浅析国际贸易实务(英文版)(Document 9页)

……………………………………………………………最新资料推荐………………………………………………………………………………………………………………最新资料推荐…………………………………………………最新精品资料整理推荐，更新于二〇二一年七月十一日2021年7月11日星期日17:51:43最新精品资料整理推荐，更新于二〇二一年七月十一日2021年7月11日星期日17:51:43……………………………………………………………最新资料推荐…………………………………………………最新精品资料整理推荐，更新于二〇二一年七月十一日2021年7月11日星期日17:51:43HYPERLINK"http://www.cnshu.cn/"Chapter2Marketsegmentation定义;MarketSegmentationisdefinedas:“Theprocessofdividingamarketintodistinctsubsetsofconsumerswithcommonneedsandselectingoneormoresegmentstotargetwithadistinctmarketingstrategy”.Progressionofmarketsegmentation:massmarket,targetingkeymarketsegments,micromarketing.（填空）Possiblegeographicsegmentationbases,5aspects:region,housingdensity,location,state,climate（选择）4Possibledemographicsegmentationbases,5aspects:Age,MaritalStatus,Occupation,Income,Education（选择）Definition2:AgecohortsarebornduringthesameperiodandtravelthroughlifetogetherChapter3Consumerneedsandmotivation1定义:Motivationisdefinedas:“Thedrivingforcewithinindividualsthatimpelsthemtoaction.Thisdrivingforceisproducedbyastateoftensionthatexistsastheresultofanunfulfilledneed”2定义CognitiveProcess:Apartofanattitudemodelthatrepresentstheknowledge,perceptionandbeliefsthataconsumerhaswithrespecttoanideaorobject3Twobroadtypesofneedsare:(哪种形式)-Innateorbiogenicneedsaretheprimaryneedsinordertosustainlife,suchasfoodorwaterandshelter-Acquiredorpsychogenicneedsaresecondaryneedswelearninresponsetoourculture,suchasprestige,affectionandlearningChapter11theinfluenceofcultureonconsumerbehavior1定义Cultureisdefinedas:“Thesumtotaloflearnedbeliefs,valuesandcustomsthatservetodirecttheconsumerbehaviorofmembersofaparticularsociety.”2定义Enculturation(文化兼并)thelearningofone’sowncultureisknownasenculturation.3定义acculturation(文化渗入)thelearningofaneworforeigncultureisknownasacculturation.4定义Ritual(宗教仪式)AritualisatypeofsymbolicactivityconsistingofaseriesofstepsoccurringinafixedsequenceandrepeatedovertimeChapter1Introduction1Broadaspectsoffinance3个:(选择)Corporatefinance,financialinstitutionsandmarkets,Investments.2BusinessStructures:Soleproprietorship,Partnership,Company3Nominalandrealrates:Thecostofanassetexpressedasthenumberofdollarspaidtoacquiretheassetisthenominalprice.However,thepurchasingpowerofmoneychangesbecauseofinflationanddeflation.Therefore,itisnecessarytodistinguishbetweenthenominalorfacevalueofmoneyandtherealorinflation-adjustedvalueofmoney.Chapter3theTimeValueofMoney:AnIntroductiontoFinancialMathematics1FundamentalConceptCashflows—fundamentaltofinance,thefundsthatflowbetweenpartieseithernoworinthefutureasaconsequenceofafinancialcontract.Cashinflowandcashoutflow2Theeffectiveinterestratecanbecalculatedas:年利率向别的利率转换公式(季利率,月利率,日利率)Example3.7:Calculatetheeffectiveannualinterestratescorrespondingto12%p.a.,compounding:(a)Semi-annually(b)Quarterly=0.125509(12.55%)(c)Monthly=0.126825(12.68%)(d)Daily=0.127475(12.7475%)3Therealinterestrate(i*)canbefoundasfollows:假利率向真利率转换此公式可用于任何形式的真假转换4定义Annuities(还贷)Anannuityisastreamofequalcashflows(主要是cashoutflow),equallyspacedintime.Weconsiderfourtypesofannuities:Ordinaryannuity.Annuitydue.Deferredannuity.Ordinaryperpetuity.Presentvalue(PV)ofanordinaryannuity(还贷公式)借钱公式Chapter5ProjectEvaluation:PrinciplesandMethods1ThestandardNPVformulaisgivenby(评估一个项目是否挣钱,与0相比,如果结果大于0就可投资,相反就不可投资.)公式为Example5.1:Investmentof$9000.Netcashflowsof$5090,$4500and$4000attheendofyears1,2and3respectively.Assumerequiredrateofreturnis10%p.a.WhatistheNPVoftheproject?Thus,usingadiscountrateof10%,theproject’sNPV=+$2351>0,andisthereforeacceptable.（考试得有相关字样）2NetCashFlow（知道相关）Cashinflows:Receiptsfromsaleofgoodsandservices.Receiptsfromsaleofphysicalassets.Cashoutflows:Expenditureonmaterials,labourandindirectexpensesformanufacturing.Sellingandadministrative.Inventoryandtaxes.Chapter6theApplicationofProjectEvaluationMethodsExample6.1:Assumethataninvestmentof$1000isexpectedtogeneratecashflowsof$500,atconstantprices,attheendofeachof3years.Assumethattheexpectedrateofinflationis10%p.a.,andthatthenominalrequiredrateofreturnis15%p.a.Solution:(1+p)(1+i*)=(1+i)i*=(1+i)/(1+p)–1i*=(1+0.15)/(1+0.10)–1=0.0455或NPV=–$1000+$500/(1.0455)+$500/(1.0455)2+$500/(1.0455)3=$373NPVis>0Chapter8TheCapitalMarket1BusinessFundingorcapitalmarket：(包括)Financialagencyinstitutions.(Merchantbank)Financialintermediaries.(中行或建行)Investinginstitutions.2Definitionof‘CapitalMarket’Themarketinwhichlong-termfinancialsecuritiesaretraded.Thistransfercanbedoneineitherthedebtorequitymarket.3定义Primarymarketreferstotransactionsbetweencompaniesseekingfinanceandinvestorsdirectly.4定义Secondarymarkettransactionsinvolvetransactionsinexistingfinancialinstruments.5(特点)Exchange-tradedmarket:Whereabrokerisorganizedandcarriesoutclients’instructiontobuyorsellsecuritiesinanexchange-tradedmarket.Over-the-countermarket:Noorganizedexchange;marketconsistsoffinancialdealerswhotradewithclientsandwitheachother.6Unittrusts(包括)1Realestateinvestmenttrusts(REITs):allowinvestorstoacquireaninterestinaprofessionallymanagedportfolioofrealestate.SomeREITsonlyinvestinrealestatesuchashotelsandshoppingcenters.2Infrastructurefunds:investinassetsinvolvedinthesupplyofessentialgoodsandservicessuchasrailwaysandoil/gaspipelines.Mostinfrastructurefundsinvolveacompany/trustgroupthatissuesstapledsecurities.(不同特点)Chapter10SourcesofFinance:Debt1定义Debt—contractwhereborrowerpromisestopayfuturecashflowstolender.Contractspecifiesthesizeandtimingofinterestpaymentsandhowtheyarecalculated.2两种形式及其界限1Long-termdebt—maturitygreaterthan12months.Twobroadtypesoflong-termdebt:Loansfrombanksandotherfinancialintermediaries.Fundsraisedbyissuingmarketabledebtsecuritiessuchascorporatebonds.2Short-termdebt—dueforrepaymentwithin12months