音图和拼写规则(全英文、音标版)

音图和拼写规则(全英文、音标版)SpellingRulesChart1.Q:QisalwaysfollowedbyU.Uisnotavowelhere.(queen).2.C:Thelettercusuallysays[k](cat,cot,cut),butcsays[s]beforee,i,ory(cent,city,cycle)3.G:Thelettergusuallysays[g](gate,go,gust),butgmaysay[dʒ]beforee,i,ory(page,giant,gym).Theletterseandifollowinggdonotalwaysmakethegsay[dʒ](get,girl,give).4.A,E,O,U: Vowelsa,e,o,uusuallysaytheirnames/longsounds[ei][i:][әu][ju:]attheendofasyllable(navy,me,open,music).(Thesearereferredtoasopensyllables.)Thisrulehelpsstudentsknowhowtodivideunfamiliarvowel-consonant-vowelwordsandthenpronouncethewordcorrectly.     (report…ratherthanreport).5.I&Y:Theletteriandymaysay[ai]attheendofasyllable(silent,cycle),butusuallysay[i](incident,cyclical).Theunaccentedsuffix–ymaysay[i:]attheendofaword(baby,daddy).Theiattheendofasyllablebeforeanothervowelthatbeginsthenextsyllablemaysay[i:](radio,media).6.YnotI:.Englishwordsdonotendini,j,uorv.Thelettery,noti,isusedattheendofanEnglishword(my).7.SilentFinalEs:TheyhaveatleastfivefunctionsinEnglish，SilentFinale'sshouldbethoughtofas"havingajob."Thejobofthe#1 silentfinaleistoletthevowelsayitssecondsound(lettername)　bakegenetime/typecodecuteThejobofthe#2 SilentfinaleistopreventusfromendinganEnglishwordwith voru，becauseEnglishwordsdonotendini,j,uorv.lovegivebluetrueThejobofthe#3 Silentfinaleistosoftenacorg(tomakecsays[s],gsays[dʒ]).chance changeThejobofthe#4 Silentfinaleistopreventusfromhavingasyllablewithnovowel.Everysyllablemusthaveawrittenvowel.　littlecastle bottle dabble fiddleSilente#5:otherjobsorunknownreasons(1)TheEkeepsawordthatisnotpluralfromendinginan's' Ex:dense(notdens),purse(notpurs),false(notfals)(2)TheEaddslengthtoashortmain-ideaword.Ex.:are,ewe,rye(3)TheEgivesadistinctioninmeaningbetweenhomonyms.　Ex.:or/orefor/fore(4)TheEisleftoverfromMiddleEnglishoraforeignlanguagewherethefinalEwasoncepronounced. Ex：treatisegiraffe8.WOR:Thephonogramormaysay[ә:]afterthew(works).9.IEorEI:Weusetheiemostoften.Weusetheietosay[i:](piece),asasuffix(movie),tosay[ai](pie).Weusetheeiafterc(receive),ifwesay[ei],andinsomeexceptions.(eitherweirdforeignsovereignforfeitedleisureneitherseizeprotein)10.SH:SHisusedatthebeginningofaword(she),attheendofasyllable/word(fish/fishes),butnotatthebeginningofanysyllableafterthefirstone(nation),exceptfortheending–ship(friendship).11.TI,SI,CI:Theti,si,cisay [∫]atthebeginningofanysyllableafterthefirstone  (nation,mansion,special).12/13.SI:.Thesisays[∫]whentheprecedingsyllableendswiths(session)andwhentherootwordhasans(manse/mansion).Onlysicansay[ʒ]exceptfortiin"equation."(vision)14.Rule1-1-1Suffix:Withaonesyllablewordendinginonevowelandoneconsonant,doublethelastconsonantbeforeaddingavowelsuffix(hop/hopping).15.Rule2-1-1Accent:Withatwoormoresyllablewordendinginonevowelandoneconsonant,doublethelastconsonantbeforeaddingavowelsuffixIFtheaccentisonthelastsyllable(forgot/forgot/ten).16.E’sDroppingRule(silentfinalEsaredropped):Whenaddingavowelsuffixtoarootword(hope/hoping).Theeisretainedinrootwordswithcorgbeforee,theecanonlybedroppedifthesuffixbeginswithe,i,y(toletcsay[s],noticing)andgsay[dʒ](changing).Insuffixesthatbeginwithanothervowel,theeisretained(noticeable, changeable).Theeisretainedinwordsthatlosetheirrootwordmeaning(dye/dyeing).Theeisretainedwithaconsonantsuffix(lonely).17.F,L,S:Weoftendoublef,l,s,afterasinglevowel,attheendofaone-syllableword.