c语言计算机发展史知识点回顾(英文)ReviewComputerSystem

ABriefArchitecturalHistoryoftheComputerCanwedefinethedateofthecomputer“invention”?ABriefArchitecturalHistoryoftheComputer–cont.TheAbacus-500B.C.(GreeksandRomansCivilization)TheRomanAbacusCopyModernAbacusABriefArchitecturalHistoryoftheComputer–cont.BlaicePascal,anotedFrenchmathematician,inventedacalculatingmachine(withoutconstructingit)by1642(attheageof19)ABriefArchitecturalHistoryoftheComputer–cont.In1801,JosephMarieJacquardinventedaloom（织布机）thatusedpunchedcardsABriefArchitecturalHistoryoftheComputer–cont.Inearly1800s,CharlesBabbageandAugustaAdaByron(“thefirstcomputerprogrammer”)–mechanicalcalculatingmachine,called“analyticalengine”.ABriefArchitecturalHistoryoftheComputer–cont.Inthesametime–GeorgeBooledevelopedthebinarytheory(BooleanLogic).RelationofbinaryarithmeticwiththislogicmadeitpossibleimplementingthemodernelectroniccomputersInBooleanlogic,thereareonly0and1.Threebasicoperators:and,or,notABriefArchitecturalHistoryoftheComputer–cont.Inthelater1930,1940–“MarkI”wasbuiltbyHowardH.Aiken(IBM)andanothercomputerbyConradZuse(bothwithdecimalnumbers)In1939–ABC(Atanasoff&BerryComputer)abinary-basedmachinewithvacuumtubesforswitchingFinally,between1943-1946thefirstall-electronicdigitalcomputerwasdeveloped(namedENIAC)byMauchly&Eckerton/offswitchesindigitalcomputersearliest:electromechanicalrelays(机电继电器)solenoidwithmechanicalcontactpointsphysicalswitchcloseswhenelectricityanimatesmagnet1940’s:vacuumtubes(真空管)nophysicalcontactstobreakorgetdirtybecameavailableinearly1900’smainlyusedinradiosatfirst1950’stopresentTransistors(晶体管)inventedatBellLabsin1948JohnBardeen,WalterBrattain,andWilliamShockleyNobelprize,1956theintegratedcircuit(IC)inventedseparatelyby2people~1958JackKilbyatTexasInstrumentsRobertNoyceatFairchildSemiconductor(1958-59)1974Intelintroducesthe8080processoroneofthefirst“single-chip”microprocessorsMoore’slawdealswithsteadyrateofminiaturizationoftechnologynamedforIntelco-founderGordonMoorenotreallyalawmorea“ruleofthumb”(经验法则)observationthatchipdensityaboutdoublesevery18monthsalso,pricesdeclinefirstdescribedin1965expertspredictthistrendmightcontinueuntil~2020limitedwhensizereachesmolecularlevelTuringandTuringMachineAlanMathisonTuring, ( 1912–1954),wasaBritishmathematician, logician, cryptanalyst,and computerscientist.Hewashighlyinfluentialinthedevelopmentof computerscience,givingaformalisationoftheconceptsof"algorithm"and"computation"withthe Turingmachine.Turingiswidelyconsideredtobethe father ofcomputerscienceand artificialintelligence.*TuringMachine**claudeshannon1916-2001ClaudeElwoodShannon (1916—2001)iscreditedwithfoundingboth digitalcomputer and digitalcircuit designtheoryin1937,when,asa21-year-old master'sdegree studentatMIT.Hewrotehis thesis demonstratingthatelectricalapplicationsof booleanalgebra couldconstructandresolveanylogical,numericalrelationship.ClaudeShannonanddigitalcircuit designtheoryNeumannArchitectureJohnvonNeumann ( 1903–1957)CharacteristicsofNeumannArchitecture：Instructionanddataarerepresentedwithbinarycode.Instructionanddataarestoredinmemory.Fivecomponentsofcomputer:ALU(ArithmeticandLogicUnit),Controller,Memory,InputandOutputDevices.*StorageofProgramsandDataSamplingisonlyonewaytodigitizeinformationSinceourcomputersworkONLYwithnumbers,everything(notjustanalogueinformationsuchassoundandvideo)mustbeconvertedtonumbersText(lettersandspecialcharacters)getsconvertedtonumbers(A=65),usingastandardcodingconventioncalledASCIIGraphics(images),getsbrokendownintopieces(pixels)andeachcolourgetsanumberNumberSystemsBinaryNumbersOnceinformationisdigitized,itisrepresentedandstoredinmemoryusingthebinarynumbersystemAsinglebinarydigit(0or1)iscalledabitAsinglebitcanrepresenttwopossiblestates,likealightbulbthatiseitheron(1)oroff(0)Permutationsofbitsareusedtostorevalues.Allinformationisrepresentedascombinationsofthetwodigits0and1.HardwareDevicesProcessingDevice(Arithmetic/logic/repetition)CentralProcessingUnit(CPU)286,386,486,Pentium,K5,K6HasthreebasicpartsArithmeticLogicUnit(ALU)executesallthearithmeticandlogicinstructionsControlUnitdecodesinstructionsanddetermineswhichisnexttobeexecutedBuses/RegistersBusesarepathsforinformationentering/exitingtheCPURegistersarememoryforprocessinginformationTheCentralProcessingUnitTheCPUcontinuouslyfollowsthefetch-decode-executecycle:fetchRetrieveaninstructionfrommainmemorydecodeDeterminewhattheinstructionisexecuteCarryouttheinstructionComputerprogramAcomputerprogramisaseriesofinstructionseachinstructionisexpressedinaformatconsistentwithapredefinedsetofrulesacomputerprocessesdataunderthedirectionoftheinstructionsinaprogramthereareinstructionstoinput,process,storeandoutputdatatheuserofaprogram(asdistinctfromitscreator)hasnoneedtobeawareofthedetailsofitsconstructiontheuserisonlyinterestedintheservicesthattheprogramisabletoprovideProgrammingLanguagesProgrammingLanguages1stgenerationmachinelanguageinstructionscodedusingcombinationsof0’s&1’s2ndgenerationassemblylanguages(low-levelsymboliclanguages)instructionscodedusingletters&numbersoneassemblylanguageinstructionistranslatedintoonemachinelanguageinstructionProgrammingLanguagesProgrammingLanguages3rdgenerationhigh-levelsymboliclanguagesoneinstructiongeneratesmultiplemachinelanguageinstructions4thgenerationprogramminglanguagesnon-procedurallanguagescode“what”not“how”Low-andHigh-LevelLanguages(continued)*