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大学高级英语语法PPT第四章

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大学高级英语语法PPT第四章Chapter4NounandNounPhrase(2):DeterminerandGenitive本章学习重点:限定词限定词与形容词的区别限定词与限定词的搭配限定词的用法冠词的用法属格属格与of-词组的用法和区别集体属格、地点属格和双重属格4.1Determiners(pp74-90)Determinersrefertowordswhichareusedinthepremodificationofanounphraseandwhichtypicallyprecedeanyadjectivesthatpremodi...

大学高级英语语法PPT第四章
Chapter4NounandNounPhrase(2):DeterminerandGenitive本章学习重点:限定词限定词与形容词的区别限定词与限定词的搭配限定词的用法冠词的用法属格属格与of-词组的用法和区别集体属格、地点属格和双重属格4.1Determiners(pp74-90)Determinersrefertowordswhichareusedinthepremodificationofanounphraseandwhichtypicallyprecedeanyadjectivesthatpremodifytheheadword.Intermsoffunction,determinerscanbeclassifiedinto:Identifiers类指、特指限定词Quantifiers数量限定词basedontheirrelativepositionswhentheyoccur,therearethreetypes:Predeterminers(前位限定词)Centraldeterminers(中位限定词)Postdeterminers(后位限定词)Determinersandadjectivesaredifferentinmanyways(p74-75)(1)Determinersusuallyprecedeadjectivesinpremodification;e.g.aniceman/niceaman(2)Thechoiceofdeterminersisoftendeterminedbytheheadwordbutnotthatofadjectives(限定词的选择受名词中心词的限制);e.g.a/the/thesegoodmana/the/thesegoodmen×××Determinersandadjectivesaredifferentinmanyways(p74-75)(3)Adjectivesdescribetheheadwordbyshowingitscharacteristics,butdeterminersdeterminetheheadwordbyidentifyingorquantifying;e.g.manythemythreegoodusefuloldEnglishbooksDeterminersandadjectivesaredifferentinmanyways(p74-75)(4)Adjectivescanpostmodifytheheadword,butnotdeterminers(exceptenough);e.g.peopleoldandyoungBooksancientandmodernPeoplemanyorfew(5)Adjectiveshavecomparativeforms形容词有比较级,而限定词没有(除few,little,manyandmuch外).×4.1.1Functionsofdeterminers(pp75-76)determinersaregenerallyeitheridentifiersorquantifiers,eachofwhichmayhaveeitherdefinitereferenceorindefinitereference.e.g.Thereisahouseinthemiddleofthestreet.(indefiniteidentifier)Thehousestandsinthemiddleofthestreet(definiteidentifier)Wouldyoulikesometea?(indefinitequantifier)GivemethreehoursandIcangettheworkdone.(definitequantifier)4.1.1FunctionsofdeterminersSomedeterminers,suchassomeandall,canbeeitheridentifiersorquantifiersdependingonthecontext.e.g.You’llunderstandmywarningsomeday.(indefiniteidentifier)Therearesometreesinthegarden(indefinitequantifier).Allthewindowsareclosed(definiteidentifierordefinitequantifierdependingonthequestionWhichone…?OrHowmany…?towhichitmaybeananswer.)4.1.2Co-occurrenceofdeterminers(限定词的搭配):Predeterminer+Centraldeterminer+PostdeterminerKeywordsforeachgroup:(p77)Predeterminer:all,both,half,double,twice,threetimes,one-third,two-thirds,etc.,what,sucha(an),manyCentraldeterminer:articles[a(n),the],demonstratives(this,that,these,those),possessives(my,your,his,etc),genitives(John’s,theboy’setc),any,each,either,enough,every,neither,no,some,what,which(ever),whose(ever)4.1.2Co-occurrenceofdeterminers(限定词的搭配):Postdeterminer:cardinalnumerals(one,two,three,etc),ordinalnumerals(first,second,third,etc.),next,last,few(fewer,fewest),little(less,least),many,much(more,most),another,other,several,suche.g.allthestudents(前位限定词+中位限定词)allotherstudents(前位限定词+后位限定词)allthethreeotherstudents(前位限定词+中位限定词+后位限定词+后位限定词)Attention:Twopredeterminersortwocentraldeterminerscan’tco-occur,whiletwopostdeterminerscanco-occur.4.1.3Usageofsomedeterminers:(pp78-81)(1)allandwholeAllcanmodifyallkindsofnouns:singular/pluralcountablenouns;massnounsandevenpropernouns.Allandwholearenearsynonyms,inspiteoftheirgrammaticaldifferences:e.g.Theystayedhereallday.