(full,puff,pass).Occasionallyotherlettersalsoaredoubled.(egg,odd,inn,jazz)18.AY:Rootwordsdonotendintheletterasaying[ei]exceptforthearticlea.Theayisusedmostoften(play).Whenawordendwitha,itsays[a:]19.I&O:Vowelsiandomaysay[ai]and[әu]whenfollowedbytwoconsonants(find,cold).20.S,X&Suffix–es:Tomakemostnounsplural,add–s.Thesneverfollowsx.Wordsendingins(dresses),x(boxes),z(buzzes),ch(teaches),sh(bushes),tch(catches)orthesound[dʒ] dge(bridges)formtheirpluralbyadding–es.Somewordschangeftovandendwith–es(wives).Wordsendinginyafteraconsonantformtheirpluralsbychangingtheytoiandadding–es(puppies).See:Rule2421.L Dismiss:Thewordsall,fullandtillarewrittenwithonelwhentheyareaddedtoanothersyllable.(almost,careful,until)22.DGE:3-letter[dʒ](dge)maybeusedafterasinglevowelwhichsays[æ]-[e]-[i]-[ɔ]-[Λ](badge,edge,ridge,lodge,fudge). 23.TCH:3-letter[t∫]maybeusedafterasinglevowelwhichdoesnotsay[ei]-[i:]-[ai]-[әu]-[ju:](matchwatchsketchblotchcrutchbutcher)24.Y’sSuffixes:Thesinglevowely(notphonogramsay,eyoroy)changestoiwhenaddingasuffix(try/tried,puppy/puppies)unlessthesuffixstartswithani(-ing/trying,-ish/babyish).25.CK:Theckmaybeusedonlyafterasinglevowelwhichsays[æ]-[e]-[i]-[ɔ]-[Λ](back,peck,pick,pocket,truck).26.Caps:Capitalizewordsthataretheindividualnameortitleofaperson,placeorthing/idea.27.Z&S:Thez,nevers,isusedtosay[z]atthebeginningofarootword(zebra,zoo).28.ED:Theedsays[d]and[t] asthepasttenseendingofanyrootwordthatdoesnotendinthesound[d](killed)or[t](liked).Whentheedsays[ed]afterwordsendingwithd(land/landed)ort(act/acted)theyformanothersyllable.29.DoubleConsonants:Doubleconsonantswithinwordsofmorethanonesyllableshouldbothbesoundedforspelling.(little,button)Phonograms Chart音图  美国音标    国际音标  例词1.a /ă/-/ā/-/ah/  [æ]-[ei]-[a:] haveaball2.b /b/[b]     bumblebee3.c /k/-/s/    [k]-[s]   catinthecity4.d /d/     [d]    daddy’sdragon5.e /ĕ/-/ē/    [e]-[i:]   helpme6.f /f/     　[f]     funnyface7.g/g/-/j/    [g]-[dʒ] goatandgiraffe8.h /h/     [h]     hug9.i /ĭ/-/ī/-/ē/  [i]-[ai]-[i:]  it’sagiantradio10.j /j/      [dʒ]    jumpingjack11.k /k/tall-letter/k/ [k]   king12.l /l/       [l]   lollipop 13.m /m/      [m]  mammoth14.n /n/      [n]    noon15.o /o/-/ō/-/ŭ/-/oo/ [ɔ]-[әu]-[ʌ]-[u:]  Oxover?Loveto!16.p /p/      [p]   puppies 17.qu /kw/     [kw]  queen Alwayswriteqwithu.18.r /r/      [r]   roadrunner19.s /s/-/z/    [s]-[z]  Susie20.t /t/      [t]    teeter-totter21.u /ŭ/-/ū/-/oo/ [ʌ]-[ju:]-[u] ducksuseoutput22.v /v/     [v]    valentine23.w /w/     [w]    wiggleworm24.x /ks/     [ks]    x-rayafox25.y/y/-/ĭ/-/ī/-/ē/ [j]-[i]-[ai]-[i:]  yourgypsycanflyquickly26.z /z/     [z]  zebraatthezoo27.sh/sh/usedatthebeginningofaword(she),attheendofasyllable(fishes),butnotatthebeginningofanysyllableafterthefirstone(nation),exceptfortheending –ship [∫]  shefishesforfriendship28.ee /ē/doubleeealwayssays/ē/ [i:]  peek29.th /th/-/th/  [θ]-[ð] threeofthem30.ay/ā/2-letter/ā/thatwemayuseattheendofEnglishwords[ei] playsailboat31.ai /ā/2-letter/ā/thatwemaynotuseattheendofEnglishwords[ei]  playsailboat32.ow /ow/-/ō/thatwemayuseattheendofEnglishwords[au]-[әu] cowboyshow33.ou /ow/-/ō/-/oo/-/ŭ/thatwemaynotuseattheendofEnglishwords[au]-[әu]-[u:]-[Λ] sound soul youth trouble34.aw /aw/thatwemayuseattheendofEnglishwords[ɔ:] autolaw35.au /au/thatwemaynotuseattheendofEnglishwords[ɔ:]autolaw36.ew /oo/-/ū/thatwemayuseattheendofEnglishwords[u:]-[ju:] brewafew37.ui /oo/-/ū/thatwemaynotuseattheendofEnglishwords[u:][ju:] fruitjuice38.oy /oy/thatwemayuseattheendofEnglishwords[ɔi]   noisyboy39.oi /oi/thatwemaynotuseattheendofEnglishwords[ɔi]   noisyboy40.oo /oo/-/oo/-/ō/ [u:]-[u]-[әu]    foolishcrookatthedoor41.ch /ch/-/k/-/sh/saidgraduallyfaster,itresemblesatrain[t∫]-[k]-[∫]chickechochef42.ng /ng/usedattheendofawordorsyllable(anasalsound)[ŋ] singalongsong43.ea /ē/-/ĕ/-/ā/  [i:]-[e]-[ei]   eatingbreadisgreat44.ar /ar/the/ar/ofcar   [ar:]  car45.ck /k/2-letter[k]usedonlyattheendofarootwordafterasinglevowelthatsays [æ][e][i][ɔ][Λ]   [k]  prickapickle46.ed /ed/-/d/-/t/pasttenseending[ed]-[d]-[t] spotted,starred,striped47.or /or/     [ɔr:]    formasword48.wh /wh/(blowafeatheroffyourpalm) [hw] whispertowhale古英语传统读法是[hw]，现在大部分人是读成[w]。您也可以教这个音图为[w],加说　2-letter[w]，　以区别于w这个音图。即wh,2-letter[w]49.oa /ō/2-letter/ō/thatwemaynotuseattheendofEnglishwords[әu]  toadonaboat50.oe /ō/2-letter/ō/thatwemayuseattheendofEnglishwords[әu]  tiptoe51.er /er/the/er/ofher [ә:]52.ir /er/the/er/offirst53.ur/er/the/er/ofnurse54.wor/er/the/er/]ofwork(Thewor=/w/-/or/,inmostotherwordswbeforeormakesorsay[ә:].)55.ear/er/the/er/ofearly56.our /er/the/er/ofjourney57.ey /ā/-/ē/thatwemayuseattheendofEnglishwords[ei]-[i:] theyhavethehoney58.ei/ā/-/ē/thatwemaynotuseattheendofEnglishwords[ei]-[i:] theirleisure59.eigh /ā/4-letter/ā/ [ei]  eightfreightcars60.ie /ē/-/ī/       [i:]-[ai] pieceofpie61.igh /ī/3-letter/ī/ [ai]  nightlight62.kn /n/2-letter/n/usedonlyatthebeginningofarootword[n]  knight’sknockout63.gn /n/2-letter/n/usedatthebeginningandattheendofarootword[n]  gnatsign64.wr/r/2-letter/r/usedonlyatthebeginningofarootword[r]  don’twritewrong65.ph /f/2-letter/f/   [f]   photograph66.dge /j/3-letter/j/usedonlyattheendofarootwordafterasinglevowelthatsays/ă/-/ĕ/-/ĭ/-/ŏ/-/ŭ/   [dʒ]   hodge-podge67.tch /ch/3-letter/ch/usedonlyattheendofarootwordafterasinglevowelthatdoesnotsays/ā/-/ē/-/ī//ō/-/ū/[t∫]  pitcher 68.ti/sh/tall-letter/sh/usedatthebeginningofanysyllableafterthefirstsyllable  [∫]  nation69.si /sh/-/zh/usedatthebeginningofanysyllableafterthefirstsyllable[∫]-[ʒ] mansionexcursion70.ci /sh/short-letter/sh/usedatthebeginningofanysyllableafterthefirstsyllable   [∫] specialsocial71.ough /ō/-/oo/,/uff/-/off/,/aw/-/ow/  [әu]-[u:]-[Λf]-[ɔf]-[ɔ:]-[au]/ō/(dough),/oo/(through),/uff/(tough),/off/(trough),/aw/(sought),/ow/(bough)Learninpairs 72.gu /g/ ofguiltyguy  [g]