外文翻译中央空调监控系统中温、湿度控制的相关问题分析

附　录附录A　外文翻译TheAnalysisonRelatedProblemsofTemperaure-humidityControlforMonitoringSystemofCentralAir-condition1Introduction"Greenbuilding"focusonenvironmentalprotection,energysaving,efficientuseofresourcesandmaterials,especiallyfocusonrequirementsforairtemperature,humidity,ventilationandcleanliness.Therefore,theuseofairconditioningsystemismorewidely.Air-conditioningcontrolsysteminvolvesmanyaspects,butmorecomplextaskstobeachieved.Itneedssupportofcoldandheat.Therearehigh-powerairconditioningunitfan,butit'sagreatenergy.Underthepremiseofmeetingtherequirementsofuserstoairenvironment,onlytheuseofadvancedcontrolstrategiestocontrolair-conditioningsystem,canachieveenergyconservationandreducecostofoperation.Thefollowingwillmakeabriefdiscussionaboutperspectiveproblemswiththemonitoringsystemfromcontrolstrategy.2system'sbasicstructureandworkingprincipleStructureandcompositionofair-conditioningsystemgenerallyincludethesections:(1)PartofthenewwindAir-conditioningsystemduringoperationtocapturepartoftheoutdoorfreshair(iefreshair),thispartofthefreshairtomeetindoorstaffrequiredminimumfreshairvolume,soairconditioningsystemoffreshairtakenintotheamountdeterminedbyair-conditioningsystemserviceusesandhygienerequirements.Thenewwindintothegeneralpopulationinthesurroundingareasfrompollution.ThesenewwindintoportandairconditioningsystemsandnewairductsinstallationofnewwindDust(newstyleairfilter),newairheaters(alsoknownasair-conditioningsysteminaheater)cametogethertoformanewairsystemairconditioningsystem.(2)PartofairpurificationAir-conditioningsystemaccordingtotheirdifferentuses,purificationofairindifferentways.Therefore,intheairpurificationsystemhassetaninitialeffectofasimpleairfiltercleaningsystem,butalsosetaninitialeffectiveairfilterandairfilterefficiencylevelofthegeneralpurificationsystem,inadditiontosettinganinitialefficiencyairfilters,oneintheefficiencyofairfiltersandaHEPAfilterforthreehigh-purificationsystemfilter.(3)Partoftheairheat,wetAirheating,humidificationandcooling,dehumidification,willcombinetheprocess,knownastheairconditioningsystem,heat,wetpart.Intheairtoheat,wetprocessing,surface-airheatexchanger.Settinganewairintakesinthesystem,areturnairastheairbeforetheairheaterinaheater;setbeforecoolingdehumidificationairheater,knownasthesecondaryairheater;setinair-conditionedroombeforesendingoutletairheater,knownasthethreeairheaters.Threeair-conditionedroomheatertoregulatethemainroleofthetemperature,thethermalcoalusedforthehotwaterorelectricheating.Thesurfaceheatexchangerincoldwaterorarefrigerantthroughthelow-temperaturewater-cooledsurface,calledthedirectevaporativecoolerorcoolersurface,butalsobysprayingcoldwaterorhotwaterwasher,Therearealsodirectwatersprayofsteamapproachtoachievetheairhotandwetprocessing.