(=…thewholeday)Allthetownwerecelebratingthevictorythatnight.(=Thewholetown…)4.1.3Usageofsomedeterminers:(pp78-81)allandwhole:differences(1)Whenmodifyingapluralnoun:e.g.ShewouldworktwelvehoursadayalltheyearswhenshewasatCambridge.(Allsuggeststheinclusionofallthemembers指所有成员,whichissomewhat=every.)Wholeregimentssurrenderedtotheenemy.(→thecompletenessorentiretyofeachindividualgroup.指整体)全团向敌人投降了。4.1.3Usageofsomedeterminers:(pp78-81)allandwhole:differences(2)Whenmodifyinganounthatrepresentaplace,allusuallyreferstoallthepeoplelivinginthatplace指生活在此的所有的人;Wholemayrefertoallitsresidentsortotheplaceitselfasawholedependingonthecontext.指所有居民或指这个地方e.g.Allthevillagewasexcitedatthenews.(=thewholevillage…)Thewholevillagewasflooded.(refertotheplace)4.1.3Usageofsomedeterminers:(pp78-81)allandwhole:differences(3)Noticethegrammaticaldifferencewhentheymodifyapropernounthatisanameofaplace:(identifythecorrectsentences)e.g.AllNewcastlewasexcitedatthenews.ThewholeNewcastlewasexcitedatthenews.WholeNewcastlewasexcitedatthenewsThewholeofNewcastlewasexcitedatthenews.××4.1.3Usageofsomedeterminers:(pp78-81)(2)allandbothe.g.Bothofthemaredoctors.Allofthemaredoctors.Bothmodifiescountablenounsandreferstoagroupthatconsistsoftwomembers;Allisusedwhenthenumberisgreaterthantwo.4.1.3Usageofsomedeterminers:(pp78-81)(3)all,everyandeache.g.Alltheboysenjoyedthemselvesattheparty.Everyboyenjoyedhimselfattheparty.Eachboygotonepresentattheparty.Allsuggeststhewholegroup;Everypointstoalltheindividualmembersofthegroup;Eachfocusesoneachindividualmemberofthegrouptakenseparately.4.1.3Usageofsomedeterminers:(pp78-81)(4)both,eachandeithere.g.Thereareshopsonofthestreet.Theyallhavethemeaningof“two”or“oneandtheother”;therefore,theycanbeusedinterchangeably.eachandeitheraretobeusedwhenindicatingeachoneofthetwo.bothsideseachsideeitherside4.1.3Usageofsomedeterminers:(pp78-81)(5)any,either,no(none)andneithere.g.A:Which(ofthetwobuses)shallItaketotheairport?B:Youcantake…one.A:There’rethreeflighttoLondon,aren’tthey?B:Yes,youcantake…oneofthem.A:Arethetwoboysovereighteenyet?B:No.A:…iseligibleforadriver’slicense.A:whichumbrellawouldyoulike,black,yelloworblue?B:I’msorry,Idon’tlike…oneofthese./Ilike…ofthese.Anyandno(none):referringtoagroupofmorethantwoEitherandneither:referringtoagroupoftwo.(either)(any)(neither)(any/none)4.1.4Articles冠词:(pp81-90)thedefinitearticle(定冠词):thetheindefinitearticle(不定冠词):a/ana.pronunciation(pp81-82)the→beforeaconsonantsound→beforeavowelsounda→beforeaconsonantsoundan→beforeavowelsound4.1.4Articles冠词:b.genericreferencevs.specificreference(类指vs.