ORVR和蒸发排放

USEmissionRegulationORVRandEvaporativeEmission美国排放法规ORVR和蒸发排放July15th,2014Agenda议程•USregulationforORVR美国ORVR法规•ORVRtestmethodsORVR测试 方法 快递客服问题件处理详细方法山木方法pdf计算方法pdf华与华方法下载八字理论方法下载 •ORVRtestequipmentORVR测试设备•CanisterDesignforORVR针对ORVR要求的碳罐设计•ORVRimplementationORVR的实施Goal:目标•ReduceSmog减少雾霾•GroundLevelOzoneistheprimarycomponentofsmogandisformedwhennitrogenoxideandhydrocarbonsareexposedtosunlight.地面臭氧是雾霾的最主要组成部分，它是当氮氧化物和碳氢化物暴露在阳光下时产生的。�HC’s+NOx+Sunlight=GroundLevelOzoneUSregulationforORVR美国ORVR法规EvaporativeEmissions:Classification&Terminology分类及术语3.RunningLoss运转损耗运转损耗运转损耗运转损耗Vehicledriven,HotengineHotfuelreturnedtotankduetoheatfromfuelpump,exhaust,engineandroad2.HotSoak热侵蚀热侵蚀热侵蚀热侵蚀Vehiclestopped–RapidheatingoffuelTankaftervehicleisturnedoffFueltemperatureincreasesforup1hrFuelStorageFuelVaporSystemFuelDelivery1.Diurnal(Bleed)日间蒸发排放日间蒸发排放日间蒸发排放日间蒸发排放VehicleparkedExpansionoftankvaporduringdaytimeparking4.RefuelingDisplacementofvaporsfromthefueltank5.Permeation渗透排放渗透排放渗透排放渗透排放Diffusionofgasolinethroughrubberandplasticofthefuelsystem加油排放加油排放加油排放加油排放USRegulationforORVR美国ORVR法规OnboardRefuelingVaporRecovery车载加油油气回收•Vehicle-basedcontrol;routesvaporfromvehicletanktoactivatedcarboncanister…vaporpurgedandburnedasfuelduringvehicleoperation车辆控制，将油气从燃油箱运送至碳罐，当整车运转时油气被脱附被当做燃料燃烧。•WhyORVR?为什么使用ORVR？�Thesimpleactofrefuelingiscostingus1.5gHCsperliterdispensed.加油的一个简单动作就会造成碳氢化合物排放达1.5克/升。�For50litersdispensed,75gramsofvaporwhichisequivalentto100mlliquid.加50升油会产生75克油气，相当于100毫升的燃油。EvaporativeEmissionsControl-SystemFundamentals蒸发排放控制–系统基本原理•Theprimaryfunctionoftheevaporativeemissionssystemistopreventhydrocarbonsfrombeingreleasedintotheatmosphereandstoretheminacanisteruntiltheycanbereintroducedintotheintakeairstreamatalatertime.蒸发排放系统的最主要功能就是防止碳氢化合物排放到大气中，这些碳氢化合物被存储碳罐中而后被进气气流引入发动机。ORVRSystemsORVR系统•Formorethan10yearsintheUS,theevaporativeemissionsystemhas2majorjobs–capturediurnalemissionsandcapturerefuelingemissions.在美国实施长达10多年，蒸发排放系统的两种主要工作是：捕获日间蒸发排放、捕获加油排放•TheUSregulationwaswrittensothatORVRsystemisanintegratedsystem美国法规中提到ORVR系统是一个整合式系统ORVRSystemsORVR系统•IntegratedSystem-Withtheaddedresponsibilityofcapturingrefuelingemissions,systemchangesarethefollowing:由于ORVR增加了对加油排放的控制，系统变更如下•Larger,lessrestrictivecanistertocapturerefuelingemissions需要更大、流动阻力更小的碳罐来捕获加油排放•Larger,lessrestrictivelinebetweenthefueltankandcanister油箱与碳罐之间需要更大、流通阻力更小的管路•ReducedDiameterFillerPipe•LowPressureDropValve(Largerorificeinventvalve)碳罐电磁阀需要更大的通孔•VaporSeal(Anti-Spitbackvalve)inthefillpipe加油管需要增加单向阀ORVRSystemsORVR系统•MostsystemsintheUSareliquidseal.在美国，大多数系统使用液体密封•LiquidSeal液体密封�Sealcontainedinternaltofueltank密封包含油箱内部�Insensitivetonozzlevariation对加油枪的差异不敏感�TypicalVaporGeneration典型的油气产生•1.32grams/liter(5.0grams/gallon)withvaporrecirculation包含油蒸汽内循环：1.32克/升（5克/加仑）•VaporRecirculationduringrefuelingsignificantlyreducesvaporgeneration在加油时，油气内循环能够显著减少油气产生VaporRecirculationORVRVehicleTestProcedureORVR车辆测试步骤•Specification0.20grams/gallons(0.053grams/liter) 规范 编程规范下载gsp规范下载钢格栅规范下载警徽规范下载建设厅规范下载 ：0.20克/加仑（0.053克/升）•Thisvehicleleveltestisasuccesstestwherethetankisfilledtocapacity.Pass/failisdeterminedbycanisterbreakthroughascomparedtothe0.053gram/literrequirement.