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介词和介词短语介词和介词短语介词和介词短语 Ⅰ.介词短语的结构 Ⅱ.介词短语的功能 Ⅲ.介词、连接词和副词 Ⅳ.简单介词和复杂介词 Ⅴ.介词的含义(重点)Ⅰ.介词短语结构:(前置修饰语+)介词+介词补足语onthetablefromwhathesaidbysigningapeacetreatyintermsofmoneyHeworkeddeepintothenightlastnight.Ⅱ.介词短语的功能 1.作名词短语的后置修饰语 Thepeopleonthebusweresinging. 2.状语 Thepeoplewere...

介词和介词短语
介词和介词短语介词和介词短语 Ⅰ.介词短语的结构 Ⅱ.介词短语的功能 Ⅲ.介词、连接词和副词 Ⅳ.简单介词和复杂介词 Ⅴ.介词的含义(重点)Ⅰ.介词短语结构:(前置修饰语+)介词+介词补足语onthetablefromwhathesaidbysigningapeacetreatyintermsofmoneyHeworkeddeepintothenightlastnight.Ⅱ.介词短语的功能 1.作名词短语的后置修饰语 Thepeopleonthebusweresinging. 2.状语 Thepeopleweresingingonthebus. Intheafternoon,wewenttoBoston. Fromapersonalpointofview,Ifindthisagoodsolutiontotheproblem. Inallfairness,shedidtrytophonethepolice. Ontheotherhand,hemadenoattempttohelpher.3.作动词和形容词的补足成分Wewerelookingathisawfulpaintings.I’msorryforhisparents.说明:①介词短语有时候可以做主语A:Whenarewegoingtohavethenextmeeting?B:OnTuesdaywillbefine.InMarchsuitsme.DuringthevacationiswhatwedecidedBetween6and7maybeconvenient.请在此输入您的标题 (Theproposalthatwemeet)onTuesday… (Tomeet)inMarch… (Meeting)duringthevacation… ②作补语( 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 语)用的准形容词功能 Thismachineis(very)outofdate. Thisdressseemsoutoffashion. 因此可以与形容词短语并列或同位 Theyarehappyandingoodhealth. anoldandoutofdatetelephone 作其他连系动词的补语 Theyseemingoodhealth.请在此输入您的标题 ③在特殊的情形中(主要在固定短语中),副词或形容词可以发挥介词补足语的功能。 atlast,atleast,atonce,atworst,beforelong,byfar,inbrief,inthere,sincewhen,untilnow…. ④介词短语本身可以作介词的补足语,所以两个介词可以连续出现 Hepickedupthegunfromunderthetable. Wedidn’tmeetuntilaftertheshow. Theweatherhasbeenfineexceptinthenorth. Foodhasbeenscarcesincebeforethewar. ⑤介词作动词和形容词的补足语时,它和前面的词(如look,sorry)的关系比它和后面的补足语关系更密切,介词的选择是由它前面的词决定的。Ⅲ.介词、从属连词和副词1.介词和连词都具有关联或连接功能,比较:thedaywhenshearrivedofherarrival注:①辨别两种词类的一个 标准 excel标准偏差excel标准偏差函数exl标准差函数国标检验抽样标准表免费下载红头文件格式标准下载 是:介词引导的是名词性或名词化补足语,而与之相对的从属连词引导一个从属分句(从句)。②在某些情况下,同一词项既可以作介词又可以作连词,如after,as,before,since,until.请在此输入您的标题 ③如果是非谓语动词,情况就比较复杂,因为在英语 中-ing分句可以用在介词的后面。 Onarrivingshetookataxi. ④思考下列三个词是什么词性:when,after,by? 2.介词和副词 Shelookedupthehill.(1) Shewalkedacrossthestreet.(2) Shelookeduptheword.(3) Shewalkedacross.(4) ①在下列句子中,介词和副词的区别并不明显:Heisneartobeingmad.Thisseemsnexttoimpossible.Closeto200peoplecame.Sheisfarfrombeingweak.②简单介词near和复杂介词nearto和closeto:nearto和closeto与形容词有同源关系,他们是仅有的既有比较级又可加强调成分的介词:Shesatveryneartoquiteclosetomuchnearertome.muchclosertonexttoclosestto③Sheisaboutforty.Sheis(about)forty.Sheisaboutroughlyforty.approximately3.注意介词位置(1)Hastheroombeenpaidfor?Hewasnotpaidattentionto.He’simpossibletoworkwith.He’sworthlisteningto.(2)Wh-分句和关系分句(定语从句)Atwhichhousedidyouleavethecar?Whichhousedidyouleavethecarat?Wheredidyouleavethecar?