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关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf
作文(一)第一节图表作文的类型 图表作文可分为两大类:表作文和图作文。 表作文 表格(Table)可以使大量数据系统化,便于阅读、比较。表格常由标题(Title)、表头(Boxhead)(表格的第一行)、侧目(Stub)(表格左边的第一列)和主体(Body)部分(表格的其他部分)等部分构成。如下表: 用表格体现的信息具体精确,并且表格中的各项均按一定规律排列。阅读表格时要注意找出表格中各个项目的互相关系,表格中各个项目的变化规律。例如,上面的表格中的数字阐明,和1978年相比,1983年大学入学的人数在增长,而小学的入学人数在减少。弄清晰这些变化规律也就读懂了表格的内容。 图作文 图作文又可分为三种:圆形图作文、曲线图作文和条状图作文。 (1)圆形图作文 圆形图(Piechart)也称为饼状图或圆面分割图。圆形图由于比较形象和直观,各部分空间大小差别容易辨别,因此常用来表达总量和各分量之间的比例关系。整个圆表达总量,楔形块表达分量。有时圆形图尚有数值表,两者结合可把各分量表达得更精确、清晰。例如: ThisisapiechartoftheaverageweeklyexpenditureofafamilyinGreatBritain.Ascanbeseefromthechart,themainexpenditureofanaverageBritishfamilyisspentonfood,whichaccountsfor25%ofitstotalexpenditure.Thenexttwosignificantexpendingitemsaretransportandhousing,whichare15%and12%respectively.Ifwetakeintoaccountclothingandfootwear,whichmakesup10%,thefouressentialsoflife,thatis,food,transport,housing,andclothingandfootwear,amountto62%ofthetotalexpenditure. (2)曲线图作文 曲线图(Linegraph)也称为线性图或坐标图。曲线图最适合表达两个变量之间关系的发展过程和趋势。一般来说,曲线所呈现的形状比某一点所代表的变量的值更故意义。曲线图有横轴和纵轴。一般先看横轴所代表的数量或时间等,然后再看纵轴所显示的意义。同步必须找出线条所反映的最高或最低的变化。例如: 这个曲线图的横轴代表1990年的不同的月份,纵轴代表交通事故的数量。从交通事故曲线图上可知,前八个月的交通事故的数量有升有降。曲线图在八月份升到了最高点(39),此后始终呈下降的趋势,十二月份降到了最低点(16)。可见,1990年的交通事故的数量总体上呈下降的趋势。 (3)条形图作文 条形图(Bargraph)也称为立柱图或圆柱图。条形图由宽度相似但长度不同的条块代表不同的量。当要比较几种项目或量时,常用不同颜色来辨别。条形图重要用来表达:1)同一项目在不同步间的量;2)同一时间不同项目的量。阅读条形图时,要先看图例,再看横轴、纵横各代表什么量,每一种刻度所代表的值是多少,最后找出图中各长条所示的数据及各长条间的互相关系。例如:左边的条形图的横轴代表时间,纵轴代表盼望寿命(LifeExpectancy),这一条形图想要体现的是同一项目(盼望寿命)在不同步间的量。右边的条形图的横轴也是代表时间,纵轴是代表婴儿的死亡率(InfantMortality),这一条形图想要体现的也是同一项目(婴儿的死亡率)在不同步间的量。左边的条形图表白1990年的人均盼望寿命比1960年的人均盼望寿命长20岁,而1990年的婴儿死亡率比1960年的婴儿死亡率下降了50%。第二节图表作文的出题形式例1题目:ChangesinPeople’sDiet Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphsto: 1.statethechangesinpeople’sdiet(饮食)inthepastfiveyears; 2.givepossiblereasonsforthechanges; 3.drawyourownconclusions. Youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible.例2题目:CarAccidentsDeclininginWaltonCity Rememberthatyourcompositionmustbewrittenaccordingtothefollowingoutline; 1.Riseandfalloftherateofcaraccidentsasindicatedbythegraph; 2.Possiblereason(s)forthedeclineofcaraccidentsinthecity; 3.Yourpredictionsofwhatwillhappenthisyear. Yourcompositionshouldbenolessthan120wordsandyoushouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible. 例3Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopicHealthGaininDevelopingCountries.Yourcompositionmustbenolessthan120wordsandyoushouldbaseyourcompositiononthefollowinginstructions(giveninChinese): 1.如下图为根据描述发展中国家的盼望寿命(lifeexpectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infantmortality)的变化状况 2.阐明引起变化的多种因素 从以上例子可见,图表作文一般在题目中给出作文的标题和一种或几种登记表格、圆形图、曲线图或条形图,有时还用英文或中文提纲的形式给出提示,规定我们: 1)用文字描述图表,客观解释图表中所传递的信息,并找出某种规律或趋势;2)就图表中所反映的某种趋势或问题