特指)Genericreferenceandspecificreferencearetwousesofarticles.Genericreferenceindicatesthewholespeciesorkind,whilespecificreferenceindicatesonespecificpeopleorthing.4.1.4Articles冠词:(pp82-83)b.Genericreferencevs.specificreferencee.g.1)Thepandaisarareanimal.2)Thepandagavebirthtoahealthybabylastnight.In1),thepandadonatesthewholespecies(指整个类别)→genericreference类指In2)thepandapointstoonespecificanimal(指特定的一只动物)→specificreference特指在使用不定冠词时同样也有这种情况。e.g.IwishIhadadogofmyown.(genericreference)AdogchargedatmewhenIwasonmywayhomelastnight.(specificreference)4.1.4Articles冠词:(pp82-83)ZeroarticleGenericreferencecanalsoberealizedbyapluralcountablenounthatgoeswithoutanarticle—ausagethatistermedzeroarticleinmoderngrammar.零冠词e.g.Pandasarerareanimals.Genericreferencevs.specificreference:(pp82-83)Specificreference→Definitespecificreference确定特指(identifiesthereferent特指词语所指对象)e.g.Thepandagavebirthtoahealthybabylastnight.Indefinitespecificreference非确定特指(pointstoaparticular,actualexampleoftheclassbutfailstoidentifyit.指类别中的实际对象,但没有明确它)e.g.AdogchargedatmewhenIwasonmywayhomelastnight.Genericreferencevs.specificreference:(pp82-83)Theisusedwhenreferringtouniqueandspecificthings(单一性).e.g.Theworldislikeastage.Specificreferencemayalsoresultfromthesituationalcontextorfromlinguisticcontext.e.g.Wouldyoupassmethesalt.(situationalcontext)That’sthedictionaryI’mlookingfor.(linguisticcontext)(Thesalt可以在吃饭这个环境中来确定;而thedictionary需要句子后一部分I’mlookingfor来明确)4.1.4Articles冠词:(pp83-84)c.Indefinitearticle不定冠词a(n)Toindicateclassmembership;typicallyusedwithsingularcountablenouns.可将一类作为一组e.g.Thisisadictionary,notanencyclopedia.NOTusuallyusedwithpropernounsEXCEPTwhentheyareshiftedtothecategoryofcountablenouns:(专有名词→可数名词类,可用)e.g.HelooksforwardtoowningaBenz.Nounsreferringtojob/professionassubjectcomplementnormallyrequiretheindefinitearticle.(指工作或职业的名词作主语补足语时用)e.g.Johnisacarpenter.Hiswifeisawaitress.c.Indefinitearticle不定冠词a(n)Ifthenounreferstoapositionthatisheldbyonlyoneperson→NOTtheindefinitearticlee.g.Hewaselectedchairmanofthecommittee.a(n)canberegardedasaweakformofone:e.g.I’dlikeacupofcoffee.Ionlyorderedonecupofcoffee,butyou’vegivenmetwo.Massnounsusu.doNOTtaketheindefinitearticleEXCEPTwhentheyareshiftedtothecategoryofcountablenouns→typeof,kindof.e.g.Parentslovetheirchildrenwithadevotionforwhichtheyaskfornoreturn.4.1.4Articles冠词:(pp84-85)d.definitearticle定冠词thePrimarilyusedforspecificreferenceCanmodifyavarietyofnounclasses:countablenouns(singular&plural),amassnounorapropernounItusuallyhasspecificreferencewhenmodifyingsingularcountablenounsAlsocommonforgenericreference类指也常见(e.g.Thepandaisarareanimal.)4.1.4Articles冠词:(pp84-85)d.definitearticle定冠词the一些 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示机构的可数名词单数,可以不要冠词或其他限定词(idiomaticratherthangrammatical):e.g.TheygotochurcheverySundaymorning.如果表示建筑而不是机构,名词前常加冠词:e.g.Thechurchwaspulleddownforanewandbiggerone.名词有相同用法的有:class,bed,table,town,etc.e.g.Classbeginsat8inthemorning.Therearetwentystudentsintheclass.d.definitearticlethe但当谈论某人演奏某种乐器的能力时,乐器前加the:e.g.playthepiano/violin/guitar体育项目前不加the:e.g.playbasketball/volleyball/tennis/football一些常表示一件东西或一个人的名词,如果指特殊的系统或设施时可用the:e.g.Thetelephoneisdevelopingfastinthatarea.交通工具如果由介词by引导,前不用加冠词:e.g.Wewenttherebybus/car/train/bicycle,etc.d.definitearticlethe当时间意义为季节、某一时刻或某一段时间时,冠词的用法也不一样。