第5讲情态动词和虚拟语气

第5讲情态动词和虚拟语气情态动词[深化认知]一、情态动词的基本用法1． 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示能力(can/could/beableto)表现在的或一般的能力，can与beableto的用法一样，但后者不常用；表将来的能力用willbeableto;表示过去一般的能力用could，表示过去有能力并且成功地做了某事用was/wereableto，相当于managedtodosth./succeededindoingsth.。Themancan/couldspeaktwoforeignlanguages.那个人能说两门外语。DoyoubelievethatMozartcouldplaythepianoattheageofthree?你相信莫扎特在三岁时就会弹钢琴吗？Thefirespreadthroughthebuildingveryquicklybuteveryonewasabletogetout.尽管这场大火很快蔓延到整个大楼，但是每个人都逃出去了。[名师指津]如何区分can和beableto①can在时态上只有现在时和过去时两种，而beableto则有更多的时态。②beableto强调通过努力有能力做到”如果表示某事已经成功做成"应用was/wereableto，而不用could。③用在其他动词，如might,may,would,want,hope等之后表示能力只能用beableto。Tommaybeabletopasstheexambystudyinghardfromnowon.从现在开始努力学习，汤姆或许能够通过考试。2．表示推测can/could表示可能性主要用于否定句和疑问句。—Canthenewsbetrue?—Itcan'tbetrue.——这个消息可能是真实的吗？——它不可能是真实的。may/might表推测时主要用于肯定句或否定句中，might的可能性比may更小。Somepeoplewhodon'tliketotalkmucharenotnecessarilyshy;theymayjustbequietpeople.言语不多的人未必就是害羞；他们或许就是安静的人。Hewasafraidtheymightnotagreewithhim.他担心他们可能不同意他的意见。must表示有把握的推测，意为“想必，准是，一定”等，只用于肯定句中。Hemustbeill.Helookssopale.他准是病了。他的脸色如此苍白。should表示有一定根据的推测、推论或可能性，意为“想必一定，按说应该，估计”等(肯定的语气没有must表推测时强)。Heshouldbehereontime—hestartedearlyenough.他应该按时到这里的——他出发得够早的。［名师指津］如何判断must表推测时后面的反意疑问句must表推测时其后的反意疑问句形式等同于去掉must之后的句子的反意疑问句。如：Hemustbeinclassnow,去掉must后该句为Heisinclassnow,其反意疑问部分为isn'the。故题干空白处也应用isn'the。Hemusthavealreadyfinishedhishomework,hasn'the?他肯定已经做完作业了,不是吗？Theymusthavestayeduplastnight,didn'tthey?昨晚他们肯定熬夜了,不是吗？3．表示请求、建议、命令、允许、允诺、禁止、义务、责任(1)请求对方允许时用“May/Might/Can/CouldI/we...？”,给出许可时用may/can。—CouldIuseyourbiketomorrowmorning?—Yes,ofcourseyoucan.——明天早晨我用一下你的自行车,行吗？——当然可以。Youcan/maygowiththemifyoulike.如果你愿意的话,可以和他们一块去。［名师指津］回答此类句型时，肯定回答常用Sure./Ofcourse./Certainiy.”或Yes,ofcourse.”；否定回答常用No,ofcoursenot."或No,youcan't.”；礼貌回答常用Sorry,IamafraidIcan't.”。shall用于第一、三人称疑问句,表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。Shallthemanstandingoutsidehaveatry?让站在外边的那个人试试？shall用于第二、三人称的陈述句,表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺、强制或威胁。Youshallhaveanewbikeforyourbirthday.你会得到一辆新自行车作为生日礼物。(4)will表示请求或 要求 对教师党员的评价套管和固井爆破片与爆破装置仓库管理基本要求三甲医院都需要复审吗 ，用于疑问句，常与第二人称连用。Willyouclosethewindow?It'sabitcold.请把窗户关上好吗？有点冷。4．表示必要性(must/need/should/oughtto)must表示必要、命令或强制，意为“必须，应该(指说话人的主观意志)”。在回答must引导的问句时，如果是否定的回答，通常不用mustn't,而要用needn't或don'thaveto。Thechildrenmustbebackby4o'clock.孩子们必须在4点钟以前回来。[名师指津]如何区分must和haveto①must表示主观意志，而haveto表示由于客观因素不得不做的事情。②must没有过去式，除在间接引语中可用于表示过去时间，在直接引语中表示过去时间应该用hadto代替。