分析
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其因素或后果。第三节图表作文的写作要领 图表作文着重阐明事实,常常是通过对图表中所反映的具体数据的阐明、分析、比较,对某种事物或现象的事实或变化状况等加以阐明,并提出结论或见解。因此,图表作文常常采用议
论文
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体的写作
措施
《全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观全国民用建筑工程设计技术措施》规划•建筑•景观软件质量保证措施下载工地伤害及预防措施下载关于贯彻落实的具体措施
。 写好图表作文,核心在于能否读懂图表中所提供的信息,把握各信息间的联系,用精确流畅的语言把这一信息体现出来,并就这一信息刊登自己的见解。 图表作文的写作环节 写图表作文时,要注意遵循如下环节: 1)认真分析图表的含义,弄清图表中所含的信息及不同信息间的关系; 2)拟定文章的主题思想,构思出文章的基本框架,筛选出能阐明图表主题思想的典型数据; 3)编列文章的提纲; 4)根据文章的提纲,将各段的提纲内容扩展成段落,然后将各个段落构成文章,注意段与段之间的衔接与过渡; 5)检查与修改。 图表作文的篇章构造 写图表作文时,常采用三段式的谋篇方式。文章的第一段往往分析图表中的数据变化反映什么问题或趋势,概述图表所揭示的信息。第二段分析导致这一问题或趋势的因素。第三段则展望将来的状况或提出解决问题的措施或建议。这一构造可以简朴地表述为: 第一段:概述图表反映的主题思想 第二段:分析产生的因素第三段:展望将来或提出措施或建议 图表作文常用的句型 (1)常用的开篇句型(即概述图表内容时常用的体现法) ①Accordingtothetable/piechart/linegraph/bargraph,wecansee/concludethat…根据该表/图,我们可知…… ②Thetable/graphreveals(shows/indicates/illustrates/represents/pointsout)that…该表/图表白…… ③Aswecanseefromthetable… Ascanbeseenfromtheline/bargraph… Asisshown(illustrated/indicated)inthepiechart… 如表/图所示,…… (2)描述增减变化常用的句型 ①Comparedwith…isstillincreasedby…②Thenumberof…grew/rosefrom…to… ③Anincreaseisshownin…;thencameasharpincreaseof… ④In…thenumberremainsthesame/dropsto…⑤Therewasaveryslight(small/slow/gradual)rise/increasein1990. ⑥Therewasaverysteady(marked/sharp/rapid/sudden/dramatic)drop(decrease/decline/fall/reduction)in1998/comparedwiththatoflastyear). 下面是根据例2的题目规定写的范文。 ⑴Fromthegraph,wecanseethatthenumberofcaraccidentsinWaltoncityfluctuatedduringtheyearof1990.⑵Thefirsttwomonthsof1990showedanincreasingtrend.⑶Therateroseto32inMarchbutfellto26inJune.⑷FromJuneon,theratewasrisingagainandreachedthepeakpoint39inAugust.⑸AfterAugusttheratebegantodeclineremarkably,andeventuallydroppedtothelowestpoint16attheendoftheyear.⑹Therefore,it’sobviousthatcaraccidentinWaltoncitydeclinedin1990.⑴主题句/概述表格反映的内容⑵—(5)反映交通事故的变化状况(6)小结:总结表格数据反映的总趋势 ⑺Thereareseveralreasonsforthedecline.⑻First,anewtrafficlawwasmadeandcameintoforce.⑼Itprovidedthatinsummereverycarmustbeair-conditioned.⑽Asaresult,thehighestrateinAugust,whenhumidityandhightemperaturemakedriversimpatientandeasilyleadtocaraccidents,droppedsteadily.⑾Second,newroadswerebuiltandsomenarrowstreetswerewidened,whichquickenedtheflowoftraffic.⑿Finally,thecityadministrationmadegreateffortstoheightenpeople’sawarenessofobservingtrafficrules.⑺主题句⑻因素/措施一⑼解释措施一/次要辅助⑽采用措施一后的成果⑾因素/措施二⑿因素/措施三⒀Withallthesenewmeasures,I’msuretherateofcaraccidentsinWaltoncitywillgoonfallingthisyear.