重点工程经典建筑的变形监测

Unit19DeformationMonitoringofEngineeringStructure（工程建筑【EngineeringStructure或者工程构造】变形观测）Overview（概述【Overview纵览、总看法】）Deformationreferstothechangesofadeformablebody(naturalorman-madeobjects)undergoesinitsshapes，dimensionandpositioninspaceandtimedomain.（变形指一种形变体【deformablebody】（自然或人工物体）在空间和时间范畴【domain领域、范畴】在形状、尺度和位置上经受【undergo经受、收到】变化）【变形指一种形变体在空间和时间上经受形状、尺度和位置变化】Duetofactorssuchaschangesofgroundwaterlevel，tidalphenomena，tectonicphenomena，etc，engineeringstructures(suchasdams，bridges，highrisebuildings，etc.)aresubjecttodeformation.（由于【Dueto】诸如地下水位变化、潮汐现象、地壳构造【tectonic构造、地壳构造】现象等等因素【factor】，工程建筑物（如大坝、桥梁、高层建筑等等）受到变形【deformation】影响【subject受……影响】）Deformationofengineeringstructuresisoftenmeasuredinordertoensurethatthestructureisexhibitingasafedeformationbehavior.（工程建筑物变形经常观测以保证建筑呈现【exhibit呈现】安全变形行为）【工程建筑物变形经常观测以保证建筑物变形在安全范畴内】Costismorethanoffsetbysavingsandbyimprovementsinsafetybothduringandafterconstructions.（Asaresult，thedesign，executionandanalysisofsuchsurveysareamatterofconsiderablepracticalimportance.（作为成果，这种测量设计、实行和 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 是一件有着相称大【considerable相称大】实际【practical实际】重要性【importance重要性】事情）Expandedresourcedevelopment，thetrendtowardspotentially-deformation-sensitivityengineeringandconstructionprojects，andgrowinggeosciencetificinterestinthestudyofcrustalmovementhaveallcombinedtoincreaseawarenessoftheneedforacomprehensiveintegratedapproachtothedesignandanalysisofsuchdeformationsurveys.（随着资源扩张发展，趋势朝向潜在变形敏感度工程和建筑项目，成长地球科学感兴趣地壳运动研究已经所有结合来增长全面整合办法需求知识变形测量设计和分析）Thereforeitisimportanttomeasurethismovementsforthepurposeofsafetyassessmentandaswellaspreventinganydisasterinthefuture.（因而，为了安全评估【safetyassessment安全评估，assessment评估】和将来灾害【disaster】防止【prevent】，变形测量非常重要）DeformationMonitoringofnaturalandman-madestructuresisanengineeringsurveyactivityduringwhichrepeatedobservationsaremadewithinaspecifiedtimeframeforthepurposeofdetectingandquantifyingmovementsofstructures.（自然和人工构造变形观测属于工程测量行为，为了探查和测定【quantify拟定数量】构造变动，在一种指定【specified指定】时间框架下重复观测）Suchmonitoringcouldbeofaroutinenature(e.g.adamathighandlowwatermarks)ormadenecessarybyanabnormalcondition(e.g.majorworksnearatallbuilding).（这样监测可以是Underordinarycircumstances，theintervaloftimebetweenmonitoringandanalysismayextendoverseveraldaysormore.（在普通【ordinary寻常、普通】状况【circumstances状况、环境】下，监测和分析之间时间间隔也许延续几天甚至更长时间）Undercriticalcondition，thismayhavetobenearlyinstantaneousinordertoprovideawarning，ifnecessary.（在危急【critical危急】状况下，如果需要【ifnecessary】，为了提供预警【warning警报】这【this指上句时间间隔】也许必须是几乎【nearly几乎、密切地】即时【instantaneous】）Thevolumeofdatamayconsistofonlyseveralitems，inthesimplestroutineinvestigation，orofhundredsorthousandsofdifferentdata，inverycomplexorcriticalconditions.（数据量【volume】可以是，简朴例行调查中，仅由几项构成【consistof由……构成】；或者在复杂或危急状况下，由成百上千不同数据构成）Therateofmonitoringmaybeannually，monthly，weekly，daily，hourly，orevenmorefrequently.（监测频率【rate速率、比例】可以是一年一次【annually一年一次、每年，下同】、一月一次，一周一次、一天一次、每小时一次，甚至更频繁）Detectingandquantifyingmovementsrequiretheuseofverypreciseequipment.（检测和测定变形需要非常精准仪器。）Suchmovementsareverysmallandtoaccuratelymeasurethemrequiresmeticulousfieldworkaswellasrigorousanalysisofobserveddata.（这种变形非常小，精确测量她们需要细心【meticulous小心】外业，尚有观测数据严格【rigorous严格】分析）Deformationmonitoringtechniquescanbegenerallydividedintogeotechnical，structuralandgeodetic(survey)methods.（变形监测技术可以普通【generally】分为：土木技术、构造和测绘办法）Thegeodeticmethods(highlyunderstoodbyengineeringsurveyors)thatcanbeusedareGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)，close-rangephotogrammetrywiththeuseofterrestrialcamera，precisetheodoliteandlevels，totalstation，laserscanners，andvibrationmonitoringsystems，averylongbaselineinterferometryandsatellitelaserranging.（测绘法（非常为工程测量人员所理解）可以使用是GPS，使用地面照相机【terrestrialcamera地面照相机】近景照相测量，精密经纬仪和水准仪，全站仪，激光扫描仪，和振动【vibration振动】监测系统，甚长基线干涉测量【verylongbaselineinterferometry】和卫星激光测距）Anumberoftraditionalsurveyingtechniqueshavealsobeenmodifiedandappliedtoyieldthehighestpossibleaccuracies.（许多老式测量技术也通过改良【modify改良】并用于产生【yield产生】尽量最高精度）Geodeticmeasurementsinvolvetheobservablesofhorizontalangles，ordirection；spatialdistance；andheightdifference.（测绘办法测量【即，geodetic型变形监测测量工作】涉及水平角或方向观测【observable观测n.，词性变换】；空间距离；高差【heightdifference】观测【observable观测n.