(4)ThesectionofairtransportationanddistributionandcontrolFansandairconditioningsystemstosend,returnairpipeaspartofairtransport.Ductintheregulationofairvalve,butterflyvalve,damper,bootvalveandairoutletsuchaspoints,controlsection.Air-conditioningsystemaccordingtothedifferentairresistance,setthenumberoffansaredifferent,iftheairconditioningsystemforawindturbineset,thefansnotonlyfromtheairrole,therolewasunderwayasasinglereturnairfansystem;iftheairconditioningsystemsettwofans,onefortheblower,anotherfanfortheback,thencalledthetwo-fansystem.(5).coldandheatsourceofairconditioningsystem,Airconditioningsystemsusedinthecoldcoldsourceisgenerallydividedintonaturalandartificialsourcesofcoldsource.Naturalcoolingsourcegenerallyreferstogroundwaterfromdeepwells,artificialcoldsourcegenerallyreferstotheuseofartificialrefrigerationmeansavailable,whichincludesthevaporcompressionrefrigeration,absorptionrefrigeration,andsteamjetrefrigeration,andothermeans.Modernlarge-scalebuildingsareoftenusedforcentralairconditioningsystemItsworkingprincipleiswhentheambienttemperatureistoohigh,theairconditioningsystem,throughre-circulatedtotheindoorheatawaysothattheindoortemperatureismaintainedatacertainvalue.Whenthecirculationofairthroughthefancoil,thehigh-temperatureairthroughthecoolingcoilofaluminummetalpriortoheatexchangecoilofaluminumabsorbsheatfromtheair,theairtemperaturedecreases,andthenthecycleoffreezingairgivenawayafterIndoor.Chilledwatercoolingcoilprovidedbythecoolingmachine,coolerbythecompressor,condenserandevaporatorcomponent.Compressortocompressrefrigerant,refrigerantcompressedintothecondenser,cooledbycoolingwaterintotheliquid,precipitationheatfromthecoolingwater,anddrainedthecoolingtowerair.Liquidrefrigerantfromthecondenserintotheevaporator,evaporation,sothatchilledwatercooling,andthenintothewater-cooledchilledwaterfancoilheatabsorptionintheair,againandagain,cyclecontinuously,theindoorheataway.Whentheambienttemperatureistoolow,theneedforhotwaterintothefancoil,andtheabove-mentionedprinciples,asgivenawayheatedindoorair.Afteraircooling,wateranalysisoftheairrelativehumiditydecreased,becomedry,soneedtoincreasehumidity,itisnecessarytoinstallhumidifiers,watersprayorspraytosteamairhumidificationtreatment,theuseofsuchwetairtosupplementinadequateamountofindoorwatervapor.3.centralairconditioningsystemcontrolproblems3.1ThecharacteristicsofthecontrolledobjectAir-conditioningsystemcontrolobjectsaremostlythermalobjects,fromtheperspectiveofcontrol,hasthefollowingcharacteristics:(1)moredisruptiveForexample,incomingsolarradiationthroughwindows,heatisafunctionoftime,subjecttoweatherconditions;outdoorairtemperature,roomtemperaturethroughtheenvelopeonimpact;throughdoors,windows,buildingcrackspenetratedtheoutdoorairtemperatureimpact;tochangegas(ormaintainacertainpositivepressureroom)adoptedanewstyle,itstemperaturechangeshaveadirectimpactontheroomtemperature.Inaddition,theelectricheater(airheater)powersupplyvoltagefluctuationsandhotwaterheaterhotwaterpressure,temperature,steampressurefluctuations,willaffecttheroomtemperature.Somuchinterference,sothatairconditioningloadinthelargercontextofchange,andtheirlocationintothesystem,form,sizeandfrequencyofsuchmagnitude,bothwiththeconstructionofthestructure(buildingthermalperformance),useofdifferentanddifferent,evenwithairconditioningtechnologyitself.Shouldbeconsideredinthedesignofairconditioningsystemstominimizeinterferencewithortakinganti-jammingmeasures.Therefore,wecansaythatairconditioningprojectisbasedonbuildingthermal,air-conditioningtechnologyandautomationtechnologybasedonacomprehensiveengineering.(2)Multi-conditionAirconditioningtechnologyinthetreatmentprocessishighlyseasonal.Year,atleastintothewinterseasonandsummertransition.Inrecentyears,distributedsystemsintheairconditioningsystem,airconditioningformultipleapplicationstocreateconditionsfavorableconditions.Astheairconditioningsystem,diversification,operationalmanagementandcontroldevicestobecomecomplicated.Thereforerequireoperatorstobeinstrictaccordancewiththeenergy-efficientdesignrequirements,includingtechnicalmeasurestooperate,andmaintain,notfreetochangerunChengXu,andZhong'sShebeiChaigaisystem.(3)temperature,humiditycorrelationDescribethestateofthetwomainparametersofairtemperatureandhumidityastheyarenotcompletelyindependentofthetwotherelativehumiditychangeswillcausehumidification(ordehumidification)action,theresultswillleadtotemperaturefluctuations;andtemperaturechanges,soindoorairvaporsaturationpressure,theabsolutemoisturecontentinthesamesituation,directlychangetherelativehumidity(relativehumiditytoreducethetemperatureincreased,thetemperatureincreasereducesrelativehumidity).Associatedwiththeparameterssuchasrelativeparameters.Clearly,inthetemperatureandhumidityoftheair-conditioningsystemsrequiredtoformtheautomaticcontrolsystemshouldpayattentiontothisfeature.3.2ControlProblemsSuchascentralairconditioningsystemforlarge,complexprocess(orobject)ofthecontrolimplementation,usuallybysomekindofguidelines,theloweritsdecompositionintoanumberofsubsystemstoexercisecontrol,co-ordinationinthetopperformanceamongthevarioussubsystems,makingintegrationAfterthesystemisinsomesensetheoptimalstate.Problemsincontrolmainlyin:(1)uncertaintyTraditional(2)highlynonlinear(3)semi-structuredandunstructured(4)systemcomplexity(5)Reliability4.theselectionofcontrolstrategyTheuncertaintyofcomplexsystems,sincethecontrolledobject(process)isdifficulttousethecharacteristicsofthemathematicalmodelaccuratelydescribed.ThetraditionalPIDcontroltheorybasedonclassicalcontrolandstatespacerepresentationbasedonmoderncontroltheorymethodstoachievehighdynamicandstaticchargedobjectqualitycontrolisverydifficult,usuallywithblack-boxmethod,thatmethodofinputandoutputdescriptioncontrolsystemanalysisanddesign,alargenumberofenergyandtheintroductionofhumanwisdom,experienceandskills.Controllerisbasedonmathematicalmodelsandthecombinationofbroadknowledgeofsystemsdesignmodel,thatofthecontroloftheuncertaintyofcomplexsystemsgenerallyusetheintelligentcontrolstrategy.Suchcontrolsystemhasthefollowingbasicfeatures:(1)hasenoughonpeople'scontrolstrategychargedobjectsandtheenvironmentwiththeknowledgeandusingtheknowledgeofthe"wisdom";(2)isknowledgethatcanbegeneralizedmathematicalmodelandthenon-mathematicaldescriptionthatthemixingprocess,usingopenloopcontrolandthecombinationofqualitativeandquantitativecontrolofthemulti-modecontrol;(3)withvariablestructurefeatures,canbegenerallyself-optimizing,self-adaptive,self-organization,self-learningandself-coordination;(4)withcompensationandself-healingcapabilities,determinedecision-makingcapacityandhighreliability.Highlighttheadvantagesofintelligentcontrolstrategyistotakefulladvantageofhumancontrolperformance,informationacquisition,transmission,processingperformanceresultsandpsychological,physicaltestdata,theestablishmentofcontrolbya"people"aspectsofthemodeltobecontrolledobjectwithamachinemodelscomplementeachother,man-machinesystemdesign,providingflexibilityforthesystemanalysisanddesign.Forexample,whencreatingtheobjectmodelisverydifficulttocontrolwhenthecontrollermodelcanbeestablished,suchasestablishingcontrolexpertmodel,designexpertcontroller;whenthecontrollermodelisdifficulttoestablishwhenthecontrolledobjectmodelcanbeestablished;thedesignofchargedobjectmodelhasdifficulties,butalsoa"controlpersonofacontrolledobject"ofthejointmodel,thecyberneticsystemmodel,suchas"peopleperson"cyberneticsystemsgametheorymodel.Asthetransformationofmodernsensingdetectiontechnologyandthedevelopmentofcomputerhardware-relatedtechnologieshavebasicallysolvedKongzhisystemproperlyinthehardwareproblems,difficultyisthattheinformationintheinformationprocessingHuLiu'scontrol,sothecontrolobjectivesandcontrolGongnengofWanChengAllsoftwareisoftenusedmethod.Differentcontrolstrategytoconstructthealgorithmforitscomplexity,robustness,decouplingperformance,etc.varywidely,inthetechnicalrealizationofthecostofhardwareandsoftwareresourcesarealsodifferent,peoplelookforwardtoisthelowestcostcontrolstrategy,inthisaspectsofhumanintelligentcontrolstrategyhasitsuniqueadvantages.Simulatedintelligentcontrolisasummary,imitatehumancontrolexperienceandbehavior,todescribetheproductionrulesincontroloftheinspiredandintuitivereasoningbehavioristomimicthebasicfeaturesofthecontrolofbehaviorcontrolspecialists,controlalgorithmisamulti-modalandmulti-modecontrolalternatingbetweentheuseof,andhasgooddecouplingperformanceandrobustness.Fromacomplexsystemcontrolengineeringpracticeexperience,selectthesimulatedintelligentcontrolstrategyisawisemove.Inadditiontosimulationintelligentcontrolstrategies,aswellasfuzzycontrol,expertsystemcontrolstrategies.5ConclusionSincecentralair-conditioningsystemintheenergy-savingbuildingautomationsystemsoccupyaspecialposition,shownonthecentralairconditioningsystemcontrolthepatternofsignificance.Inthispaper,thesystemtemperatureandhumiditycontrolforamoredetailedanalysis,anddescribesthemainadvantagesofintelligentcontrolstrategyforthedesignofsimilarsystemsprovideusefulhelp.From:AirConditioningControlandManagement中央空调监控系统中温、湿度控制的相关问题分析1引言“绿色建筑”主要强调的是环保，节能，资源和材料的有效利用，特别是对空气的温度、湿度、通风及洁净度的要求。因此，空调系统的应用越来越广泛。空调控制系统涉及面广，而要实现的任务比较复杂。需要有冷、热源的支持。空调机组内有大功率的风机，但它的能耗很大。在满足用户对空气环境要求的前提下，只有采用先进的控制策略对空凋系统进行控制，才能达到节约能源和降低运行费用的目的。以下将从控制策略角度对与监控系统有关的问题作简要讨论。2空调系统的基本结构及 工作原理 数字放映机工作原理变压器基本工作原理叉车的结构和工作原理袋收尘器工作原理主动脉球囊反搏护理 空调系统结构组成一般包括下几部分：(1)新风部分空调系统在运行过程中必须采集部分室外的新鲜空气(即新风),这部分新风必须满足室内工作人员所需要的最小新鲜空气量,因此空调系统的新风取入量决定于空调系统的服务用途和卫生要求。新风的导入口一般设在周围不受污染影响的地方。这些新风的导入口和空调系统的新风管道以及新风的滤尘装置(新风空气过滤器),新风预热器(又称为空调系统的一次加热器)共同组成了空调系统的新风系统。(2)空气的净化部分空调系统根据其用途不同,对空气的净化处理方式也不同。因此,在空调净化系统中有设置一级初效空气过滤器的简单净化系统,也有设置一级初效空气过滤器和一级中效空气过滤器的一般净化系统,另外还有设置一级初效空气过滤器,一级中效空气过滤器和一级高效空气过滤器的三级过滤装置的高净化系统。(3)空气的热,湿处理部分对空气进行加热,加湿和降温,去湿,将有关的处理过程组合在一起,称为空调系统的热,湿处理部分。在对空气进行热,湿处理过程中,采用表面式空气换热器。设置在系统的新风入口,一次回风之前的空气加热器称为空气的一次加热器；设置在降温去湿之前的空气加热器,称为空气的二次加热器；设置在空调房间送风口之前的空气加热器,称为空气的三次加热器。三次空气加热器主要起调节空调房间内温度的作用,常用的热媒为热水或电加热。在表面式换热器内通过低温冷水或制冷剂的称为水冷式表面冷却器或直接蒸发式表面冷却器,也有采用喷淋冷水或热水的喷水室,此外也有采用直接喷水蒸汽的处理 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 来实现空气的热,湿处理过程。(4)空气的输送和分配,控制部分空调系统中的风机和送,回风管道称为空气的输送部分。风管中的调节风阀,蝶阀,防火阀,启动阀及风口等称为空气的分,控制部分。根据空调系统中空气阻力的不同,设置风机的数量也不同,如果空调系统中设置一台风机,该风机既起送风作用,又起回风作用的称为单风机系统；如果空调系统中设置两台风机,一台为送风机,另一台为回风机,则称为双风机系统。(5)空调系统的冷,热源空调系统中所使用的冷源一般分为天然冷源和人工冷源。