生理学(留学生)

TeachingOutlineofPhysiology（forfortheMBBSstudents）Physiology,abranchofbiology,isthescienceoffundamentalmechanismsoflivingorganisms.Thetaskofmedicalstudentislearninghowtodiagnoseandtreatdiseases,sotheyhadtolearnthefunctionsofnormalhumanbodyatfirst.Ourcourseisfocusedonhumanphysiologyandintroducesthefunctionsofhumanbodyinthreedifferentlevels(entirebody,organandcell/molecule).BylearningPhysiology,studentscaneasilyunderstandpharmacology,pathologyandotherclinicalcourses. Chapter1IntroductionYouneedtoknowthefollowingcontent:1. conceptofphysiology2. methodof physiologicalresearch3. controlsystemsofthebodyYouneedtoknowwellthefollowingcontent:1. regulationofbodyfunctions:1) nervousregulation2)humoralregulation3)autoregulationYouneedtoholdthefollowingcontent:1. basalbehaveoflife1)metabolism2)excitability3)adaptability4)reproduction2. internalenvironmentandhomeostasisChapter2BasicfunctionsofcellsYouneedtoknowthefollowingcontent:1. chemicalcomponentandmolecularstructureofcellmembrane2. excitationandchangesinexcitabilityafterexcitation3. majorformofsignaltransmissionbetweenthecells:chemicalsignals4.signaltransmissionmediatedbyGprotein-linkedreceptor5. thecharacteristicofsignaltransmissioninnervefiberYouneedtoknowwellthefollowingcontent:1. mechanismofskeletalmusclecontractionanditsregulation:2.relationofvelocityofcontractiontoload3. effectofcontractilityonmusclecontraction4. characteristicsofwholemusclecontraction5. mechanicsofskeletalmusclecontractionYouneedtoholdthefollowingcontent:1. transportofsubstancesthroughthecellmembrane:1) simplediffusion2)facilitateddiffusion3)activetransport4) endocytosisandexocytosis2. conceptofexcitabilityandexcitation3. conceptandmechanismoftherestingpotential4. conceptandmechanismoftheactionpotential5. thecharacteristicofionschannel6. conceptofthethresholdpotentialandlocalexcitation7. transformationoflocalexcitationintotheactionpotential8. thecharacteristicandmechanismoftransmissionofimpulsesfromnervestoskeletalmusclefibersChapter3BloodYouneedtoknowthefollowingcontent:1. thefunctionsofblood2. productionofredbloodcellsanditsregulation3. destructionofredbloodcellsYouneedtoknowwellthefollowingcontent:1. compositionofblood2. physicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofblood1) suspensionstabilityofredbloodcells2)viscosityofbloodplasma3) pHofbloodplasma3. normalconcentrationofbloodcellsinthebloodYouneedtoholdthefollowingcontent:1.bloodosmoticpressure1)formationofcrystalosmoticpressureanditsphysiologicalsignificance2)formationofcolloidosmoticpressureanditsphysiologicalsignificance2.Eventsinhemostasis1)Intrinsicpathway2)Extrinsicpathway3.Bloodcoagulation6.Effectoftheplateletonhemostasisandbloodcoagulation7.BloodtypeChapter4CirculationYouneedtoknowthefollowingcontent:1. themechanismandsignificanceofthefirstheartsoundandthesecondheartsound2.thedefinitionofcardiacreserve3.theclassificationofcardiocyte4.thenormalelectrocardiogram5.thestructureandfunctionalpropertiesofdifferentcategorybloodvessel6.thedefinition,organizationandfunctionofmicrocirculation7.theproductionandcircumfluenceoflymphfluidanditssignificance8.cardiovascularcenterYouneedtoknowwellthefollowingcontent:1.theevaluationofcardiacblood-pumpingfunction1)strokevolumeandcardiacminutevolume2)ejectionfraction3)cardiacminutevolumeincludingrestingcardiacindex3.Theregulationofcardiacblood-pumpingfunction1)preload2)afterload3)cardiacmusclecontractibility4.mechanismofautorhythmicityofsinusnodecellsandPurkinje'scells5.Autorhythmicityofthecardiacmuscle1)determinationandtheinfluencingfactorofmyocardialautorhythmicity2)Therankdifferenceofmyocardialautorhythmicityanditsmechanisms6.Conductibilityofthecardiacmuscle1)thepathandpropertiesofexcitationconveying2)thedeterminationandtheinfluencingfactorofmyocardialexcitationconveying7.theinfluencingfactorofarterialbloodpressure8.venousbloodpressureandvenousreturn1)significanceofperipheralvenouspressureandcentralvenouspressure2)theinfluencingfactorofvenousreturn9.theproductionprocessandinfluencingfactorofinterstitialfluid10.Theregulationofcardiovascularactivity1)functionofcardiacsympatheticnerveandcardiacvagusnerve2)Thedefinition,distributionandfunctionofvasoconstrictornervefibre11.humoralregulationYouneedtoholdthefollowingcontent:1. thedefinition,formationmechanismandpropertiesofcardiacworkingcell2.thedefinition,formationmechanismandpropertiesofautorhythmiccell1)Purkinje'scells2)sinusnodecells3.thedefinitionofcardiaccycle4.thechangeofthecentralintracavitypressure,volume,theopenandcloseofvalveandthe directionofbloodcurrent5.thedefinition,formationmechanismandpropertiesofcardiacworkingcell6.Thepropertiesofmyocardialexcitability1)thedeterminationandtheinfluencingfactorofmyocardialexcitability2)thecyclicalvariationofthecardiacmuscle3)therelationshipbetweentheexcitatotycyclicalvariationandcontractionactionofthecardiacmuscle7.theformativemechanismofarterialbloodpressure8.pressosensitivityreflexofcarotidsinusandaorticbaroreflex1)thetypeandadequatestimulusofarterialbaroreceptor2)theprocessofreflex3)significanceofpressosensitivityreflexChapter5RespirationYouneedtoknowthefollowingcontent:1. Physiologicalsignificanceofrespiration2. Fourmajorfunctionaleventsofrespiration3.pleuralcavity4.elasticresistanceofthoraciccage5.inertialresistanceandviscousresistance6.workofbreathingYouneedtoknowwellthefollowingcontent:1.pulmonaryvolumes:1)tidalvolume2) inspiratoryreservevolume3) expiratoryreservevolume4) residualvolume2.diffusioncapacityoflung3. transportofoxygenintheblood1)characteristicofcombinationofoxygenwithhemoglobin2) oxygendissociationcurve3)factorsthataffecttheoxygendissociationcurve4) characteristicofcombinationofCOwithhemoglobin4.transportofcarbondioxideintheblood1)formsinwhichcarbondioxideistransported2)carbondioxidedissociationcurve3)effectofcombinationofoxygenwithhemoglobinoncarbondioxidetransportYouneedtoholdthefollowingcontent:1.dynamicofpulmonaryventilation2.changesintrapulmonarypressureduringrespiration3.intrapleuralpressureanditschangesduringrespiration4.elasticresistanceoflung5.pulmonarysurfactantanditsfunction6.pulmonarycapacities1)inspiratorycapacity2)functionalresidualcapacity3)vitalcapacity4)timedvitalcapacity5) totallungcapacity7.minuteventilationvolume,deadspaceandalveolarventilation8.chemicalcontrolofrespiration:1)chemoreceptor2) effectsofPco2,pH,Po2onalveolarventilationandtheircompositeeffectsonalveolarventilationChapter6DigestionandabsorptionYouneedtoknowthefollowingcontent:1. Gastrointestinalinnervation2.Masticationandswallowing3.Movementofthelargeintestine4.Defecationreflexes5.IntestinalbacteriaYouneedtoknowwellthefollowingcontent:1.Thecharacteristic,compositionandfunctionofsaliva2.Regulationofsalivarysecretion3.Mechanismofacidsecretion4.BasicmechanismofabsorptionYouneedtoholdthefollowingcontent:1.theconceptofdigestionandabsorption2. thegeneralcharacteristicandelectricalactivityofgastrointestinalsmoothmuscle3.physiologicaleffectofgastrointestinalhormones4.conceptofbrain-gutpeptide5.thecharacteristic,compositionandfunctionofgastricsecretion:effectofhydrochloricacid,pepsinogen,mucus,intrinsicfactors6.regulationofgastricsecretion:1)Basicfactorsthatstimulategastricsecretion2)Thethreephasesofgastricsecretionduringameal3) Inhibitionofgastricsecretion7.Motorfunctionofthestomach:1)Receptiverelaxation2)Peristalsis3)Toniccontraction4)Stomachemptyinganditsregulation8.thecompositionandeffectofpancreaticsecretion9.regulationofpancreaticsecretionbynervousandhormonalmechanism10.thecharacteristic,compositionandfunctionofbile11.regulationofbiliarysecretionandemptying12.enterohepaticcirculationofbilesaltChapter7EnergymetabolismandBodytemperatureYouneedtoknowthefollowingcontent:1.conceptofenergymetabolism2.directcalorimetry3.physiologicalvariationofthebodytemperatureYouneedtoknowwellthefollowingcontent:1.behavioralcontroloftemperature.2.Clinicalsignificanceofbasalmetabolismrate(BMR)Youneedtoholdthefollowingcontent:1.Principleofindirectcalorimetry:1) Thermalequivalentoffood2)Thermalequivalentofoxygen3) Respiratoryquotient(RQ):4) Non-proteinrespiratoryquotient(NPRQ)5) Calculateenergymetabolismrate2.factorsthataffecttheenergymetabolism3.conceptofbasalmetabolismrate4.conceptofbodytemperature,normalbodytemperature5.heatproduction1)processofheatproduction2) regulationofheatproduction6. heatloss1)processofheatloss2)mechanismsofheatlossfromthebody3) regulationofheatloss7.regulationofbodytemperature1) autoregulationofbodytemperature2)thermoreceptor3)ThermoregulatoryCenter4) Conceptof“setpoint”fortemperatureChapter8UrinaryFormationandMicturitionYouneedtoknowthefollowingcontent:1.Theconceptionandmeansofmaturation2.TheanatomycharacteristicofthekidneyYouneedtoknowwellthefollowingcontent:1.Theregulationofrenalbloodflow2.Theconceptionofplasmaclearance3.Thetheatricalandclinicalsignificanceofmeasuringplasmaclearance4.MictruitionreflexYouneedtoHoldthefollowingcontent:1.Thefiltrationfunctionofglomerulus1)Glomerularfiltrationrate(GFR)andfiltrationfraction2)Filtrationmembraneandit’spermeability3) Effectivefiltrationpressure4)FactorsthatcaneffectGFR2.ThereabsorptionfunctionofrenaltubularandcollectingductThereabsorptionofNa,Cl-,HCO3-,H2O,K,andglucose3.ThesecretionfunctionofrenaltubularandcollectingductThesecretionofH,NH3,andK4.Factorsthatcaneffecttheexcretionfunctionoftubularandcollectingduct5.Mechanismofurineconcentrationanddilution1)Theformationmechanismofrenalmedullaosmoticgradient,andtherelationbetweenosmoticgradientandurineconcentrationanddilution2) ThefunctionofvasarectainmaintainingthemedullaosmoticgradientChapter9ThefunctionsofsenseorgansYouneedtoknowthefollowingcontent:1.Typesofreceptor,andmodulationtothesensitivityofreceptor2.Theabnormalofeyerefractorysystem3.Thestructurecharacteristicofretina4.Blindnessspot5.Informationprocessinginretina6.Electroretimogram7.Colorblindnessandcolorweakness8.Binocularvisionandstereoscopicvision9.Functionofouterear10.Bioelectsicityandmicrophonepotentialofcochlea,andactionpotentialoftheauditorynerveYouneedtoknowwellthefollowingcontent:1.Thegeneralfeaturesofreceptor:adequatestimulus,energyconverting,encoding,andadaptation2.Pupilandcapillarylightreflex3.Lightadaptationanddarkadaptation4.VisualfieldYouneedtoholdthefollowingcontent:1.Functionoflenssystem.2.Parametersofreducedeye3.Accomodationofeye.4.Visualacuity5.Rodsandconessysteminretina6.Lightsensationandenergyconvertingfunctionofrods:1)Thephotochemicalreactionofrhodopsin2) Microstructureofoutersegmentsofrodsandphoto-electricityconverting7.Colorvision8.Soundconductingfunctionofouterandmiddleear.9.Functionoftympanicmembraneandossicularchain10.Soundsensingandenergyconvertingfunctionofconchlea11.TravelingwavetheoryChapter10 