingpeopleTranslationexercisesSocialworkersmustupholdclientprivacyandconfidentiality.Privacyistheconditionofbeingfreefromunauthorizedobservationorintrusion.Wehaveestablishedthatconfidentialityistheethicalprinciplethatworkersshouldnotshareinformationprovidedbyaclientoraboutaclientunlesstheyhavetheclient'sexplicitpermissiontodoso.Thereismoretoconfidentialitythanmaybeimmediatelyapparent.Confidentialitymeansmorethatnotrevealinginformationaboutclientstoothers.Italsoinvolvesnotaskingformoreinformationthanisnecessary,aswellasinformingclientsaboutthelimitationsofconfidentialitywithintheagencysetting.Chapter3EmpowermentandHumanDiversityStereotype!WomenaretooemotionaltomakegoodsupervisorsElderlypeoplecan'tthinkwell.Gayandlesbianpeoplereallywanttobeoppositegender.Peoplewithphysicaldisabilitiesareunemployable.Discrimination,oppression,marginalization,alienation,stereotypes,andprejudiceDiscriminationistheactoftreatingpeopledifferentlybasedonthefactthattheybelongtosomegroupratherthanonmerit.Oppressioninvolvesputtingextremelimitationsandconstraintsonsomeperson,group,orlargersystem.Marginalizationistheconditionofhavinglesspowerandbeingviewedaslessimportantthanothersinthesocietybecauseofbelongingtosomegrouporhavingsomecharacteristic.Alienation,relatedtomarginalization,isthefeelingthatyoudon'tfitinoraren'ttreatedaswellasothersinthemainstreamofsociety.Astereotypeisafixedmentalpictureofmemberofsomespecifiedgroupbasedonsomeattributeorattributesthatreflectanoverlysimplifiedviewofthatgroup,withoutconsiderationorappreciationofindividualdifferences.Prejudiceisanopinionorprejudgmentaboutanindividual,group,orissuethatisnotbasedonfact.Amajorsocialworkvalueinvolvestheimportanceofpeoplebeingtreatedfairlyandequally.Populations-at-riskandsocialeconomicjusticeDiversityemphasizesthesimilarityanddissimilaritybetweennumerousgroupsinsocietythathavedistinguishingcharacteristics.Populations-at-riskarepeopleatgreaterriskofdeprivationandunfairtreatmentbecausetheysharesomeidentifiablecharacteristicthatplacesthemindiversegroup.Factors:gender,age,religion,culture,disability,class,immigrationstatusSocialandeconomicjusticeEmpowermentandaStrengthsperspectiveEmpowermentistheprocessofincreasingpersonal,interpersonal,orpoliticalpowersothatindividualscantakeactiontoimprovetheirlifesituations.Astrengthsperspective:1.Everyindividual,group,familyandcommunityhasstrengths.2.Traumaandabuse,illnessandstrugglemaybeinjuriousbuttheymayalsobesourcesofchallengeandopportunity.3.Socialworkersshouldassumethattheydonotknowtheupperlimitsofthecapacitytogrowandchangeandtakeindividual,group,andcommunityaspirationsseriously.4.Socialworkersbestserveclientsbycollaboratingwithwhen.5.Everyenvironmentisfullofresources.Resiliency:seekingstrengthamidadversityTheabilityofanindividual,family,group,community,ororganizationtorecoverfromadversityandresumefunctioningevenwhensufferingserioustrouble,confusion,orhardship.Resiliencyinvolvestwodimensions:riskfactorsandprotectivefactors.Riskfactorsinvolvestressfullifeeventsoradverseenvironmentalconditionsthatincreasethevulnerabilityofindividualsorothersystems.Protectivefactorsinvolvebuffer,moderate,andprotectagainstthosevulnerabilities.HumanDiversityRaceandEthnicityRaceimpliesagreatergeneticdeterminant,whereasethnicityoftenrelatestoculturalornationalheritage.CultureandculturalcompetenceCultureisthesumtotaloflifepatternspassedonfromgenerationtogenerationwithinagroupofpeopleandincludesinstitutions,language,religiousideals,habitsofthinking,andpatternsofsocialandinterpersonalrelationships.Socialworkersneedtohaveculturalcompetencetoaddresstheculturalneedsofindividuals,families,groups,andcommunities.NationalOriginandimmigrationstatusFourexperienceswhichnewcomerfaced:SocialisolationCulturalshockCulturalchangeGoal-strivingclassorsocialclasspoliticalideologygender,genderidentity,andgenderexpressionSexualorientationHomosexualorheterosexual(bisexual)AgeDisabilityReligionandspiritualityChapter4:GeneralistpracticeConceptsinthedefinitionofgeneralistpractice1.AcquiringaneclecticknowledgebaseA.systemstheoryB.ecologicalperspectiveC.Curriculumcontentareas1)Valuesandethics2)Diversity3)populations-at-riskandsocialandeconomicjustice4)Humanbehaviorandthesocialenvironment5)Socialwelfarepolicyandservices6)Socialworkpractice7)Research8)FieldeducationD.Fieldsofpractice2.Emphasizingclientempowerment3.UsingprofessionalvaluesA.socialworkscodeofethicsB.applicationofprofessionalvaluestosolveethicaldilemma4.ApplyingawiderangeofskillsA.microB.mezzoC.macro5.TargetinganysizesystemA.microB.mezzoC.Marco6.Workinginanorganizationalstructure7.Usingsupervisionappropriately8.Assumingawiderangeofprofessionalroles9.Followingtheprinciplesofevidence-basedpractice10.Employingcriticalthinkingskills11.Usingaplanned-changeprocessA.engagementB.assessmentC.planningD.implementationE.evaluationF.terminationG.follow-upWorkinginanorganizationalstructureundersupervisionWhatisorganizationalstructure?Organizationalstructureistheformalorinformalmannerinwhichtasksandresponsibilities,linesofauthority,channelsofcommunication,anddimensionsofpowerareestablishedandcoordinatedwithinanorganization.Whatissupervision?Supervisionistheprocessbywhichadesignatedsupervisorwatchesoveraworkers’performance.Awiderangeofrolescounseloreducatorbrokercasemanagermobilizermediatorfacilitatoradvocatesupervisorsmanagers3skills(technical,peopleandconceptual)Evidence-basedpracticeEvidence-basedpracticeisaprocessinwhichpractitionersmakepracticedecisionsinlightofthebestresearchevidenceavailable.Tools,models,methodsandpoliciesmustbevalidatedbyresearchandconsequenceevaluationalsoshouldusescientificresearchmethodsCriticalthinkingskillsAvoidingthefallacytrap1.Relyingoncaseexamples2.beingvague3.Beingbiasedornotobjective4.Believingthatifit’swrittendownitmustberightaskingquestionsassessingfactassertingaconclusionPlanned-changeprocessPlannedchangeandproblem-solvingStep1engagementStep2assessmentStep3planningStep4implementationStep5evaluationStep6terminationEngagement:socialworkersbegintoestablishcommunicationandarelationshipwithothersandorientthemselvestotheproblems.skillsVerbalcommunicationandnonverbalcommunication(culturalvariations)Conveyingwarmth,empathy,andgenuinenessAlleviatinginitialclientanxietyandintroducingtheworker'spurposeandroleAssessment:gatherandanalyzeinformationtoprovideaconcisepictureoftheclientandhisorherneedsandstrengths.skillsLookingbeyondindividualandexamineotherfactorsintheirenvironmentFindingstrengthsPayingattentionhumandiversityPlanning:whatshouldbedone?Alternativesandconsequencesimplementation:followingtheplanstoachievethegoalsEvaluation:determinewhetheragivenchangeeffortwasworthwhile.termination:theendoftheprofessionalsocialwork-clientrelationshiptypes:Natural,forced,andunplannedskillsAppropriatetimingChapter5:PracticeSettingSettinginSocialWorkPractice:OrganizationsandCommunitiesOrganizationsareentitiesmadeupofpeoplethathaverulesandstructuretoachievespecifiedgoals.Socialservicesinthecontextofsocialagencies.Socialservicesincludethewiderangeofactivitiesthatsocialworkersperformtohelppeoplesolveproblemsandimprovetheirpersonalwell-being.Asocialagencyisanorganizationprovidingsocialservicesthattypicallyemployssocialworkersinadditiontoofficestaff,andsometimesvolunteers.Forms:Publicorprivate;Nonprofitorproprietary(forprofit)SocialworkpracticeinthecontextofcommunitiesAcommunityis“anumberofpeoplewhohavesomethinginsummonwithoneanotherthatconnectstheminsomewayandthatdistinguishesthemfromothers.Somemutualcharacteristic,suchas"location,interest,identification,culture,andactivities"Types:Locality-basedcommunity;NongeographiccommunityThespecialcircumstancesofsocialworkpracticeinruralcommunities.LowpopulationdensitySocialproblemsfacedbyruralresidents:poverty,lackoftransportation,inadequatechildcare,unemployment,substandardhousing,andinsufficienthealthcareandsoon.Fourspecialissuesforruralsocialworkers:(1)truegenelists(workwithdifferentlevelcasesystemsanduseawideofskills)(2)Interagencycooperation.(3)Theimportanceofunderstandingthecommunity,knowingitsvaluesanddevelopingrelationshipswithruralresidents(informalrelationship)(4)Emphasizingstrengthsinherentinruralcommunities.(Informalsupportingsystem)UrbansocialworkUrbansocialworkispracticewithinthecontextoflargecities,withtheirvastarrayofsocialproblems,exceptionaldiversity,andpotentialrangeofresources.Fiveproblemsinurbanareas:(1)Socialproblemsoccurwithgreaterfrequencyandthereforearemorevisibleincities.(2)Widespreadoccurrenceofdiscriminatorybehavior.(3)Migrationproblems.(4)Financialshortfallsorunavailabilityofresources.