整车级别测试需要将油箱加满燃油，从碳罐中溢出的油气量与0.053克/升的规范进行比较可以决定测试通过或失败。•Fora50literfill,thecanisterisallowedtobreakthrough2.65gramsmaximum.例如加50升燃油，从碳罐溢出的油气不能够高于2.65克。ORVRCanisterTestingORVR碳罐测试�VehicletoComponentCorrelation整车与零部件的关联性VehicleLevelFailureModeComponentLevelFailureModeDesignConsiderationsTesttoDetectNotenoughcarboncapacityCarbonTypeCarbonAmountCanisterConstructionORVRWorkingCapacityLargevolumefillerneckTankandFillerNeckDesignVehicleLevelLiquidTrapDesignLiquidTrapCapacityTankandFillerNeckDesignVehicleLevelLossofCarbonPackInitialCarbonPackVolumeCompesationDesignCanisterMountingShellMaterialChoiceCanisterConstructionVibration/TemperatureDurabilityLossofCanisterWorkingCapacityDuetoCarbonAgingCarbonTypeandQualityCarbonAgingCanisterLeakWeldDesignShellMaterialChoiceLeakTestbeforeandafterDurabilityHighRestrictionCanisterConstructionCarbonTypePressureDropTestingFillerneckopeningtoolowTankandFillerNeckDesignVehicleLevelAirinletfilterpluggedFilterMaterialChoiceCanisterVehicleLocation(CleanAirSource)CanisterConstructionDustTestingVibration/TemperatureDurabilityLossofCanisterWorkingCapacityDuetoLiquidfuelallowedintocarbonbedPrematureShutoffHighemissions10ORVRTestMethods–ComponentLevelORVR测试方法—零部件级别•Componentleveltestingisavariabletestwhichmeasuresthecanistercapacityforadsorbinghydrocarbonsduringarefuelingevent.零部件级别测试用于测量碳罐在加油时吸附碳氢化合物的能力•2basicapproachesbasedonOEMpreference基于整车厂倾向的两种方法�ActualTankFillTestProcedure使用实际油箱进行测试�Butane/NitrogenFillTestProcedure使用丁烷与氮气混合气进行测试•BothActualTankFillandButane/NitrogenFillusevehiclespecificpurgevolumetopreparethecanisterpriortoORVRfill.以上这两种 方案 气瓶 现场处置方案 .pdf气瓶 现场处置方案 .doc见习基地管理方案.doc关于群访事件的化解方案建筑工地扬尘治理专项方案下载 都需要使用车辆特定的脱附量对碳罐进行预处理•ThesebenchtestsareusedtosimulatethevehiclerefuelingandmeasurecanistercapacityatthefasterORVRfillrate这些台架测试可以用来模拟车辆的加油过程，并且测量碳罐在更快的ORVR流速时的工作能力•MostOEMsspecifyasafetymarginascomparedtotheregulation–typically0.026grams/literor50%ofthespecification.大多数整车厂针对法规定义更安全的零部件级别规范，比如0.026克/升或者法规的50%ORVRTestEquipmentORVR测试设备–ActualTankORVRFillTestProcedure实际油箱•Keypoints关键点•ORVRisafastfillrateascomparedtodiurnalorbutaneworkingcapacityemissions.ORVR测试与日间排放或丁烷工作能力测试相比流速更快•Tankisfilledat38litersperminutewhichgenerates45–50grams/minuteflowtothecanister油箱加油速度38升/分钟，可以对碳罐产生45到50克/分钟的油气流速�ORVRfillrate45grams/minuteORVR油气流速是45克/分钟�EPAWCfillrate0.25grams/minute(15grams/hour)EPA流速为0.25克/分钟（15克/小时）•Importanttocontrolthetemperatureofthetank(27C,80F)andfuel(19C,67F)控制油箱温度为27℃，燃油温度为19℃•Thesetemperaturedifferentialsmanagetheregulatedvaporgenerationduringtheevent.