(通常情况)TheoldhouseaboutwhichIwastellingyouis(which)Iwastellingyouaboutempty. Ⅳ.简单介词和复杂介词 1.简单介词:as,at,but,by,down,for,from,in,like,of,off,on,out,past,per,round,since, than,through,till,to,up,with,about,above,across,after,against,along,among,around,before,below,behind,beneath,beside,besides,between,beyond,despite,during,except,inside,into,onto,opposite,outside,over,unlike,until,upon,within,without;请在此输入您的标题 2.复杂介词: (1)两个词:副词/形容词/连词+介词 asfor,exceptfor,butfor apartfrom,awayfrom,asidefrom,asfrom, aheadof,backof,becauseof,insteadof, outof,outsideof,regardlessof, accordingto,asto,closeto,contraryto,dueto, near(er)to,nextto,onto,owingto,thanksto, upto; alongwith,togetherwith;(2)三个词介词1+名词+介词2inviewoftheelectionIntermsofmoney,herbosswassmall.TwomenwereinterviewedatthepolicestationinconnectionwithatheftfromanOxfordStreetstore.Howmanydelegatesareinfavorofthismotion?比较:inthelightoftheelectionasaresultofin+名词+of:inchargeof;incaseof;in(the)faceof;infrontof;inplaceof;inneedof;infavorof;inthelightof;inrespectof;inspiteof;inviewof;请在此输入您的标题 in+名词+with:incommonwith;incomparisonwith;inlinewith;incontactwith; by+名词+of:bymeansof;bywayof; on+名词+of: onaccountof;onbehalfof;onthegroundsof;onthematterof;on(the)topof;onthepartof;onthestrengthof; 其他类型: asfaras;attheexpenseof;atthehandsof;for(the)sakeof;inexchangefor;inreturnfor;inadditionto;inrelationto;with/inregardof;with/inrespectto;withtheexceptionof;请在此输入您的标题 (3)有些以of结尾的复杂介词可用属格形式替代: forthesakeofthepeople~forthepeople’ssake; onbehalfofJim~onJim’sbehalf attheexpenseofSusan~atSusan’sexpenseⅤ.介词的含义(重点) 1.表示空间关系的介词 (1).空间关系的意义 Mycarisatthecottage. Ourcottageisontheroad. Thereissomeiceonthatroad. Thereisanewroofonthecottage. Thereareonlytwobedsinthecottage. (2)肯定位置和目的地:at;to;on;onto;in;into; A)地点介词短语作状语(将事件或事态与某一场所联系起来)或作后置修饰语(将其物与某一场所联系起来)。简单位置和目的地(向某一预定场所移动) 这两种概念之间,可以有一种因果关系。 目的地位置 AnnwenttoOxford.AnnwasatOxford. Annclimbedontotheroof.Annwasontheroof. Annjumpedintothewater.Annwasinthewater. B)into和onto常和表示移动的动词(walk,slide,swim)连用。但是注意比较: Don’trunintheschool. Don’trunintotheschool. C)另一方面,下列动词(place,stand,lay,sit)常可以和to,onto和into结合,也可以不结合: Sheputthetypewritercaseon(to)thetopshelfandthekeyin(to)thedrawer. 再举例子 点:atthebusstop;attheNorthPole; attheendofroad; 线:ontheRiverThames;onthecoast 面:onthewall;ontheceiling;onmyback; 面积:intheworld;inthevillage;inapark; 容积:inabox;inthebathroom;inthedrawer; on(面)和in(面积)作一比较,根据上下文,两者可以有各种不同的含义: Thefrostmadepatternsonthewindow. Afaceappearedinthewindow/mirror. Theplayerswerepracticingonthefield. Cowsweregazinginthefield. Shewassittingonthegrass/inthegrass. in用于较大的地方:inAsia;inChina;…. at和in都可以用在表示城镇,村庄的名词前,但是两者的着眼点不同。 