NervesystemYouneedtoknowthefollowingcontent:1.Theconductingcharacteristicandmechanismofnervefiber2.Theclassificationofnervefiber3.Gapjunction4.Non-synapsechemicaltransport5.Thetrophiceffectofneuron6.Functionofneuroglia7.Feedbackregulationtoreflex8.Senseconductionofthespinalcord9.Thepainsenseoftheskinanditstransportpathway10.Motorneuronandmotionunit11.Spinalshock12.Functionofmusclespindleandtendonorgan13.Thespinalcordregulationtointernalorgan14.Conceptionandfunctionoflimbicsystem15.Conditionedreflex16.Theprocessandmechanismofstudyingandmemory17.ThelanguagefunctionofcerebralcortexYouneedtoknowwellthefollowingcontent:1.Coexistofneurotransmitter2.Receptorandtheclassificationofreceptor3.Theexcitatoryconductingfeatureinthecentralpartofthereflexarc4.Flexorreflexandcontralateralextensorreflex5.Thefunctionanddysfunctionofbasalganglion6.Motorareaofthecerebralcortex,extrapyramidalsystemandpyramidalsystem7.Theregulatingfunctionoflowerbrain-stemtointernalorgans8.Electroenciphalogramandevokedcorticalpotential9.Theclassification,significanceandformingmechanismofbrainwave10.Maintainofthearousalstate11.Phasesofsleep:slowwavesleepandfastwavesleepYouneedtoholdthefollowingcontent:1.Contactandclassificationofsynapse2.Thebasicstructureofsynapse3.Theoryofsynapseconducting,excitatorypostsynapticpotential,inhibitorypostsynapticpotential.4.Postsynapticinhibition(afferentcollateralinhibitionandrecurrentinhibition)5.Presynapticinhibition6.Conceptionofreflex,reflexarc7.Conceptionofnervecenter8.Senseanalysisfunctionofthalamus,specificandnonspecificprojectionsystem.9.Classicsenseconductionsystem10.Ascendingactivatingsystemofbrainstemreticularstructure11.Featuresofvisceralpainandreferredpain12.Stretchreflex:tendonreflexandmusculartension13.Facilitatedandinhibitedareaofreticularstructure14.Decerebraterigidity,α-rigidityandγ-rigidityChapter11EndocrinesystemYouneedtoknowthefollowingcontent:1.Transportationmeansofhormone2.Classificationandchemicalnatureofhormone3.Thesynthesis,storage,release,transportationandmetabolismofhormone4.Relationbetweenhumoralandneuralregulation5.Thefunctionofthehypothalamuspeptideneuron6.Typesofadenohypophysishormoneandneurohypophysishormone7.Synthesisofadrenalmedullaryhormone8.Celltypesofisletsofpancreas,typesofisletsofpancreashormones,effectandmechanismofinsulinYouneedtoknowwellthefollowingcontent:1.Effectandmechanismofhormone2.Functionalconnectionbetweenhypothalamusandadenohypophysis3.Typesandfunctionofhypothalamusregulatorypeptide4.Biologicaleffectandsecreteregulationofprolactinandoxytocin5.Thesynthesis,storage,release,transportationandmetabolismofthyroidhormone6.Parathyroidhormone,itsbiologicaleffect,andtheregulationofsecretion7.Hydroxy,biologicaleffectandresourceofVitD38.BiologicaleffectofcalcitoninandthesecretionregulationYouneedtoholdthefollowingcontent:1.Biologicaleffectofgrowthhormone,thyreotrophichormone,adrenocorticotropin,luteinizinghormone,andfolliclestimulatinghormone2.Biologicaleffectandsecretionregulationofvasopressin3.Theregulationtothyroidgland:actionofthyreotrophichormoneandhypothalamus,feedbackregulation,autoregulation,andtheeffectofotherhormones4.Typesandchemicalnatureofadrenalcorticalhormone5.Biologicaleffectofglucocorticoid,theregulationofglucocorticoidsecretion1)EffectandsecretregulationofACTH.2) Effectofbiologicalclock3)Feedbackregulation4)Stressreaction6.Biologicaleffectofmineralocorticoid7.Theregulationofmineralocorticoidsecretion:1)TheactionofRAAS2) EffectofplasmaNa,K,andACTH8.Biologicaleffectofadrenalmedullaryhormone9.Theregulationofadrenalmedullaryhormonesecretion1) Actionofsympatheticnerve2)EffectofACTHandglucocorticoid3)Feedbackinhibitory10.Biologicaleffectofinsulin11.Theregulationofinsulinsecretion1)Actionofplasmaglucose,aminoacid,fat2)Actionofotherhormones3) Neuralregulation12.Thebiologicaleffectandregulationofglucagons