这些温度的差异控制了油气的产生，对测试结果的准确性至关重要ProcedureDetails具体步骤•TestCanisterisattachedtoatankwhichis10%full用于测试的碳罐与油箱连接，油箱剩余燃油为10%•TrapcanisterisattachedtoTestCanisterairtubeandputonascale在碳罐空气端口处连接一个测试容器并将容器放在天平上•TankisfilleduntilOEMspecifiedbreakthroughweightattrapcanister对油箱加油，直到测试容器中的油气达到客户定义的 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•TestCanisterweightismeasuredbeforeandafterfilltodetermineORVRcapacity.测量碳罐加油前/后的重量，计算ORVR工作能力ORVRTestEquipmentORVR测试设备Butane/NitrogenORVRFillTestProcedure丁烷/氮气混合气Details细节•TestCanisterisfilledat45grams/minutewithaButane/NitrogenMixture对碳罐充入流速为45克/分钟的丁烷/氮气混合气•CanisterisfilleduntilOEMspecifiedbreakthroughisdetectedintheshed(FID)溢出碳罐的测试气体达到客户定义的标准则实验结束•TestCanisterweightismeasuredbeforeandafterfilltodetermineORVRcapacity.测量碳罐加油前/后的重量，计算ORVR工作能力KeyPoints关键点•TheButane/NitrogenORVRFillTestProceduresimulatesthevehicleleveltest.使用丁烷/氮气混合气模拟整车级别测试•Thebreakthroughpointcanbedifficulttoreadbecauseofthefastfillrate.由于流速快，溢出气体的数据较难读取VehicleLevelTest(reference)DelphiORVRMiniSheds13TypicalORVRCanisterSizing典型ORVR碳罐体积定义•FactorsthataffectORVRcanistersizing影响ORVR碳罐体积大小的因素�Fueltankcapacity油箱容积�ORVRvaporgenerationrateORVR油气产生率•SystemInput系统输入�Tanksize=60liters(15.9gallon)油箱大小=60升（15.9加仑）�Refuelingamountis90%=54liters(14.3gallons)加油量为90%=54升（14.3加仑）�VaporGeneration=1.32grams/liter(5grams/gallon)油气产生率=1.32克/升（5克/加仑）•CanisterCapacityCalculation工作能力值计算�54litersx1.32grams/liter=71gramsORVRvapor•Tubesizes管口尺寸�ORVRTankTube15.88mm(5/8inch)ORVR油箱端口：15.88mm�AirTube15.88mm(5/8inch)空气端口：15.88mm�PurgeTube9.53mm(3/8inch)脱附端口（发动机端）：9.53mm•Typicalcanistersizes(estimated):典型碳罐体积尺寸（估算值）•1.5L�11BWCversion=53gramORVR(81gramEPA)�15BWCversion=62gramORVR(96gramEPA)•2.1L�11BWCversion=74gramORVR(113gramEPA)�15BWCversion=87gramORVR(134gramEPA)ORVRCanistersORVR碳罐DesignParameters设计参数15•Canister碳罐�ReducedCanistercapacitydeterioration降低了碳罐工作能力的衰减•PriortoORVR–Canisterdeterioration15–20%ORVR之前，碳罐工作能力衰减约15%-20%•AfterORVR–Canisterdeterioration<5%ORVR之后，碳罐工作能力衰减小于5%�Deteriorationisreducedbecauseoftheimprovedpurgecleaningfollowingrefueling.由于碳罐被脱附的更干净，工作能力的衰减就会降低�Duringrefueling,anexothermicreactioncausedbythefastfillhydrocarbonadsoprtioncausesthecanistertemperaturetorise(40–50C)在加油时，碳氢化合物快速被吸附是一种放热反应，这样会使碳罐温度提高40℃-50℃�Withthehightemperatureinthecanister,thepurgeeffectasthecarisdrivenawayfromtherefuelingstationisveryeffectiveandhydrocarbonsareremovedfromtheheelofthecarbon.汽车在加油完成后驶出加油站的时候，由于温度提高，碳氢化合物能够从活性炭的深处脱附出来，这样脱附的效率更高�Thisdeepcleaningimprovescanisterperformanceandreducescanisterdeterioration.