③在否定结构中don'thaveto表示不必”mustn't表示禁止”Itoldherthatshemustgiveupsmoking.我告诉她必须戒烟。Wehadtogeteverythingreadythatnight.我们那晚得把一切准备就绪。Youdon'thavetotellhimaboutit.你不必把此事告诉他。Youmustn'tleavethegateopen.你不要让大门敞开着。(2)need用作情态动词时，没有词形的变化，后面跟不带to的不定式(即动词原形)，通常用于否定句和疑问句中。Youneedn'ttelephonehimnow.你现在不必给他打电话。(3)should/oughtto表示义务、责任或劝告、建议、命令等，意为“应该”，用于各种人称。Youshould/oughttobepolitetoyourteachers.你应该对老师有礼貌。5．表示意愿、决心will/would可与各种人称连用，表示主语的意志或决心。will表示意愿时其否定形式won't通常用于有生命体，但有时也用于无生命体，这时把无生命体拟人化了。Youcanstayhereaslongasyoucan,ifyouwill.如果你愿意，你在这里能待多长时间就待多长时间。Whydidn'tyoucometoSimon'spartylastnight?Iwantedto,butmymomsimplywouldnotletmeoutsolateatnight.——你昨晚为什么没有参加西蒙的聚会？——我想去，但是妈妈不愿意让我自己在这么晚的时间出去。二、情态动词的特殊用法1．can的特殊用法表示可能性(理论上或逻辑判断上)。Onsucharainyday,accidentscanhappen.在这样的下雨天，有时会发生事故。表示惊异、怀疑、不相信等态度，主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。Howcanyoubesocarelesswhiledriving?你开车时怎么这么粗心呢？(3)cannot...too/enough表示无论也不过分，越越好”YoucannotrememberenoughEnglishwords.你记的英语单词越多越好。may的特殊用法mayaswell+动词原形，意为最好，不妨，干脆”Youmayaswelldoitatonce.你最好马上就做这件事。表示祝愿,常用于“Ma才主语+动词原形”结构。Mayyouhaveagoodtrip.祝你们旅途愉快。must的特殊用法must表示偏要，硬要(做某事)”，指令人不快的事情。Mustyoumakesomuchnoise?你非得弄出这么多噪音吗？shall的特殊用法shall用于第三人称的陈述句中，在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定。Ithasbeenannouncedthatcandidatesshallremainintheirseatsuntilallthepapershavebeencollected.已宣布，在所有试卷收上来之前，应试者必须留在自己的座位上。(规定)should的特殊用法(1)should多用于疑问句中，表示惊讶、难以相信或不应该的事，常与why或how连用，意为竟会”。Whyshouldyoubesolatetoday?今天你怎么会这么晚？(2)(表示可能)假如，万一Shouldanyonecall(=Ifanyonecalls),pleasetellhimrmbusy.如果有人打电话来，请告诉他我正忙着。6.will/would的特殊用法will/would表示某种倾向或习惯性动作，意为经常，惯于，总是”Everymorning,hewillhaveawalkalongtheriver.每天早晨，他总是沿着小河散步。(习惯性动作)情态动词+havedone"的用法对过去发生的事情或状态进行推测musthavedone(过去)一定……；语气比较肯定；用于肯定句may(might)havedone(过去)可能••…-;语气不确疋；用于冃疋句和否疋句can(could)havedone用于否疋句和疑冋句，表示怀疑或不确疋—HasPeterstartedout?Hesaidhewouldgohikingwithus.—Hemusthavestarted.Heisamanofhisword.——Peter已经出发了吗？他说他会与我们一起去远足。――他肯定已出发了。他是一个信守诺言的人。表示与过去事实相反”的虚拟语气couldhavedone过去本来可以做某事但实际上没做needn'thavedone过去本不必做某事但实际上做了oughtto/shouldhavedone过去本应该做某事但实际上没做oughtn'tto/shouldn'thavedone过去不应该做某事但实际上做了mighthavedone过去可能发生但实际上没发生Youneedn'thavetakenataxihere,foritwasnearmyhome.你本来不必打车来这里的，因为这里离我家很近。［典题在线］用适当的情态动词填空（2015北京高考单选）一Can'tyoustayalittleIonger?—It'sgettinglate.Ireallymustgonow.Mydaughterishomealone.（2015陕西高考单选）Youmay/mightfeelallthetrainingawasteoftime,butrmahundredpercentsurelateryou'llbegratefulyoudidit.（2015重庆高考单选）YoumustbeCarol.Youhaven'tchangedabitafteralltheseyears.