⒀总结:展望将来的状况第四节、图表作文练习及其参照范文 下面是写作练习,在写作的过程中注意审题,考虑文章的构造、采用的扩展措施、开头的结尾的措施以及文章中的过渡等。 练习1:Directions:Forthispart,youareallowedthirtyminutestowriteacompositionofnolessthan120wordsonChangesinPeople’sDiet.Studythefollowingtablecarefullyandyourcompositionmustbebasedontheinformationgiveninthetable.Writethreeparagraphsto: 1.statethechangesinpeople’sdiet(饮食)inthepastfiveyears; 2.givepossiblereasonsforthechanges; 3.drawyourownconclusions. Youshouldquoteasfewfiguresaspossible. ⑴Asisshowninthetable,therehavebeengreatchangesinpeople'sdietbetween1986and1990.⑵Fromthetable,wecanfindthatgrain,formerlythemainfoodofmostChinesepeople,isnowplayingalessimportantroleinpeople'sdiet.⑶Andthesamegoesforfruitandvegetables.⑷Ontheotherhand,theconsumptionofhigh-nutritionfoodsuchmilkandmeathasincreasedrapidly. ⑸Whathascausedthesechanges?Therearemainlythreereasons(主题句).(6)First,peoplearemuchwealthierthanbefore.(7)Withhigherincome,theycanaffordtobuynutritiousfoods.(8)Second,peoplehaverealizedtheimportanceofabalanceddiettotheirhealth.(9)Lackofcertainamountofmeatormilk,forexample,willresultinpoorhealth.(10)Finally,owingtotheeconomicreform,meatandmilk,whichwerescarceinthepast,areproducedinlargequantities. (11)Althoughmilkandmeatareimportanttoone'shealth,eatingtoomuchrichfoodmayresultinobesityandmayotherdiseases.(12)Therefore,peopleshouldnotonlyeatalotofmilkandmeat,butalsoenoughgrain,fruitandvegetableforthesakeoftheirhealth.图表作文(二)一、图表作文写作常识 1、图形种类及概述法: 泛指一份数据图表:adatagraph/chart/diagram/illustration/table 饼图:piechart 直方图或柱形图:barchart/histogram 趋势曲线图:linechart/curvediagram 表格图:table 流程图或过程图:flowchart/sequencediagram 程序图:processing/proceduresdiagram 2、常用的描述用法 Thetable/chartdiagram/graphshows(that) Accordingtothetable/chartdiagram/graph As(is)showninthetable/chartdiagram/graph Ascanbeseenfromthetable/chart/diagram/graph/figures, figures/statisticsshows(that)…… Itcanbeseenfromthefigures/statistics Wecanseefromthefigures/statistics Itisclearfromthefigures/statistics Itisapparentfromthefigures/statistics table/chart/diagram/graphfigures(that)…… table/chart/diagram/graphshows/describes/illustrateshow…… 3、图表中的数据(Data)具体体现法 数据(Data)在某一种时间段固定不变:fixedintime 在一系列的时间段中转变:changesovertime 持续变化的data在不同状况下: 增长:increase/raise/rise/goup…… 减少:decrease/growdown/drop/fall…… 波动:fluctuate/rebound/undulate/wave…… 稳定:remainstable/stabilize/leveloff…… 最常用的两种体现法: 动词+副词形式(Verb+Adverbform) 形容词+名词形式(Adjective+Nounform) 二、有关常用词组 1、主章开头 图表类型:table、chart、diagramgraph、columnchart、piegraph 描述:show、describe、illustrate、canbeseenfrom、clear、apparent、reveal、represent 