HeworksinLondon,butlivesinthecountry. OurplanerefueledatLondononitswayfromNewYorktoMoscow.比较:She’satOxford.inOxford.Sidworksatapublishinghouse.inAnnisatschool.inschool.intheschool.比较:TheSmithsdrovetoEdinburgh.TheydrovetowardsEdinburgh.TheydroveasfarasEdinburgh.Heislearningagainstthewall.Therearestillapplesonthetree.[hangingfrom]注意:Shearrivedattheshop/busstop.herarrivalattheshop/busstop.(3)来源或否定的位置:awayfrom;off;outof;Anndroveawayfromhome.Thebookfellofftheshelf.Tomgotoutofthewater.(4)相对位置:above;over;ontopof;under;underneath;beneath;below;aboveXoverXinfrontofXontopofXbehindXXbeforeXunderXafterXbelowXbeneathX(使用频率较底)underneathX(使用频率较底) over和under往往指恰好垂直的关系,或有空间上接近 的含义,而above和below可能仅仅表示“高于(或低 于)…的水平上”的含义。 (5)空间:by;beside;with;nearto;closeto;opposite; Hewasstandingby/besidethedoor.[atthesideof] Hewaskilledbyaninch. Ileftthekeyswithmywallet.[inthesameplace] BesideMarytherestoodayoungman.[atthesideof] BesidesMarytherewereseveralotherstudentsinnthe hall.[inadditionto] Sheisintelligent.Besides,sheisgood-looking.[adv.in additionto] Shewassittingnear(to)me. closeto Shewassittingnearerto/nearestto/nexttome. closerto/closestto Herhouseisopposite(to)mine.[facing] (6)空间:around;round;about; around和round指围绕的位置或物体的运动。 Weweresittingaround/roundthecampfire. Thespaceshipistravelingaround/roundtheglobe. about和around“在某一范围里”或“在…里面的不同部位”。 Theguestswerestandingabout/aroundtheroom. Thereareveryfewtaxisabout/aroundhere. 相对位置还可由通常表示“通过”或“路线”的介词表达: Thetreelayacrosstheroad. Theroadrunsthroughthetunnel. (7)空间:between;among; between将某一物体的位置与特定的或单一的某组分离物体联系起来;among将非分离的物体联系起来. Thehousestandsbetweentwofarms. Thehousestandsamongfarms. (8)相对的目的地:over;under;behind;(没有通过的意义) Hethrewablanketoverher. Thebushwastheonlyconceivablehidingplace,soI dashedbehindit. Whenitstartedtorain,weallwentunderneaththe trees.(9)通过意义:over;under;behind.这类介词与移动动词连用,既表示目的地等概念,又可表示通过(即向某处移动,然后离开)的概念.Hejumpedoveraditch(渠道).Someoneranbehindthegoalposts.(10)通过:across;through;past;onthegrassacrossthegrassinthegrassthroughthegrass(11)定向路线移动:up;down;along;across;around;towards; Wewalkedupthehillanddowntheotherside. 但在习惯用法中,up和down也用于指水平轴线,相当于along沿着的意思. Iwalkedupanddowntheplatform. Shewalkedup/downthestreet. along表示“从一端向另一端(fromoneendtowardstheother)”或“在一条与…平行的线上(inalineparallelwith)” Wewalkedalongthestreet,justlookingatpeople. Itookmydogforawalkalongtheriver. along与across在水平轴线上相对立 Becarefulwhenyouwalkacrossastreet. around表示定向路线有拐角或弧度 Theyranaroundthecorner. towards表示“朝向…方向”(inthedirectionof)的“实际的”或“隐含的”两种意义 (12)方位:beyond;over;past;up;across; beyond主要指方位 over;past;up;across和through即表示方位,又和线、面、容积概念相结合 Thevillageispastthebusstop./throughthewood. up;down;along;around在下例中用来指轴线的方位 Herofficeisupthestairs/downthestairs. Welivejustaroundthecorner. Helivesup/down/along/acrosstheroadtheroadfromme. fromme表示方位点。 (13)结果含义:from;outof;over;past;[已经到达目的地的状态] Thehorsejumpedoverthefence. Thehorseareoverthefence. 这些词可以和副词already;just;atlast;notyet等连用表示结果。 Atlastweareoutoftheforest. Whenyou’repastthenextobstacle,youcanrelax. (14)遍及意义:over;through;with over和through具有遍及的意义,尤其是当他们与all连用时: Thatchildwasrunningallovertheflowerborders. throughout的含义是allthrough,唯有这个介词主要表示“遍及” Theepidemic(流行病)hasspreadthroughoutthecountry. allalong;allaround;也用来表示遍及 Therewerecrowdsallalongtheroute. Theyputflowersallaroundthecountry. with在下列词组中也表示具有遍及的意义 Thegroundwascoveredwithsnow. Thegardenwasbuzzingwithbees. surroundedwith;loadedwith;pavedwith等。 (15)over的8种含义: 位置:Alamphungoverthedoor. 目的地:Theythrewablanketoverher. 通过:Theyclimbedoverthewall. 方位:Theyliveovertheroad. 结果:Atlastwewereoverthecrestofthehill. 遍及(静态):Leaveslaythickallovertheground. 遍及(移动):Theysplashed(泼)wateroverme. 伴随情况:Wediscusseditoveraglassofwine. (16)地点介词的比喻用法或抽象用法(难点、重点) inshallowwater indeepwater indifficulties inatoughspot A)位置---状态 tobein/outofdangertokeepoutoftrouble tobein/outofofficetobeoutofajob tobeindifficulties B)包含存在…之内----抽象的包含 inbooks/playsin/outofraceinagroup/party C)into/outof目的地----抽象的情况或环境 Hegotintodifficulties/trouble/debt/afight. Canyougetmeoutofthismess? D)in/on位置----成员资格,参与 inthearmyontheboard/committee/project E)above/below/beneath垂直方向----抽象的水平 tobeabove/belowsomeoneonalist above/below[beneath*]one’sincome Suchbehaviorisbeneath[below*]him. He’sabove[over*]suchbehaviour. abovetheaverage abovesuspicion F)under垂直方向-----遭受,从属,过程 underdiscussionunderorders Hehasahundredpeopleworkingunderhim. Thebridgeisunderconstruction. G)up/down在垂直轴线上移动-----名次或度数,等级上变动位置 climbup/downthesocialladder H)from/to出发点/目的地-------始发者/接受者 aletterfromAtoBI)beyond/past/over结果含义,有形的------抽象的beyondbelief/endurance/hope/recoverypastWeareovertheworst.J)between/among相对位置---参与者之间的抽象关系afight/matchbetweenXandYWequarrelagreeamongourselves.relationship/contrastbetweentwothingsK)through通过-----坚忍不拔,忍耐Shecamethroughtheordeal.(苦难经历,折磨)Weputhimthroughhispaces.Wearethroughtheworst. 2.表示时间的介词: (1)时间位置:at;on;in;by; A)at用来指时间点(主要指钟点)习惯上有用来指假 日时节,也可以表示作时间点考虑的时间段.  atteno’clock;at6.30p.m.;atnoon; attheweekend; atChristmas指整个圣诞节,而不是只指那一天  atthe/thattime;atbreakfasttime;atnight; B)on用来指当作时间段看待的一天  onMonday;onthefollowingday; onMaythefirst;onNewYear’sday; c)in或during表示比一天更长或更短的一段时间  intheevening;insummer;inAugust; in2008;inthemonthsthatfollowed; d)onMondaymorning;onSaturdayafternoon; onthefollowingevening; inthelateafternoon;intheearlymorning; e)指夜晚的一段时间时,用in Iwokeupseveraltimesinthenight. Atnight,Iusuallyhavethewindowopen. [duringthenight] (2)将来时间的衡量:in注意和副词ago的区分 a)We’llmeetinthreemonths’time./inthreemonthsfromnow.