（2015四川高考单选）Youmustbecarefulwiththecamera.Itcosts!（2015福建高考单选）一Sorry,Mum!Ifailedthejobinterviewagain.—Oh,it'stoobad.Youshouldhavemade（make）fullpreparations.（2014全国样卷语法填空）Aretheythere?Oh,mygoodness.Imusthaveputthemtherewhenthephonerang.（2014大纲卷单选）AlthoughyoucanfindbargainsinLondon,it'snotgenerallyacheapplacetoshop.（2014江苏高考单选）Itwassadtomethatthey,sopoorthemselves,shouldbringmefood.（2014北京高考单选）Can/MayIhaveawordwithyou?Itwon'ttakelong.（2013•宁高考单选）Harryisfeelinguncomfortable.Hemust_have_drunk（drink）toomuchatthepartylastnight.（2012重庆高考单选）一Mustyouinterruptnow?Can'tyouseermonthephone?—SorrySir,butit'surgent.n.单句改错（2015全国卷I短文改错）Wemustfoundwaystoprotecttheenvironment.Ifwefailtodoso,we'lllivetoregretit.foundtfind（2014全国卷n短文改错）Wecanlieonthegrassforarest,orsatbythelakelisteningtomusic.sattsit虚拟语气［深化认知］一、if条件句中的虚拟语气if条件从句从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式表示与现在事实相反动词过去式（be的过去式用were）should/would/could/might+动词原形表示与过去事实相反had+过去分词should/would/could/might+have+过去分词表示与将来事实相反should+动词原形动词过去式should/would/could/（be的过去式用were）might+动词原形wereto+动词原形Ifyoudidn'tsmokesomuch,youmightgetridofcoughsooner.如果你不抽那么多烟，你可能很快就不咳嗽了。WewouldhavecalledataxiyesterdayifHaroldhadn'tofferedusaridehome.如果昨天哈罗德没送我们回家，我们会打出租车回家的。Gracedoesn'twanttomovetoNewYorkbecauseshethinksifsheweretolivethere,shewouldn'tbeabletoseeherparentsveryoften.格雷丝不想搬到纽约，因为她认为，如果她住到那里去，她就不能经常看到父母了。二、错综时间条件句的虚拟语气,被称为错综时当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间做出相应的调整。Ifwehadbookedatableearlier,wewouldn'tbestandinghereinaqueue.如果我们早一点订一张桌子，现在就不会站在这里排队了。Ifyouhadn'tlefthomewithoutaword,yourparentswouldn'tbesoworriednow.要是你说句话再离开家，你父母现在就不会那么担心了。三、省略if的倒装句在虚拟条件状语从句中可省略if，把were,had,should提到句首，变为倒装句式。Wereshetoliveabroad,shewouldn'tbeabletoseeherbestfriendsveryoften.如果她住到国外，她就不能经常看到她最好的朋友了。Hadhecaughtthemorningtrain,hewouldnothavebeenlateforthemeeting.如果他赶上了早班火车，他就不会开会迟到了。四、含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示，而是由otherwise,but,or,without,butfor等来引导或者通过上下文引出。Welostourwayinthatsmallvillage,otherwisewewouldhavevisitedmoreplacesofinterestyesterday.我们在那个小村庄迷路了，否则的话，我们昨天能参观更多的名胜。—Didyoumakeitatlast?—Yes.Butforyourhelp,itwouldhavecausedaseriousloss.——你最终成功了吗？是的，要不是你的帮助，可能会导致严重的损失。五、(should+)do...结构的虚拟语气1.用于表示建议、愿望、命令等动词后的宾语从句中常见的动词有：demand,order,require,insist,suggest,propose,advise,request,urge,command,prefer,desire,recommend等。宾语从句中的虚拟语气结构为“should动词原形”，should可以省略。一堕持insist二命令order,coniniimd三建谏reqiiFH,requireask^deniarwltn獄SU克:iiKbii■,iT^'iwniripJK外加一个敦良Theyinsistedthattheboy(should)gowiththem.