，词性变换】）Geotechnicalmeasurementsconsistofsimilargeometricquantities，butoveramuchsmallerextentthanforgeodeticmeasurements(distancestoafewmetersratherthanhundredsofmeters)，aswellasmeasurementsofthephysicalormechanicalstateoftheobjectbeingmonitored.（土木技术办法测量工作由类似几何量构成，但是比测绘法测量（距离上从几米），Thesurveymethodscanbefurthersubdividedintothesurveynetworkmethodanddirectmeasurementmethod.（测量办法可以进一步细分为【subdivide细分】测量网和直接测量法。）Ingeodeticmethodtherearetwotypesofgeodeticnetworks，namelythereference(absolute)andrelativenetwork.（测地学办法中有两种类型测量网，被称为参照（绝对）网和相对网）MonitoringSchemes（监测 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 ）Adeformationsurveyrequirestheassessmentofprojectexpectations.（变形观测需要项目预期预计）Thiswouldincludeaccuracystatementsinordertodetectthemovementandexternaleffectsoftheobjectsuspectedofmovement.（涉及Theobservationperiodandfrequencymustalsobeestablished.Theselectionofmostappropriatetechniqueorcombinationoftechniquesforanyparticularapplicationwilldependuponcost，theaccuracyrequired，andthescaleofthesurveyinvolved.Thereforeseveralaspectsrelatedtotheoptimaldesignofthenetworks，measurementandanalysistechniquessuitedtothemonitoringsurveyshavetobeconsidered.Thedesignofmonitoringschemeshouldsatisfynotonlythebestgeometricalstrengthofthenetworkbutshouldprimarilyfulfilltheneedsofsubsequentphysicalinterpretationofthemonitoringresults.Selectionofmonitoringtechniquesdependsheavilyonthetype，themagnitudeandtherateofthedeformation.Therefore，theproposedmeasuringschemeshouldbebasedonthebestpossiblecombinationofallavailablemeasuringinstrumentation.Acommonfeatureforbothgeodeticandsatellitemethodsinmonitoringschemeinvolvesthefollowingthreestages:=1\*GB2⑴Thedesignoftheschemerequiredtoundertakethedeformationsurveymustconsidertheinstrumentationtobeused，thegeometryofthenetwork，thelocationofobservablespoints，thetypesofobservables，preanalysisofpossiblyenvironmentalinfluences，andfrequencyofobservationoftheobservablestotheexpectedformofdeformation.Thereferencedatummustbeappropriate，secure，andstableandnotinfluencedbythesuspectedoranticipatedmovementwithinthelocalsitearea.=2\*GB2⑵Theexecutionprocessthatrunsadesignednetworkintorealityshouldbecarefullydone，whichdealswithboththedocumentationoftheproposednetworkstationsandtheactualfieldmeasurementtechniquesinwhichtheequipmentusedmustbeadjustedandingoodworkingorderwithappropriatecalibrationscompleted.=3\*GB2⑶Dataprocessingdealswiththeprocessingandanalysisofthecollectedgeodeticdata，qualityassuranceandcontrolthatmustbefollowedtoconfirmtheexpectedresults.Processingoccurssimultaneouslywithcaptureandsubsequenttocapturewithdifferenttasksateachtime.Duringcapture，thepointsinvolvedmustbeidentifiedanancillaryobservations，suchastemperature，mustberequestedalongwithdealingwiththeobservation.Theobservationwouldlikelyberepeatedinordertoobtainameanandanestimatedofitsstandarddeviationandthemeanwouldbecomparedwiththepredictedormostrecentvalueasacheckonconsistency.Subsequentprocessingwouldfurtherreducetheobservationandthedataintoseriesfileorcampaignfilefollowingthestructureofthedatamanagementsystem.Consistencywouldbecheckedeitheragainfortheobservationorfurtherforthereduceddata.TrendAnalysisOncemorethanonecampaignhasbeenobservedoronceenoughdataarecontainedinaseries，itisnecessarytodeterminethetendencythatisbeingexhibitedinspaceorovertimeorboth.Theobservedtendenciesarethenbroughttogethertosuggestpossibleformsofmodels，i.e.，thechoiceofparameterstobeestimated.Thetrendanalysisactsasafilterbyextractingthebehaviorofinterest，e.g.，theannualtrendorrate，fromthetimeseries，e.g.，thenoisebeingtheseasonalcyclethatisareactiontothechangeintemperature.Theextractedtrendsbecometheinputor“observations”inthemodelingand，therefore，itisnecessarytohavemeasuresofvarianceassociatedwitheachtrend.Thespatialtrendcanbederivedforoneortwodimensionalnetworksbyconsideringthedifferencesincoordinatesestimatedintheindividualcampaignadjustments，i.e.，comparingcampaigns.Spatialtrendcanalsobederivedverticallyforsubsidenceprofiles.Finallythereportingofthedeformationsurveyshouldincludethehistoryoftheprojectassomeprojectscouldextendoverasignificantperiodoftime.Thereportshouldalsoincludethemethodologycontainingresultsoftheindividualcampaign(epoch)，thegeometricaldisplacementsandthequalityofthedisplacements，graphicdepictionandrecommendationsorconclusions.