[in表示从现在起展望到将来与上述相同的一段时间。这里in的意义:attheendofthreemonthsstartingfromnow] b)Wemetthreemonthsago.[从现在起回溯到过去某一点之间的时间段] c)要从过去某一点时间向前衡量时,只有下面的结构才是正确的:  Hefinishedthejobinthreemonths.[inthespaceofthreemonthsfromwhenhestarted] (3)持续:for;during;over;allthrough;throughout; A)A:Howdidyoucamp(野营)inScotland? B:Wecampedthereforthesummer.[allthrough,from thebeginningtotheendofthesummer](forthe summer---整个一个夏天) A:WhendidyoucampinScotland? B:Wecampedthereinthesummer.[atsometimeduring thesummer]B)Wemanagedtostayawakeduringthewholemeeting.这里如果没有stay,whole这两个词,during指的是持续的时间范围以内的一个时间点或时间段,而不是指持续的时间本身。Shespokeduringthemeeting.DuringourstayinJapanwemetseveraloldfriends.ourvisittoC)Ihavedonethatforyears.[内包时间]Ihaven’tdonethatforyears.[时间之外的动作]D)over,allthrough,throughout具有持续时间的含义,和他们表示地点的遍及含义对应Wecampedthereovertheholiday/overtheweekend/overnight.Wecampedtherethroughoutthesummer. (4)持续:from…to…;until;upto; WecampedtherefromJuneto/tillSeptember. A)如果没有from,就只可以用until,till,upto(但是不 能仅用to). Wecampedthereuntil/till/upto/through/to*September. B)to和till可以替换 Youcanstayto/tilltheendofSeptember. Thereareafewdaysto/tillSeptember. C)from,upto都表示一段时间的起点和终点。upto通常表明一段较长的时间,其中不包括介词不足语中的那一段时间 WeworkeduptoChristmas.[不包括Christmas] D)till/until只能与持续动词,即表示一段时间动词连用。by表示终点,只和瞬间动词连用。 Mygirlfriendworked/arrived*theretillChristmas. Sheworked*/arrivedbyChristmas. E)在否定语境中,until/till不论与持续动词还是瞬间动词连用都成立。 Shedidn’tarrivedtheretillChristmas. F)till/until与肯定谓体连用,表示时间的终点;与否定的谓体连用,表示时间的起点: Wesleptuntilmidnight.[Westoppedsleepingthen.] Wedidn’tsleepuntilmidnight.[Westartedsleepingthen.] (5)before,after,since,till,until既作介词又作连词,他们作介词时,全是指时间的介词,后面接:时间名词短语[afternextweek],无主语-ing分句[sinceleavingschool],或接从动词派生来的名词短语或视为相当于分句的其他的名词短语[sinceelectricity];for表示持续的一段时间;before和after表示两个时间或两个事件的关系,这两个词的词义相反: Themeetingwilltakeplaceaftertheceremony. Theceremonywilltakeplacebeforethemeeting. (6)between…and…;by; A)between…and…表示在由起点和终点指明的一段时 间中,但是与from…to…不同,它并不表示动词在整个 这一段时间的延续 We’llprobablyarrivesometimebetween5and6o’clock. I’llphoneyoubetweenlunchanddinner. B)between还用来表示重复出现的相同事物之间的间隔 betweenmeals/dances/acts/classes C)by表示一件事情出现结果的那一点时间,即表示终点。 它在含义上和already,still,yet和anymore有联系。 Yourpapersaretobehandedinbynextweek.[notlaterthan] Bythetimewe’dwalkedfivemiles,hewasalreadyexhausted. 对比: Bythattimehewasalreadyexhausted. Untilthenhewasnotexhausted. D)by短语不与持续动词连用 Thetroopsremainedthereuntil/by*midnight. (7)表示时间的短语中,介词的省略(略)。 3.地点和时间以外的意义范围:(原因/目的系列;手段/施动者系列) 原因/目的系列 原因:Shelostherjobbecauseofherage. 理由:Hewasfinedfordrunkendriving. 动机:Hediditoutofkindness. 