天然冷源一般指地下深井水,人工冷源一般是指利用人工制冷方式来获得的,它包括蒸汽压缩式制冷,吸收式制冷以及蒸汽喷射式制冷等多种形式。现代化的大型建筑中通常都采用集中式空调系统。其工作原理是当环境温度过高时,空调系统通过循环方式把室内的热量带走,以使室内温度维持于一定值。当循环空气通过风机盘管时,高温空气经过冷却盘管的铝金属先进行热交换,盘管的铝片吸收了空气中的热量,使空气温度降低,然后再将冷冻后的循环空气送人室内。冷却盘管的冷冻水由冷却机提供,冷却机由压缩机,冷凝器和蒸发器组成。压缩机把制冷剂压缩,经压缩的制冷剂进入冷凝器,被冷却水冷却后,变成液体,析出的热量由冷却水带走,并在冷却塔里排人大气。液体制冷剂由冷凝器进入蒸发器进行蒸发吸热,使冷冻水降温,然后冷冻水进入水冷风机盘管吸收空气中的热量,如此周而复始,循环不断,把室内热量带走。当环境温度过低时,需要以热水进入风机盘管,和上述原理一样,空气加热后送人室内。空气经过冷却后,有水分析出,空气相对湿度减少,变的干燥,所以需增加湿度,这就要加装加湿器,进行喷水或喷蒸汽,对空气进行加湿处理,用这样的湿空气去补充室内水汽量的不足。3中央空调系统控制中存在的问题被控对象的特点空调系统中的控制对象多属热工对象,从控制角度分析,具有以下特点：(1)多干扰性例如,通过窗户进来的太阳辐射热是时间的函数,受气象条件的影响；室外空气温度通过围护结构对室温产生影响；通过门,窗,建筑缝隙侵入的室外空气对室温产生影响；为了换气(或保持室内一定正压)所采用的新风,其温度变化对室温有直接影响。此外,电加热器(空气加热器)电源电压的波动以及热水加热器热水压力,温度,蒸汽压力的波动等,都将影响室温。如此多的干扰,使空调负荷在较大范围内变化,而它们进入系统的位置,形式,幅值大小和频繁程度等,均随建筑的构造(建筑热工性能),用途的不同而异,更与空调技术本身有关。在设计空调系统时应考虑到尽量减少干扰或采取抗干扰措施。因此,可以说空调工程是建立在建筑热工,空调技术和自控技术基础上的一种综合工程技术。(2)多工况性空调技术中对空气的处理过程具有很强的季节性。一年中,至少要分为冬季,过渡季和夏季。近年来,由于集散型系统在空调系统中的应用,为多工况的空调应用创造了良好的条件。由于空调运行 制度 关于办公室下班关闭电源制度矿山事故隐患举报和奖励制度制度下载人事管理制度doc盘点制度下载 的多样化,使运行管理和自动控制设备趋于复杂。因此,要求操作人员必须严格按照包括节能技术措施在内的设计要求进行操作和维护,不得随意改变运行程序和拆改系统中的设备。(3)温,湿度相关性描述空气状态的两个主要参数为温度和湿度,它们并不是完全独立的两个变量。当相对湿度发生变化时会引起加湿(或减湿)动作,其结果将引起室温波动；而室温变化时,使室内空气中水蒸气的饱和压力变化,在绝对含湿量不变的情况下,就直接改变了相对湿度(温度增高相对湿度减少,温度降低相对湿度增加)。这种相对关联着的参数称为相关参数。显然,在对温,湿度都有要求的空调系统中,组成自控系统时应充分注意这一特性。3.2控制中存在的主要问题对于像中央空调系统这样的大型复杂过程(或对象)的控制实现,一般是按某种准则在低层把其分解为若干子系统实施控制,在上层协调各子系统之间的性能指标,使得集成后的整个系统处于某种意义下的优化状态。在控制中存在问题主要表现在：(1)不确定性；(2)高度非线性；(3)半结构化与非结构化；(4)系统复杂性；(5)可靠性。4控制策略的选取对于复杂的不确定性系统而言,由于被控对象(过程)的特性难于用精确的数学模型描述。用传统的基于经典控制理论的PID控制和基于状态空间描述的近代控制理论方法来实现对被控对象的高动静态品质的控制是非常困难的,一般都采用黑箱法,即输入输出描述法对控制系统进行分析设计,大量引入人的能量与智慧,经验与技巧。控制器是用基于数学模型和知识系统相结合的广义模型进行设计的,也就是说对不确定性复杂系统的控制一般采用智能控制策略。这类控制系统具有以下基本特点：(1)具有足够的关于人的控制策略,被控对象及环境的有关知识以及运用这些知识的“智慧”；(2)是能以知识表示的非数学广义模型和以数学描述表示的混合过程,采用开闭环控制和定性及定量控制相结合的多模态控制方式；(3)具有变结构特点,能总体自寻优,具有自适应,自组织,自学习和自协调能力；(4)具有补偿和自修复能力,判断决策能力和高度的可靠性。智能控制策略的突出优点是充分利用人的控制性能,信息获取,传递,处理性能的研究结果和心理,生理测试数据,建立控制者一“人”环节的模型,以便与被控制对象一机器的模型相互配合,设计人机系统,为系统分析设计提供灵活性。例如,当建立被控制对象模型很困难时,可以建立控制者模型,如建立控制专家模型,设计专家控制器等；当建立控制者模型很困难时,可以建立被控制对象模型；而设计被控对象模型有困难时,又可建“控制者一被控制对象”的联合模型,即控制论系统模型,如“人一人”控制论系统的对策论模型。由于现代传感变换检测技术和计算机硬件相关技术的发展基本上已经妥善地解决了控制系统中的硬件问题,难点在于信息的处理和信息流的控制,因此其控制目标的实现和控制功能的完成往往采用全软件方式。不同的控制策略所构造出的算法其复杂程度,鲁棒性,解耦性能等差别是很大的,在技术实现上软硬件资源成本也不同,人们期待的是成本最低的控制策略,在这方面仿人智能控制策略具有其独特的优势。仿人智能控制是总结,模仿人的控制经验和行为,以产生式规则描述人在控制方面的启发与直觉推理行为,其基本特点是模仿控制专家的控制行为,控制算法是多模态的和多模态控制间的交替使用,并具有较好的解耦性能和很强的鲁棒性。从复杂系统控制工程实践的经验看,选取仿人智能控制策略还是明智之举。除了仿人智能控制策略,还有模糊控制策略,专家系统控制策略等。5结束语由于中央空调系统在楼宇自动化系统节能中占据的特殊地位,显示出了对中央空调系统控制模式进行研究的重要意义。本文针对该系统温,湿控制问题进行了简单地分析,并介绍了智能控制策略的突出优点,为同类系统的设计提供了有益的帮助。出处：空调控制与管理