季节通常不加the,特殊情况除外:e.g.Whydon’tyouvisitScotlandinsummer?Thesummerof1995wassohotinBritainthateverybodywascomplainingthere.当指一段时间时,用定冠词,而指某一时刻时不用:e.g.atdaybreak拂晓/atsunrise/inthemorning/atnoon/intheafternoon/atdusk/intheevening/atnight有些情况下,the和at不能同时存在。at一般表示某一时刻;而in(during,for等)表示一段时间,有时需加冠词。e.g.Someanimalssleepduringthedayandworkduringthenight.d.definitearticlethe可数名词复数用于表示一般意义时,不用定冠词:e.g.Pandasarerareanimals.Withregardtomassnouns,thearticleisnormallyusedforspecificreference定冠词通常表特指:e.g.Saltisanessentialingredientinallkindsoffood.(类指)Wouldyoupassmethesalt?(特指)d.definitearticlethe专有名词一般情况下不用定冠词,但也有特殊情况,如:以复数形式出现的人名指一家:e.g.theJohnsons/theSmiths海洋、河流、运河、山脉和专有地理名词:e.g.thePacific/theThames/theRockies/thePhilippines由普通名词组成的组织的名称:e.g.thePeople’sRepublicofChina/theUnitedKingdom宾馆、饭店、剧院、电影院、博物馆、展览馆等的名字e.g.theVictorianStation/theBritishMuseumd.definitearticlethePropernounswithrestrictivemodification有限定词的专有名词:e.g.The21st--centuryChina/theLondoninDickens’novel作家的著作、某一品牌的产品:e.g.Whydon’tyouhangthePicassoonthatwall?TheKodakandtheFujiwouldmakenodifferencetome.d.definitearticlethe特殊用法:The+adjectivewhichistheheadwordofanounphrase.Referringto:Peopleofparticulartype:e.g.thepoor,therich,theold,theyoung,etcAspecialquality:e.g.thebeautiful,theugly,Peopleasnationalofacertaincountry:e.g.theChinese,theFrench,etc.4.2Genitives(属格)(pp90-97)Usedtobetermeda“possesive”(所有格)(John’scar)Canalsobeexpressedbyanof-phrase(thecoverofthebook)→ofteninterchangeablewiththegenitive.doublegenitive双重属格,alsoreferredtoasthe“postgenitive”后置属格:acombinationoftheabovetwotypesofgenitivese.g.afriendofmybrother’s4.2.1Formsofgenitive(p91)singularnouns&pluralnounsthatdonotendin–s:+’se.g.John’scarmyniece’sbirthdaymen’sclothesPluralnounsthatendin–s:+’(asgenitivemarker)e.g.agirls’school4.2.1Formsofgenitive只需加’的情况:1)singularnounsthatendinsibilant(齿擦音)–s:e.g.Theactress’performancetheactress’sperformanceDickens’novelDickens’snovel2)Greeknamesendingin–se.g.Socrates’['sɔkrəti:z]3)Fixedexpressions:e.g.forgoodness’sakeforconscience’sake4.2.2Genitivevs.of-phrase(pp92-94)在有些情况下,名词的所有格可用属格表示,也可用of-phrase表示,它们可以互换,意义上的差别很小:e.g.theprimeminister’sarrival=thearrivaloftheprimeministerChina’sforeignpolicy=theforeignpolicyofChina但只有很少情况下可以互换,很多情况不能互换。4.2.2Genitivevs.of-phraseUnderwhatgeneralcircumstancesdoweprefergenitivetoof-phraseandvice-versa?Inprinciple,animatenouns,esp.referringtopersons,cantakegenitiveform;(名词属格多用于有生命特别是指人的名词)e.g.Peter’sbook/Mary’stoyinanimatenouns,esp.referringtolifelessobjects,cantaketheformofof-phrase.(of-phrase常用于表示无生命的名称)e.g.thefutureoftheworld/theleavesofthetreeBUTtheactualusageismessier.A.GenitiveGenitiveiscommonlypreferredwithnounsreferringtopeople.e.g.Peter’spassport/theboy’ssuggestionGenerally,of-phraseisnotusedwithfirstnames,butwouldbeacceptablewithfullnames.e.g.theT-shirtofMary/thepassportofJohnSmith×A.Genitive如果两个名词间的关系是定义(definition)或类别(classification),而不是所有(possession)时,只能用属格形式。e.g.man’sclothes/theteacher’sbook当名词表示时间时,用属格形式。