(5)GreateramountofpsychologicalstressSkillsnecessaryforurbansocialwork(1)Payingattentiontohumandiversity(2)Understandingtheiragencyenvironment(3)Seekingresourcesintheexternalurbanenvironment(4)UsingadvocacyMicropractice:socialworkwithindividualscounseloreducatorbrokerfacilitatoradvocateMicro/mezzopractice:socialworkwithfamiliesTheprimarypurposeoffamilysocialworkistohelpfamilieslearntofunctionmorecompetentlywhilemeetingthedevelopmentandemotionalneedsofallmembers.Thetaskoffamilysocialworkers(1)Beresponsivetothestylesandvaluesoffamiliesfromotherspecialpopulations.(2)Breakcomplextasksintosmallerspecificsteps.(3)Assessthekeyskillsneededforlessstressfulfamilyinteraction.(4)Explainandmodelappropriateskills.(5)Assessindividuallearningstylesandwaystoteachadultsandchildren(6)Establishhomeworkandothermeansofensuringgeneralizationofskillsfromonesettingtoanother.(7)Promoteandrewardskillacquisition.(8)Emphasizestrategiesthathelpdevelopthestrengthsoffamilymembers(9)Motivatethefamilytostayinvolvedevenwhenfacedwithchallengesandsetback.Theimportanceofsocialnetworksforfamilies.Socialnetwork:thestructureandnumberofpeopleandgroupswithwhomyouhavecontactorconsideryourselftobeincontact.Emotionalsupport,instrumentalsupport,informationalsupportandappraisalsupportMezzopractice:socialworkwithgroupTreatmentgroupTaskgroupMacropractice:socialworkwithorganizationsandcommunitiessocialactionsocialplanninglocalitydevelopmentMacroskills(1)Agencyorpublicsocialpoliciesmayrequirechange.(2)Entailinitiatingandconductingprojectswithinagencyorcommunitycontexts(3)Planningandimplementingnewsocialserviceprogramswithinanagencyorcommunity.Chapter6:AnoverviewofsocialwelfareandsocialworkhistoryEarlyEuropeanApproachestoSocialWelfareFeudalismLandsownervs.landlessserfMedievalhospitalChurchPeoplehavelittlemobility,freechoice,potentialforchange.Judeo-Christianthought:"Gooddeeds,loveofone'senemies,andentryintoheaventhroughmercyandcharity".Englandafterfeudalism'sdemisePeoplegainedmobilityandindependencebutlostmuchofthesafetyandsecuritytheoldfeudalsystemhadprovided.Governmentregainssocialcontrolbypassingsomestatute,suchas:Keepingpeoplefrommoving;Forbiddingable-bodiedpeoplefrombegging.TheEnglishElizabethanPoorLawof1601Recipientsarecategorizedinto:1.Dependentchildren2.Impotentpoor3.Theable-bodiedpoor1662Lawofsettlementestablishedanewprincipleofsocialwelfareprovision:residencyrequirement.TheSpeenhamlandSystemThefirstMinimumincomemaintenancesystemTheEnglishPoorLawreformsof1834Governmentwouldnotprovideoutdoorreliefforable-bodiedpeople.BlamethevictimU.S.SocialwelfareHistory:EarlyColonizationtothemid-1800sServicesreflectedamixofpublicandprivatecollaboration.Governmentassumedresponsibilityofadministrationaidbutoftencalleduponlocalchurchesforhelp.Residencyrequirementwasestablished.FocusonMentalHealthandMentalillnessMoraltreatment:humanetreatmentinstructuredinstitutionalsettingsTheCivilWarEraFreemanBureau:thefirstfederalwelfareagency1870-1900Twotrends:Industrialization;UrbanizationFocusonchildren:earlypoliciesInstitutionalcare:almshouseandorphanageFostercareSettlementHouse,CharityOrganizationSocieties,andGeneralistsocialworkSettlementHousewereplaceswhereministers,students,orhumanitarians'settle'tointeractwithpoorslumdwellerswiththepurposeofalleviatingtheconditionofcapitalism.Characters1.Settlehouseapproachaddresstheproblemsinthecontextofenvironment.2.Emphasizeonadvocacy3.EmphasizeonempowermentofpeopleCharityOrganizationSocietiesFriendlyvisitorEstablishabaseofscientificknowledgeandapplyittothehelpingprocessFocusoncuringindividualTheProgressiveperiod:1900to1930TheGreatDepressionandthe1930sTheGreatDepressionandNewDealCashreliefShort-termworkrelief,ExpansionofemploymentTheSocialSecurityActof1935Socialinsurance(foroldage,disability,deathofabreadwinner,unemployment,andwork-relatedinjuryandsickness)PublicAssistance(oldpeople,childrenandblindpeople)The1960sandtheWaronPovertyMorepeopleofcolorareinpovertythanwhitepeople.Publicassistancerollwereescalatingevenunemploymentdecreased.thepublicwelfareamendmentsof1962Supportivesocialservicetohelpwelfarerecipientstoself-supporting.WaronpovertyHeadStart;VolunteersinServicetoAmericaAReturntoConservatisminthe1970sConservativeextremesinthe1980sandearly1990s.TranslationSocialWorkershavedifficultieswithempowermentstrategiesbecausetheiragenciesarepartofasocialsystemwhichroutinelydevaluescertainminoritygroups.Makingequalresponsestoallpeoplewhocometoanagencymayreducediscrimination.Sincenegativevaluationsaresowidespread,agenciesmayunthinkinglyimplementthem.Consequently,wediscouragepotentialclientsfromusingtheagencyandtheydonotreceivetheequaltreatmentavailable.Chapter7:Policy,PolicyAnalysis,PolicyPractice,andPolicyAdvocacySocialwelfarepolicyPolicy:rulesthatgovernpeople'slivesanddictateexpectationsforbehavior.SocialWelfarePolicy:Lawsandregulationsthatgovernwhichsocialwelfareprogramsexist,whatcategoriesofclientsareserved,andwhoqualifiesforagivenprogram.AgencyPolicy:standardsadoptedbyorganizationsandprogramsthatprovideservices.SocialWelfarePolicyDevelopmentphase1Recognizingsociety'svaluesaboutwhatisconsideredimportantorworthwhile.Phase2Identifyingproblemsandneedsthatrequireattention.Phase3Identificationofpublicopinionaboutanidentifiedproblemandpeople'srelatedneeds.Normativeorientationphase4Legislatorsconfrontedwithaproblemorneedandswampedwithpublicopinionundertakethecomplicatedformulationofsocialwelfarepolicytoaddresstheissues.Phase5Implementationthroughasocialwelfareprogram.Phase6Socialservicesaredeliveredbysocialworkersandotherstaffinthecontextofsocialservicesagencies.Structuralcomponentsofsocialwelfareprograms1.Whatarepeople'sneedsandprogramgoals?I.e.thefoodstampprogram2.Whatkindsofbenefitsareprovided?Cashandin-kind3.Whataretheeligibilitycriteriafortheprogram?Meanstest4.Whopaysfortheprograms?Generaltax,statelottery,socialsecuritytax;privateagency;client5.Howistheprogramadministeredandrun?National,state,orlocal?Valueperspectivesandpoliticalideology:effectsonsocialresponsibilityandsocialwelfareprogramdevelopmentTheconservative-liberalcontinuumradicalismresidualandinstitutionalperspectivesonsocialwelfarepolicyandprogramdevelopmentuniversalversusselectiveserviceprovision Valueorientation Conservative liberal viewofresponsibility individualresponsibility society'sresponsibility conceptionofwhereproblemsandneedslie pessimistic:peoplearebasicallylazy optimistic:peoplewillthriveifgivensupport perspectiveongovernmentalintervention governmentshouldnotinterfere it'sgovernment'sresponsibilitytohelp socialwelfareprogramorientation residualreactive institutionalsupportive/ongoing benefitavailability selective universalPolicyanalysisFive-EApproachHoweffectiveisthepolicy?Howefficientisthepolicy?Isthepolicyethicallysound?Whatdoesevaluationofpotentialalternativepoliciesreveal?Whatrecommendationscanbeestablishedforpositivechanges?PolicyPracticeandPolicyAdvocacyChapter8:SocialworkandservicesinhealthcareHealthproblemsFactorscausinghealthproblems:1.Unhealthfullifestyles2.Physicalinjured3.Enviromentalfactors4.Poverty5.ContagiousSocialWorkRolesinHealthCare：medicalsocialworkerSocialworkrolesindirecthealthcarepractice1.Hospital,medicalclinicsandsoon(1)Helppatientsunderstandandinterprettechnicalmedicaljargon(2)Offeremotionalsupport(3)Helpterminallyillpeopledealwiththeirfeelingsandmakeend-of-lifeplans.(4)Helppatient’sadjusttheirlivesandlifestylestoaccommodatetonewconditionswhentheyreturnhomeaftermedicaltreatment(5)Helpparentsofchildrenwhohaveseriousillnessesordisabilitiescopewiththeseconditionsandrespondtochildren'sneeds.(6)Serveasbrokerswholinkpatientswithnecessarysupportiveresourcesandservicesafterleavingthemedicalfacility.(7)Helppatientsmakefinancialarrangementstopayhospitalandothermedicalbills.(8)Providehealtheducationaimedatestablishingahealthfullifestyleandpreventingillness.2.PublicHealthDepartmentsandotherhealthcarecontexts(1)Preventingdiseases(2)Prolonginglife(3)Promotinghealthandefficiencythroughorganizedcommunityeffort3.ManagedcaresettingsTraditionalhealthyinsurance(fee-for-servicebasis)Assessmenttodeterminewhetherpatientsareeligibleforbenefitsandwhicharemostappropriate.MacroPracticeinHealthcare:seekingempowermentAdvocatingforhealthcoverageandhealthcarelegislation,policiesandresourcesHealthCarepolicyandproblemsinthemacroenvironmentTheescalatingcostofhealthcare1.Therapidaccelerationoftechnologicaladvanceshasincreasedthetypesofservices,drugs,andtestingavailable.2.Thepopulationisaging.UnequalaccesstohealthcareNationalhealthinsurancevs.contribution-basedhealthinsuranceProblemsinmanagedcareCapitationCostandhealth-careoutcomeCulturalcompetenceAPIcultural:FilialpietyCollectiveversusindividualdecisionmakingEmphasisonHarmonyversusconflictNonverbalcommunicationsFatalismShameataskingforhelpInternationalperspectives:AIDS-AGlobalCrisisAIDS:acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndromeHIV:humanimmunodeficiencyvirusEmpowermentforpeoplelivingwithAIDSvictimsvs.PeoplelivingwithAIDSSocialworkrolesandempowermentforpeoplelivingwithAIDSCounseling;Educator;Crisisintervention;Empowermentandreconnection(supportsystem);Familycounseling;Broker;Referralandsupportgroup;CasemanagementTranslationToputtheproblemsomewhatdifferentlyonemightsaythatsocialadministrationhastendedtooperatewithtwobasicmodelsofsocialpolicy-residual(conservative)andinstitutional(liberal/socialdemocratic)-almosttotallyignoringathirdmodelofwelfarewhichmightbecalled'structural'.ThisisaviewofwelfarebasedonMarxistanalysisofthecapitalistsystemandofitseventualsupersessionbysocialism.Briefly,itproposedtheinstitutionalizationofwelfareasacentralsocialvalue,butfranklyadmitsthatthiscannotbeachievedwithintheconfinesofcapitalism.Chapter9:SocialWorkandServicesinMentalHealthMentalHealth,Mentalillness,andsocialworkroles1.MentalHealthisthestateofrelativepsychologicalandemotionalwell-beinginwhichanindividualcanmakeacceptablyrationaldecisions,copeadequatelywithpersonalandexternalstresses,andmaintainsatisfactoryadjustmenttosociety2.Mentalillness(mentaldisorder)isanyofawiderangeofpsychological,emotional,orcognitivedisordersthatimpairaperson'sabilitytofunctioneffectively.EmploymentsettingsinmentalhealthforsocialworkersTheLeastrestrictivesettingonacontinuumofcare:empoweringclientsThemostrestrictivesettingvs.Theleastrestrictivesetting1.InpatientmentalandpsychiatrichospitalsInpatientmeansthatclientsresideinthefacilityforsomeperiod.2.ResidentialtreatmentcentersforchildrenandadolescentsAnareainwhichchildwelfareandmentalhealthoverlapisresidentialtreatmentcentersandgrouphomeforchildren.Technical:positivereinforcement,empathy,feedback,tokenandpointsystem3.GrouphomesmallerandlessrestrictivethanRTC.4.Psychiatricunitsingeneralhospitals:Offeremergencypsychiatriccareonatemporaryinpatientbasisforpeopleincrisis5.Outpatienttreatmentagencies:Provideindividual,group,andfamilycounselingforawiderangeofmentalhealthandsubstanceabuseproblems.Clinicsocialworkers6.Employeeassistanceprogram(EAS):Serviceprovidedbyorganizationsthatfocusonworkers'mentalhealthandonadjustmentproblemsthatinterferewiththeirworkperformance.Occupationalsocialwork:canprovidegriefcounseling,stressandtimemanagement,maritalproblems,childcareneed,financialissues,retirementplanning,andcrisisintervention.7.Communitymentalhealthcenters:amacroresponsetoindividualneeds(1)Casemanagement(2)Childandadolescentservices(3)Informationandeducationprograms(4)Long-termcommunityprograms(5)Daytreatmentprogram(6)AlcoholandotherdrugtreatmentprogramsClientswithmentalhealthproblems1.DementiaAlzheimerdisease2.Schizophreniaandotherpsychoticdisorderslossofcontactwithreality3.MooddisordersDepressivedisorderBipolardisorders(manic-depressiveillness)4.AnxietydisordersPanicattacksPosttraumaticstressdisorder5.DissociativedisordersMultiplepersonalitydisorders6.EatingdisordersAnorexiaNervosaBulimiaNervosa7.ImpulsecontroldisorderPathologicalgambling8.PersonalitydisordersParanoidAntisocialAvoidantDependentObsessive-composiveWhatsocialworkersdoinmentalhealth?1.CasemanagementinmicropracticeMicropractice:psychotherapySuchas:cognitivetherapy,psychoanalysis,focus-solutiontherapy……2.MezzoPractice:runningtreatmentgroupsTherapy,support,education,growthandsocialization3.Mezzopractice:treatingfamilies4.MacropracticeandpolicypracticeinmentalhealthAdvocateforpositivechangeonbehalfoflargegroupsofclientsImprovepoliciesandserviceprovisionDevelopinnovativeprogramstomeetmentalhealthneeds.5.Evidence-basedpracticeinmentalhealth(1)Comprehensivecommunitysupport(2)Familyeducationandsupport(3)Workencouragementandassistance(4)Coordinatedtreatmentforconcurrentsubstanceabuseissues(5)EducationalandcopingskilldevelopmentgroupsChapter10:SocialworkandservicesforyouthsandintheschoolsSchoolsocialworkSchoolsocialworktakesplaceinschoolsettings,wherepractitionersworkwithstudents,families,otherschoolpersonnel,andcommunitiestoprovidethebesteducationpossiblefortoday'syouth.Schoolsocialworkroles1.Consultant2.Counselor3.Facilitator4.Educator5.Advocate6.Broker7.Casemanager8.Communityinterventioncollaborator9.PolicyinitiatoranddeveloperGayandLesbianYouths:apopulation-at-riskLGBTyouth(Lesbian,Gay,Bisexual,transgender)IdentitydevelopingHowtoadjusttosociallystigmatizedroles.Socialworkerscanassistinthecomingoutprocess4steps(1)ComingouttooneselfSocialworkerscando:accepting,supports,andnodenying(2)GettingtoknowotherpeoplewithinthegayandlesbiancommunitySocialworkerscando:specialadvocacyefforts,peersupportgroups,recreationprogram,andotherresourcestocountertheisolationanddespair(3)Sharingthisself-identitywithpeoplewithwhoareclosetothemsocialworkerscando:helpingclientsidentifythosewhotheyexpectwillrespondtotheircomingoutinanacceptingmanner;decidinghowandwhentherevelationshouldbemade;preparingtopotentialnegativerespondtocomingout(4)BeingopentotheworldaboutbeinggayorlesbianCreativeempowermentforyouthsthroughmacropracticeAProject:CommunityAssetsAssessmentOrganizer:NewBridgeThePlan:Provideyouthwithanappreciationofcommunicationstrengths.Recommendation(1)Socialworkersrecruityouthtoidentify"potentialstudentleadersandpossibleprojectsinvolvingnaturalsupportsystems".(2)Schoolinvitebusinessownerinthecommunitytotalkabouthowtheystarttheirbusiness.(3)Studentgathersinformationoncommunitystrength,bywhichtheycangetextracreditsinsocialstudycourse.SchoolSocialWorkers'roleinthePreventionofSchoolViolenceRiskfactorstopredictyouthviolencehyperactivityorattentiondeficitsparentcriminalitypoorfamilymanagementpracticelowbondingtoschoolhavingdelinquentfriendsgangmembershipWhatsocialworkersdotopreventschoolviolence?(1)Needsassessments--systematicanalysesofclientproblemsandissuestodetermineclients'needsanddevelopproblem-solvingstrategies.-dataanalysis-questionnaire-focusgroup(2)Conflictresolution-identificationoftheproblem-brainstormingpossiblesolution-agreeingonasolution-confirmingintenttomaketheresolutionwork(3)ViolencepreventionprogramsTeenagesexualactivity,pregnancy,andparentingissuesReasonsTeensgetspregnant-Failuretousebirthcontrol(lackknowledgeofcontraception,myths)-otherpsychologicalreasonsSocialWorkroles-Preventionofpregnancy(sexeducation)-identificationofpregnancy-counselingconcerningalternatives-helpduringpregnancy-helpingmothersafterthepregnancyChapter11SocialWorkandservicesforpeoplewithdisabilitiesPeoplewithmobilitydisabilitiesPeoplewhohavemobilitydisabilities"arethosewhosephysicaldifferencescompelthemtoachievephysicalactivitiesinavarietyofalternateways.Someacquiredmobilitydisabilities1.Stroke2.Musculardystrophy3.Rheumatoidarthritis(RA)4.Multiplesclerosis(MS)5.Myastheniagravis(MG)6.SpinalcordinjuryEthicalimplicationsforsocialworkpractice:theimportanceofself-determinationMythsaboutdisabilities:-themoresevereaphysicaldisabilityis,thelessintelligenttheperson.-peoplewithphysicaldisabilitiesareunabletofunctionnormallyinsociety.-peoplewithonekindofdisabilityalsohaveotherdisabilities.PaternalismMaximizingtheclients'self-determinationandserviceprovision.1.Adoptingaconsumer-orientedapproachAcceptingthattheyknowtheirownneedsandcanmakeintelligentdecisionsaboutservices.4facetstoavoidingpaternalism(1)Socialworkersmustlistencarefullytowhattheclientissayinginsteadofjumpingtoconclusionsbasedonthedisabilitylabel.(2)Theymustaskquestionsandseekclarificationwhenevertheydonotunderstandsomething.(3)Theymustscrutinizeanypossibleassumptionstheymaybemakingabouttheirclientandhisorherdisability.(4)Theyshouldobtainclientsinformedconsent.2.LearningaboutservicesandresourcesTheself-determinationmovement:recommendationsforpolicychange(1)Freedom(2)Authority(3)Support(4)Responsibility3.AdvocatingforclientswithdisabilitieswheneverpossibleDefiningdevelopmentaldisabilitiesThe5characteristicsofdevelopmentaldisabilities:(1)Thedisabilityisbothsevereandchronic.(2)Thedisabilityoccursbeforeage22.(3)Theconditionsarelikelytobepermanent.(4)Thedisabilityresultsinsubstantialfunctionallimitation.(5)Adevelopmentaldisabilitydemonstratestheneedforlifelongsupplementaryhelpandservices.IntellectualdisabilityCerebralpalsyEpilepsyOrthopedicproblemsDeafnessandhardnessofhearingVisualimpairmentAutismMultipledisabilitiesTreatmentovertimeofpeoplewithdevelopmentaldisabilities:ThequestforsocialandeconomicjusticePriortothelate1960s:individualpathologyThe1990sandbeyond:consumerempowermentIndividualizationEmphasisonchoiceInnovationFamilysupportCommunityempowermentforpeoplewithintellectualdisabilitiesAssociationforRetardedCitizens(ARC)InformationandreferralservicesandhelplinesNoinstitutionallivingfacilitiesVocationalandemploymentprogramsOthersupportservicesAdvocacyCommunityvolunteersRecreationalactivitiesChapter12SocialWorkandservicesforolderadultsGlobalgrayingThreeissuesbroughtbyglobalgraying(1)Grayingwillbringgreaterdependenceasaresultofgreaterlongevityaccompaniedbychronicillhealth.