他们坚决要求那个小男孩跟他们一起去。用于主语从句中在“Itisdesired/suggested/proposed/recommended/necessary/important/strange/natural/apity/essential+that从句"中，从句的谓语动词用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。Itissuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputofftillnextweek.人们建议会议推迟到下周。用于表语从句和同位语从句中在suggestion,proposal,order,plan,idea,request,advice等名词后的表语从句和同位语从句中要用虚拟语气,其构成是“should动词原形”，should可以省略。Myideaisthatwe(should)thinkitoverbeforeacceptingit.我的意见是在接受之前我们要反复考虑。Yoursuggestionthatthedoor(should)beshutwhenweleaveisreasonable.你的那个当我们离开的时候应该关上门的建议是合理的。六、wish宾语从句中的虚拟语气对现在情况的虚拟：wish+主语+动词过去式(be用were)Iwish(that)Iwereabirdandcouldflyfreelyinthesky.我希望我是一只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。对过去情况的虚拟：wish+主语+had+过去分词IwishthatIhadn'tagreedtogotoJim'sparty,forIhavetodosomeextraworktonight.我要是当时没有答应参加吉姆的聚会就好了，因为今晚我必须做一些额外的工作。对将来情况的虚拟：wish+主语+would/could+动词原形Wewishwewouldliveonthemoononeday.但愿我们有一天能住在月球上。七、其他句型中的虚拟语气wouldrather后的宾语从句中，表示愿望，意为宁愿；但愿”。用一般过去时表示与现在或将来事实相反；用过去完成时表示与过去事实相反。Whenmyfatherisupset,hewouldratherwelefthimalone.当我的父亲烦恼的时候，他更喜欢我们不打扰他。2.在“Itis(about/high)time+that从句"中，谓语动词常用过去式或“should动词原形”表示虚拟语气。It'shightimethatwedevotedourselvestoenvironmentalprotectionandecologicalimprovement.是我们致力于环境保护和生态改善的时候了。,与现在事实相反用asif,asthough引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气一般过去时；与过去事实相反用过去完成时。ShespeaksEnglishasif/thoughshewereanativeofNewYork.她讲英语好像她是一位地道的纽约人。ifonly引导的感叹句中，用虚拟语气表示愿望。IfonlyIhadseenthefilm!我要是看了那部电影该多好啊！［典题在线］单句语法填空)lfIhadn't_seen(notsee)itwithmyowneyes,Iwouldn'thave(2015北京高考单选believedit.)Ellenisafantasticdancer.IwishIdanced(danee)aswellasher.)Manyofthethingswenowbenefitfromwouldnotbearoundbut(2015陕西高考单选(2015江苏高考单选forThomasEdison.)ltisluckywebookedaroom,orwewould_have(have)nowhereto(2015安徽高考单选staynow.5.(2015•重庆高考单选)Withouthiswartimeexperiences.Hemingwaywouldn't_have_written(write)hisfamousnovelAFarewelltoArms.(2014浙江高考单选)Theywereabroadduringthemonthswhenwewerecarryingouttheinvestigation,ortheywouldhavecome(come)toourhelp.(2014福建高考单选)Iftherewere(be)nomoderntelecommunications,wewouldhavetowaitforweekstogetnewsfromaroundtheworld.(2014重庆高考单选)ltwasJohnwhobrokethewindow.WhyareyoutalkingtomeasifIhad_done(do)it?(2014陕西高考单选)Wewouldratherourdaughterslayed(stay)athomewithus,butitisherchoice,andsheisnotachildanyIonger.(2013浙江高考单选)Eyedoctorsrecommendthatachild'sfirsteyeexam(should)_be—(be)attheageofsixmonthsold.对点集训即时巩固提升知能I.