e.g.threeyears’time/tomorrow’sspeech一些固定的惯用语用属格形式e.g.atarm’slength(疏远,保持一定距离)atone’swit’send(智穷力竭,不知所措)ahair’sbreadth(一发之差,千钧一发)atdeath’sdoor(危在旦夕,面临死亡)B.of-phraseTheof-phraseistypicallypreferredwithnounsreferringtoinanimate,lifelessobjects.e.g.thecolorofthecartheimportanceoftheplanOf-phraseisrequiredwithanounphrasewhoseheadwordisaclassifyingadjective(中心词为名词化形容词的名词词组)。e.g.thewelfareofthepoortheexperienceoftheoldC.Genitiveandof-phrase属格和of-phrase都能用于地理专有名词和表示地方、机构等的名词。e.g.thecity’sproblems/theproblemsofthecityChina’sforeignpolicy/theforeignpolicyofChinaThevillage’spopulation/thepopulationofthevillage属格和Of-phrase都能用于集体名词(collectivenouns)。e.g.thegovernment’sattitude/theattitudeofthegovernmentThecommittee’stask/thetaskofthecommittee以上讨论的只是一小部分区别属格和of-phrase的因素。选择属格或of-phrase取决于个人的态度和习惯,或者根据环境限制如修饰和平衡关系。Forexample:Thestudents’opinionsoftheirprofessorDr.Johnson’scommentsonyouressay4.2.3Groupgenitive集体属格/词组的属格(pp94-95)Thetermreferstothegenitiveformedbyadding’stothelastelementofapostmodifiedorcoordinatednounphrase.(指在后置修饰语或合成名词词组的最后成分后加’s)e.g.someoneelse’scaranhourandahalf’stesttheQueenofBritain’sheir英国女王的继承人4.2.3Groupgenitive集体属格(p95)ThegroupgenitivenormallydoesNOTworkwithanounphrasethatcontainsapostmodifyingclause,finiteornon-finitee.g.themanIknow’scartheladylivingnextdoor’shattheprofessortoconsult’scommentMoreacceptabletousetheof-phraseinstead.×××4.2.3Groupgenitive集体属格(p95)如果名词词组含有一个长的介词词组或引起混淆的介词词组时,也要用of-phrase.Forexample:thequeenoftheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland’sheirThemanwithadog’sfood??4.2.4localgenitive地点属格(pp95-96)thegenitiveissometimesusedalonewithoutafollowingnoun.Themeaningisusuallyaplace.表示地点的属格名词通常指人、住所、公共建筑、从事某种行业的地点等.Forexample:1)propernounsforcertainwell-knownbuildings:St.Paul’s(cathedral)St.James’s(Palace)2)Wordsforshopsdenotedbythetypeofshopkeeper:thebaker’sthebutcher’s4.2.4localgenitive地点属格(pp95-96)Forexample:3)Namesandnounsreferringtopersonswhichdenoteresidence:(表示人的词指住所)e.g.We’rehavingdinneratmyaunt’stonight.4.2.5.doublegenitive双重属格Alsoreferredtoasthe“postgenitive”(后置属格)Itisacombinationofthegenitiveandtheof-phrase:e.g.afriendofmybrother’ssomebadhabitsofhisson’sanothermistakeofyours4.2.5.doublegenitive双重属格Whataretheconstrainsthatthedoublegenitiveissubjectto?(1)the2ndnounreferstopersons,nevertoobjects;e.g.afriendofTom’sanovelofDickens’sawindowofthehouse’sapageofthebook’s××4.2.5.doublegenitive双重属格Whataretheconstrainsthatthedoublegenitiveissubjectto?(2)the1stnounhasindefinitereferenceandthe2ndnounisdefinite第一个名词前常为不限定词(以不定冠词为前置修饰词),第二个名词前为限定词e.g.afriendofmybrother’salotoffriendsofthatdoctor’sthefriendofthedoctor’sthefriendofadoctor’safriendofadoctor’s×××4.2.5.doublegenitive双重属格Whataretheconstrainsthatthedoublegenitiveissubjectto?(3)the1stnouncanbemodifiedbydemonstrativeorpostmodifiedbyarelativeclause:第一个名词前可有指示代词修饰、或后面有关系从句修饰e.g.thoseideasofyoursister’sthatfriendofmybrother’sThatlectureofthenewteacher’sthefriendofBob’swhowasherelastnight昨晚在这儿的Bob的朋友Compare:aportraitofhermother她母亲的画像(画的是她母亲,而不是别人)aportraitofhermother’s她母亲拥有的画像中的一幅(所有画像中的一幅,不一定是她母亲的画像)hermother’sportrait她母亲收藏的画像(是否她母亲本人的画像未说明)astoryofEinstein=astoryaboutEinstein或storytoldbyEinsteinastoryofEinstein’s=astorytoldbyEinstein
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