(2)Therewillbeaninadequatesupplyofcaregiversbecauseofsmallerfamilysizes.(3)StatefinanceswillbeinadequatetosupporttheincreasingdependenceofolderpeopleCommonproblemsfacingolderadultsAgeisminvolvesharboringnegativeimagesofandattitudetowardpeoplesimplybecausetheyareolder.Mythsonolderpeople:A.allolderadultsareburdenedwithmultiplephysicalcomplaintsandareriddledwithdisease.B.youcan'tteachanolddognewtricks;oldpeoplearesetintheirways.C.alloldpeoplearesenile.discriminationinemploymentpovertySocialsecurityisaprimarymeansofkeepingolderadultsoutofpoverty.Dependencyratio(benefitrecipients/workers)retirementAdjustReducedincomeHealthcareabuseofolderadultsWhatisabuseofolderadults?Whoistheperpetrator?livingconditionsandfamilyvariablesLivinginhomevs.livinginnursinghomestransitionissuesRetirementLossofspouseLossinabilityContextsforsocialworkpracticewitholderadultsAprimaryvalueisautonomywhenworkingwitholderadults.long-termcarethroughhome-basedandcommunityhealthservicesLong-termcareishealth,personalcare,andsocialservicesdeliveredoverasustainedperiodoftimetopersonswhohavelostorneverachievedsomecapacityforself-care1.home-basedservicesHome-basedservicesorhomecarearetypesofassistanceprovidedtopeopleintheirownhomes.Socialworkercando(1)Assessaninformalsupportnetwork(2)Respitecare/telephonereassuranceservices(3)Formalsupportnetwork2.community-basedservices(1)Adultdaycare(2)Hospices(3)Seniorcenters(4)Congregatemealprogram(5)SeniorhomerepairandmaintenanceprogramdischargeplanninginhospitalsettingsserviceprovisioninnursinghomesStaffstructure:(1)Dietarydepartments(2)Activitiesdepartments(3)Nursingservices(4)Socialservices(5)Housekeepingandlaundrystaff(6)OthermedicalstaffEmpowermentfordiversepopulationsofolderadultsconceptsandstrategiesinempowerment4conceptsAdaption:adapttonewexperiences,issues,andevenlossCompetence:candoinsteadoftheycan'tdoRelatedness:relationshipwithotherpeopleAutonomy:liveasindependentaspossibleHowtoimprovesocialworkersensitivitytoolderadults?(1)Identifyandfaceanypreconceivednotionsandstereotypesaboutolderadults.(2)Understandingthatolderadultsareindividualswithuniquecharacteristics,experiences,andpersonalitiesasanyoneelse.(3)Learningabouthowgenderandculturalbackgroundinfluencetheagingexperience.Chapter13SocialWorkandservicesforChildrenandFamilyThediversityoffamiliesAfamilyisaprimarygroupwhosemembersassumecertainobligationsforeachotherandgenerallysharecommonresidences.Threenotions(1)PrimarygroupPeoplewhoareintimateandhavefrequentface-to-facecontactwithoneanother,havenormsincommon,andsharemutuallyenduringandextensiveinfluences.(2)ObligationsforeachotherAsenseofmutualcommitmenttoandresponsibilityforotherfamilymembers.(3)CommonresidencesLivingtogetherFamilystructurePrimaryfamilystructure:nuclearfamilyandextendedfamilyOtherfamilystructure:single-parentfamily;stepfamily;blendedfamily;intergenerationalfamiliesMajorthrustsofservicesforchildrenandfamiliescontinuumofneedforfamilies'survivalChildwelfare:ahistoricalsocialworkfieldofpracticeBasicgoalsofchildwelfareMeetingvulnerablechildren'sunmetemotional,behavioral,andhealthneeds.Providingadequateresourcestoaddressexternalconditionssuchaspovertyandinadequatehealthcaresochildrencandevelopandthriveinahealthy,nurturingsocialenvironment.Empoweringfamiliesbybuildingonstrengthssoparentscaneffectivelyprovideforandprotecttheirchildren.Improvinginternalfamilyconditionsinvolvinginterpersonaldynamics,communications,substanceabuseandconflict.safeguardingchildrenfromvariousformsofneglectandabuseWhennecessary,makingpermanentfamilylivingconditionsavailablethroughadoptionsortransferofguardianship.SupportiveandsubstituteservicesSupportiveservices"support,reinforce,andstrengthentheabilityofparentsandchildrentomeettheresponsibilitiesoftheirrespectivestatuses".Financialandotherresourceassistance;mentalhealthtreatment;grouptherapy;daycareandfamilylifeeducation..........Substituteservice:anotherfamilyorenvironmentissubstitutedforthechild'sownfamily.Fostercare;residentialplacement;independentlivingoradoption.........ChildmaltreatmentandchildprotectiveservicesWhatarechildmaltreatment,abuse,andneglect?Childmaltreatmentistheumbrellatermforphysicalabuse,sexualabuse,psychologicalabuse,andneglect.physicalabuseHowtoidentifyphysicalabuse?(1)Physicalindicator:bruises,lacerations,fractures,burns,headinjures,andinternalinjuries.(2)Analogicalexplanation(3)Behavioralindicator:passivityandsubmissiveness;aggressionandhostility.Sexualabuse(incest)Howtoidentifysexualabuse?