目的:Everyoneranforshelter. 目的地:I’mleavingforBeijing. 目标:Thisnovelisaimedatayoungaudience. 手段/施动者系列 方式:Sheperformedtheoperationwithgreatskill. 手段:Theyleftbyplane. 工具:Shetriedtoopenthelockwithaknife. 施动者:Theywerenoticedbynoone. 刺激:I’mastonishedatyourreaction. 1)原因/目的系列 (1)原因/理由/动机:becauseof;onaccountof;for;through;from; Wehavetodriveslowlybecauseoftheheavyrain. Onaccountofhiswideexperience,hewasmadechairman. Thesurvivorswereweakfromexposureandlackoffood. Somesupportcharitiesoutofduty,someoutofasenseofguilt. Ihidthemoney,forfearofwhatmyparentswouldsay. Theplanewasdestroyedthroughthepilot’scarelessness. A)onaccountof;表示理由或原因,是becauseof的正式语体中的替代形式。 B)outof和for主要限于表达动机---心里因素:outofgratitude/kindness C)for出现在相对来说数量较小的词组中:forfear/love/joy/sorrow HesetoutforLondon.(2)目的/目的地:for/toHe’lldoanythingformoney.[inordertogainmoney]Everyoneranforshelter.[inordertoreachshelter]A)for表示预定目的地时,与run,start,head,leave,setout等动词连用。B)用to短语表示假设将会到达的目的地。HewenttoLondon.HeleftforLondon.IsthisthetraintoLondon?IsthisthetrainforLondon?(3)接受者/目的/目标for/to/atA)当for的后面接表示人或动物的名词短语时,多半带有“预定接受者”的意味Helaidatrapforhisenemies.Shemadeabeautifuldollforherdaughter.Hecookedadinnerforher.这种预定接受者常常相当于一个间接宾语。Shemadeherdaughterabeautifuldoll.Hecookedheradinner. B)to在句子中表示“实际接受者”。 Shegaveabeautifuldolltoherdaughter. Igavethebooktomyfriend.~Igavemyfriendthebook. Ilentthebooktomyfriend.~Ilentmyfriendthebook. C)在aimat/shootat/kickat短语中,at表示预定目的或目标 Afteraimingcarefullyatthebird,hemisseditcompletely. Shesmiledatme. 注意:Heshotatthebird.Heshotthebird.[达到目的或完成了某个行动] 其他动词如果要强调达到的目的,就必须用to。 Sheranatme.[表示敌意]Sherantome.[表示向某一目标的移动] 类似的有:pointat/to;throwat/to;shoutat/to; Heshoutedatme.[含有敌意] Heshoutedtome.[对着我大声说话,不是对着别人大声说话] (4)来源/籍贯:from与to反意 Billlentthebooktome.IborrowedthebookfromBill. 2)手段/施动者系列 (1)方式:in…manner;like(unlike);with; Lifeislikeadream. Billwritespoetrylikehisbrother.[inamannerresemblingthatofhisbrother] Likehisbrother,Billwritespoetry.[相似] Billwritespoetry,likehisbrother.[相似] Shespokelikealawyer.[inamannerresembling] Shespokeasalawyer.[以实际的身份和地位] Shespokeasalawyerdoes.[inthatmanner] (2)手段和工具;by/with/without Iusuallygotoworkbybus/train/car/boat. Someonehadbrokenthewindowwithastone. Hecaughttheballwithhislefthand. Someonehadusedastonetobreakthewindow.(3)工具和施动:with/byMycarhadbeendamagedbythebranchofastone.withabranchofatree.apicturebyMr.WangTheyarerelatedthroughtheirgrandfather.[through表示媒介](4)刺激因素:at/withIwasalarmedat/byhisbehavior.IwasfuriouswithJohn.(5)伴随:with(6)支持和反对:for/with/against(7)有:of/with/without(8)让步:inspiteof/despite/(9)附加和例外exceptfor/withtheexceptionof/apartfrom/asidefrom/but(10)否定的条件:butforThankyou!
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