这样深度的脱附提高了碳罐的能力，也同时降低了碳罐的能力衰减ORVRCanistersORVR碳罐DesignParameters设计参数16•CanisterRestriction碳罐流动阻力�CanistermustbelessRestrictivetopreventprematureshutoffduringrefueling碳罐流动阻力需要较小以防止在加油时较早的切断加油枪•DesignTargetcoversupto60liters(16gallons)perminuteflowrate设计目标可以支持高达60升/分钟的流速•Typicalflowrestrictionatthetanktubeis1.0kPa@60SLPM(16gallonsperminute)典型的油箱端口流阻值为：1.0kPa@60SLPM•CanisterConstruction碳罐结构�Canisterconstructiondesignedtomeetbleedemissionsrequirements碳罐结构为满足排放要求而设计�Welddesignandshellmaterialchoiceinsuresairtightcanister(<5sccmleakrate)焊接设计与壳体材料的选择保证了碳罐的密封性（小于5sccm泄漏）�LiquidTrapCapacity@35mltopreventcondensationfromcontaminatingthecarbon集液装置设计（容纳35ml液体）可以防止油气凝结成液体并污染碳粉•FlexibleMounting(TankTubeorientationalignmentwithFuelTank)灵活多样的装配方式•Durabilityrequirements-TemperatureandVibration耐久性要求–温度和震动�Volumecompensationtopreventlossofcarbonpackwithexposuretomoisture,alcoholfuelsandexcessivetemperatures体积压缩设计可以防止碳粉由于温度、湿度或乙醇燃料引起的松动�Propershellmaterialselected适当的壳体材料选择•Provideresistancetostoneimpactandsignificantlyreduceswarrantyclaimsduetobreakage能够抵抗石头的冲击，显著降低了开裂的客户抱怨•Gasolineandalcoholresistant能够抵御汽油和乙醇燃料的侵蚀ORVRCanistersORVR碳罐KeyDesignParameters关键设计参数17ORVRimplementationORVR实施•Safety安全�1998-2007:smoothphase-inofORVR1998-2007年：平缓进入ORVR•About100millionnewvehicleswithORVR约1亿辆ORVR车辆•Nosignificantsafetyissuesfound未发现重大安全问 题 快递公司问题件快递公司问题件货款处理关于圆的周长面积重点题型关于解方程组的题及答案关于南海问题 •Integratedwithevaporativesystem与蒸发排放系统整合•Larger,lessrestrictivecanistertocapturerefuelingemissions•需要更大、流动阻力更小的碳罐来捕获加油排放•Larger,lessrestrictivelinebetweenthefueltankandcanister•油箱与碳罐之间需要更大、流通阻力更小的管路•ReducedDiameterFillerPipe•LowPressureDropValve(Largerorificeinventvalve)•碳罐电磁阀需要更大的通孔•VaporSeal(Anti-Spitbackvalve)inthefillpipe•加油管需要增加单向阀ORVRimplementationORVR实施•SystemDifferences系统差异�PurgeFlowRate脱附流速•Systempurgeflowincreased系统脱附流速提高•Typically85%offuelmassinthecanisterneedstoberemovedtopassdiurnaltest碳罐中大约85%的燃油气体质量需要被脱附，这样才能满足日间排放•PurgeValveneedstohavehighflowrateandaccuracy脱附阀需要拥有高流速及准确的脱附能力�PurgePort脱附端口•Needstobeproperlydesignedforuniformdistributionofpurgevaporstoallcylinderstopreventpoordrivabilityandhightailpipeemissions需要妥当的设计以使被脱附的油气能够一致的分布到所有的汽缸内，这样可以避免糟糕的驾驶性和较高的尾气排放•ControlSystem控制系统�ThehighpurgeflowrateswithanORVRsystemcanprovideupto40%oftheenginefuelrequirementsatidle在ORVR系统的支持下，较高的脱附流速可以在怠速工况提供高达40%的燃油供给•Controlsystemmustbedesignedtoprovidegoodair/fuelcontrolatallpurgeflowrates控制系统的设计需要保证在各种流速下都能提供良好的空气、燃油控制ORVRIn-UsePerformanceORVR的应用表现RefuelingEmissionsbyModelYear…0.07g/gal…98%efficiencyModelYearAverageMeasuredEmissionRateNumberofTestVehicles2000.07202001.07752002.08772003.071002004.102832005.072822006.062632007.071712008.051392009.041212010.04107RefuelingEmissionsvs.MileageRequirement0.053grams/literor0.20grams/gallon要求0.053克/升或0.20克/加仑98%efficiencyindicates98%ofallvehiclestestedmetrequirement98%有效率是指98%的测试车辆都满足了要求20ORVRSuccessORVR的成功•Simplebasicdesignwhicheliminateshydrocarbonemissionsequivalentto100mlofliquidperrefuelingevent简单基础的设计可以在每次加油时减少相当于100ml液体燃油的碳氢化合物排放•ORVRhasprovidedamethodofcapturingrefuelingemissionswhilepreventingcontaminationofundergroundstoragetanks•In-UseAcceptance实际应用�Lowinitialcost初始费用低�Noscheduledmaintenance无需安排返修�Userfriendly方便于用户�Reducedspillageandodor减少燃油气溢出浪费和燃油气味�Fuelvaporrecovery回收燃油气•Nosafetyissues无安全问题HC’s+NOx+Sunlight=GroundLevelOzone21THANKYOU