(1)Injuredorbleeding(2)Emotionalindicator:depression,lowself-esteem,andthoughtofsuicide.(3)Sexualbehaviororknowledgeinappropriatetoachild'sagechildneglectpsychologicaloremotionalneglect9typesofbehaviorofpsychologicalmaltreatment(1)Detainingchildreninasmallspacebytiringorlockingthemupforlongperiods.(2)Extremepublicembarrassmentanddisgrace(3)Cinderellasyndrome(4)Extremeverbalcruelty(5)Urgingorforcingachildintodelinquentbehavior(6)Intimidatingchildrenbythreateningseriousinjury,abandonment,orevendeath(7)Refusingtoseeknecessarypsychologicaltreatment(8)Restrictingachild'semotionalandsocialdevelopment(9)DeprivingachildofloveandemotionalsupportWhatcausechildmaltreatment?Physicalabuser:Aneedforpersonalsupportandnurturance.Aneedtoovercomeisolationandestablishsocialcontacts.Aneedtolearnappropriateparentingskills.Aneedtoimproveself-esteem.parentswhoneglectchildren.4needsandpovertyChildprotectiveservices(CPS)andthesocialworkroleCPSagenciesinvestigatereportsofchildabuseandneglect,assessthedegreeofharmandtheongoingriskofharmtothechild,determinewhetherthechildcanremainsafelyinthehomeorshouldbeplacedinthecustodyofthestate,andworkcloselywiththefamilyorjuvenilecourtregardingappropriateplansforthechild'ssafetyandwell-being.socialworkrolesForthevictims:MeetingtheirmedicalneedsandkeepingthemsafetyIncreasingself-esteem,decreasingfeelingofhopelessness,decreasingaggressivebehaviorandnegativebehaviorFortheparents:Strengthentheircopingskills,parentingskills,andchildmanagementtechniques;grouptherapyworkingwithandreferringtootheragencyRespitecare(temporarycare)DaycareSupportserviceParentalaidesBigbrother/bigsisteroradoptedgrandparentprogramIntensivefamilypreservation:onetreatmentapproachFamilypreservationservicesareintensiveservicesgenerallydeliveredintheclient'shomeoverabrief,time-limitedperiod.Goals:protectchildrenmaintainandstrengthenfamilybondstabilizethecrisissituationincreasethefamily'sskillsandcompetenciesfacilitatethefamily'suseofavarietyofformalandinformalhelpingresourcesPreventunnecessaryout-of-homeplacementofchildren.keythemesinfamilypreservation1)Crisisorientation2)Focusonfamily3)home-basedservices4)Timelimits5)Limited,focusedobjectives6)Intensive,comprehensiveservices7)Emphasisoneducationandskillbuilding8)Coordination9)Flexibility10)Accessibility11)AccountabilityChilddaycarethreetypes:BabysitterTothecareprovider'shomeOrganizeddaycarecentreOthersupportiveservicesfamilylifeeducationAkindofgroupworkrespitecareSupervisionofachildbyanothercaregiverSubstituteservicespermanencyplanningKinshipcareFosterfamilycareResidentialsettings:grouphome,treatmentcenters,independentlivingarrangementsAdoption:RelatedadoptionUnrelatedadoptionSpecialneedsadoptionsocialworkrolesinadoptionAssessthereadyofchildrenbeingadoptionAssistchildrencopingwithnegativefeeling(loss,grief,abandonment)AssisttheadoptiveparentsChapter14SocialWorkandservicesinthecriminaljusticesystemCriminaljusticesystem•thecomplex,integratedsystemofprograms,policies,laws,andagenciesdevotedtopreventingandcontrollingcrime.•function:1)Adjudication2)Incarceration3)RehabilitationWhocommitscrimes?•Gender•age•socialclassCriminaljusticesettingsandforensicsocialwork•forensicsocialworkerisworkinginthelawandlegalsystem•function:Assesssuspect'smentalcompetenceMakecommendationconcerningchildcustody,divorce,andsoonAsexpertwitnessAdvocateforwelfareright•adultcorrectionalinstitutions-counseling(angermanagement,preparingforrelease,copingwithdrugabuse)-helpingprisonadministratormakingdecisionaboutjobplacement-helpingprisonpersonnel-organizingprisonactivities•administrativeplanningcentersAdministratingandplanningforcorrectionalsystem•community-basedcorrections:probationandparoleservicesAssistanceandoverseeing•victimassistanceprogramsandcrisisinterventionprograms•domesticviolenceserviceShelterforbatteredwomenAdditionalservices:counselingandlinkingtheresourcessuchastrainingandlegalassistance•juvenilecorrectionsJuvenile(under18)Anti-socialbehaviors1)Juveniledelinquentoffenses2)Statusoffenses(suchasrunaway,truant,sexintercourse,drinkalcohol)SocialworkroleinjuvenilecorrectionRehabilitationandprevention•YouthgangsThreetypes:CriminalgangsConflictgangsRetreatsgangs•preventionandinterventioningangsPrevention:provideservicesandresourcestothecommunitiesIntervention:opportunityprovision;socialinterventionSuppression