用适当的情态动词填空(2016北京四中模考)—CanIpaythebillbycheck?—Sorry,sir.Butitisthemanagementrulesofourhotelthatpaymentshallbemadeincash.(2016石家庄模拟)Thegiantpandalooksverymild.Butitcanbeveryfiercewhenyouannoyit.—MikefailedtheEnglishexamagain.—Whatelsedidyouexpect?Don'tyouthinkheshouldhavespentmoretimeinstudyingEnglish?(2016兰州模拟)TheplayersfromGuangzhouEvergrandeFootballClubhavebeendoingverywellrecently,sotheyshouldwinthefinalmatch.(2016东北四市联考)Thefirewassobigthatitwasseveralhoursbeforefirefighterscouldgetitundercontrol.—YoutalksomuchaboutLondon.Youmusthavebeenthere.—Yeah,Iwentsightseeingonatourlastsummer.(2016甘肃高三联考)Itwasafinedayyesterday.lneedn'thavetakenmyraincoatwithme.—Kate,whereisJimthesedays?—Heaskedforasickleavetheotherday.Hemightstayinhospital.—CanIhavesomethingtoeat,Mum?Ifeelhungry.—Youcan'tbehungry.You'vejusthadsomebreadandham.Thereisnoneedforyoutoworryaboutyoursalary,boy.Youshallgetitverysoon.n.单句语法填空—Whydowegetupsoearly?—Ifwemissed(miss)theflightwewouldhavetostayhereforanotherday.(2016云南高三联考)—Helen,areyougoingtotheairporttoseeJackoffthedayaftertomorrow?—Ifheweretoleave/shouldleave(leave)tomorrow,Iwouldgo.Butfortheencouragingcheersfromtheaudienee,ourteamcouldn'thavewon(notwin)suchanimportantmatch.(2016吉林一中模拟)Iwasbusytheotherday,otherwiseIwould_have_come(come)tohelpyou.Whodoesthatshopassistantthinkheis?Hebehavesasifheowned(own)thegrocery.Lookatthetroublewe'rein.Ifonlywehad_taken(take)ourteacher'sadvice!(2016河北高三联考)—Whyareyousodepressed,Shelly?—Ilostthecontestnarrowly,orIwouldhavegained(gain)theawardof10,000dollars.Iwishedthechildrenhad_been_sleeping(sleep)whenwereturnedhome,butinfacttheywerestillawake.(2016宁夏质检)一Shallwegotothemovietonight?—No,rdratheryoustayed(stay)athomewithourbaby.You'dbetternotleaveittothebabysitteratnight.m.语法填空(用适当的情态动词填空)(2016山西省高考考前质量监测)MissFang1.couldn't(not)readforverylongwithoutgettingaheadache.Hermothertoldherthatshe2.shouldgototheHealthServiceandseeadoctor.“Yshouldseeadoctorassoonaspossible,”shesaid.“Yoiimight/mayneedglasses.”WhenMissFanghadfreetime,shewenttotheHealthService.Theappointmentclerksaidthatthedoctor4.couldseeherat3:30.MissFangrepliedthatshe5.wouldnotbeabletobethereat3:30becauseshehadaclassthen.“Thedoctormighttakeyouatabout350,”theappointmentclerksuggested.“ShallIputyoudownfor3:50,or7.wouldyourathercometomorrow?”MissFangreplied,“IthcakiIn8akeitat3:50.”MissFangwenttotheclass.Sheaskedherteacher,“9May/CanIleaveat3:45today?Imusthaveaneyeexamination.”Asexpected,theteachersaid,cYies,ofcourseyou10.