内容:figure、statistic、number、percentage、proportion 2、表达数据变化的单词或者词组 rapid/rapidly 迅速的,飞快的,险峻的 dramatic/dramatically 戏剧性的,生动的 significant/significantly 故意义的,重大的,重要的 sharp/sharply 锐利的,明显的,急剧的 steep/steeply 急剧升降的 steady/steadily 稳固的,坚定不移的 gradual/gradually 渐进的,逐渐的 slow/slowly 缓慢的,不活跃的 slight/slightly 轻微的、略微地 stable/stably 稳定的3、其他在描述中的常用到的词 significantchanges 图中某些较大变化 noticeabletrend 明显趋势 duringthesameperiod 在同一时期 grow/grew 增长 distribute 分布,区别 unequally 不相等地 inthecaseofadv. 在……的状况下 intermsof/inrespectof/regarding 在……方面 incontrast 相反,大不相似 governmentpolicy 政府政策 marketforces 市场规率 measure n.尺寸,措施,措施v.估计,调节forecast n.先见,预见v.预测考研英语应用文模板祝贺信[105words]AletterofCongratulationDear______,Goodnewstravelsfast!IknowhowhardyouhavebeenworkingandIamveryproudofyouforyourachievement.Pleaseacceptmysincerecongratulationstoyour______.YoumaycannotimaginehowexcitedIwaswhenIgotthegoodnews.Owingtoyourpersistenceandhardworkandyourdreamfinallycomestrue.Wearejustasproudasyouareandsendourcongratulationstoyouonthisimportantmilestoneinyourlife,amilestonemanyfailedtocross.Hopethatthefutureeachyearbringyougreaterhappinessandluckiness.Don’tforgetmeandkeepcontactwithme.Yourssincerely,LiMing推荐信[85words]AletterofRecommendationDear______,Iamwritingtoyoutorecommend______for______.Itakegreatpleasureinrecommendingtoyou_______as_______.Iwanttorecommendittoyouforthefollowingreasons.Firstofall,______.Whatismore,______.Finally,______.Withreferencetoyourrequirements,Ishall,withoutreservation,recommend_____asanidealcandidate.Therefore,Iwon’thesitatetorecommendittoyou.Iamconfidentthat_____.Iamsureyouwillbepleasedwithit.Lookingforwardtoyourreply.Yourssincerely,LiMing感谢信[89words]AletterofThanksDear______,Iamwritingthislettertoexpressmygratitudetoyoufor______.Weappreciategreatlyyouraidinnotonly______,butalso______.Iamreferringto______.Everyoneagreesthatitwasyouwho______.Ifithadnotbeenforyourassistanceingivingmeaid,Ifearthattheconsequencesmighthavebeenmuchmoreserious.Again,Iwouldliketoexpressmywarmthankstoyou!Pleaseacceptmythanksforyourfamilyhelp,whichIwillneverforget.Withpersonalregards.Yourssincerely,LiMing道歉信[86words]AletterofApologyDear______,Iamwritingthislettertoapologizetoyouformyfailingto______.Thereasonsisthat______yesterday.IamsorrythatIcannotfinishintime,butisitpossiblethatImakeupthelossby______?Ifso,Iwillputeverythingelseasidetodoit.Iamsorryagainfortheinconvenience.Idohopethatyoucanunderstandmysituationandacceptmyapology.Finally,Ifeelmostobligedtothankyouoncemore.Lookingforwardtoyourreply.Yourssincerely,LiMing祈求信[102words]AletterofRequestDear______,Mynameis______,andIam______.Ihavemadeupmymindtowritetoyouinthehopethatyoucanfurnishmewiththeinformationregarding______.Thereasonsformyurgentneedof______areasfollows:1)_______;2)_______;3)______.AtthepresentIampreparing______,andaminlackof______thatiscrucialforthework.Therefore,Iwillbemuchobligedifyoucanhelpme______.Pleasefeelfreetocallmeat______forfurtherquestions.Thankyouforyourtimeandpatience,andIlookforwardtoyourpromptreply.Yourssincerely,LiMing询问信[84words]ALetterofInquiryDear______,Mynameis_____,andIam_____.Iamwritingtoseeifitispossibleforyoutoprovidesomeinformationregarding______.Atthepresent,Iamplanning______,andaminurgentneedofthefollowingthings.Firstofall,______.Secondly,______.Thirdly,______.Iwouldalsoliketoinquireif______.Ifso,couldyouplease______.Yourpromptattentionwouldbehighlyappreciated,andthankyouforyourconsideration.Iamexpectingyourreplywithheartfeltappreciation.Yourssincerely,LiMing建议信[100words]ALetterofSuggestionDear______,Iamwritingtoexpressmyviewsconcerning______.Inthefirstplace,Iwouldliketosaythankyouforthehelpandeverythingelseyouhavebeenofferingtous.Meanwhile,Ialsowanttomakesomeadvicetobetter______.Frommypointofview,______.Also,toyou,Ihighlyrecommendthat______.Ontheonehand,______.Ontheotherhand,_______.Besides,itisunnecessaryforyouto______.Consequently,Ibelievethat______.Ihopethatmyopinionsareofhelptoyou,andpleasefeelfreetocontactmeformorequestions.Yourssincerely,LiMing投诉信[84words]ALetterofComplaintDear______,Iam______.IfeelbadtotroubleyoubutIamafraidthatIhavetomakeacomplaintabout_____.Thereasonsformydissatisfactionlieuponthreepointsasfollows.Inthefirstplace,______.Inaddition,______.Underthesecircumstances,Ifinditdifficultto______.Iamsurethatyouareabletothoroughlyunderstandmydiscontent,whichyouareboundtoreplacewithasatisfactorysolution.Iwouldbegratefulifyoucould_____assoonaspossible.Yourssincerely,LiMing申请信[99words]ALetterofApplicationDear______,IamaseniorstudentintheDepartmentof______,Universityof______.Iwouldliketoapplyforthemaster’sprogramin______departmentofyouruniversity,anopportunitythatIhavedreamedsince______.DuringmyundergraduatestudyIhavedemonstratedexcellentacademicability,whichisreflectedinmygradesandaccomplishment.Ihaveattachedtothislettermyresume,acompletetranscript,andthreerecommendationletters.Iwouldgreatlyappreciateitifyoucouldkindlyconsidermyapplication.Ifyourequiremoreinformation,pleasefeelfreetocontactmeat______.Lookingforwardstoyourreply.Yourssincerely,LiMing求职信[111words]ALetterofJobApplicationDear______,Ihavelearntfromyesterday’snewspaperthatyouareemploying______.Iwishtobeconsideredasanapplicantfortheposition,andbegtostatemyqualificationsasfollows:Iam______yearsold,a______majorstudentof______University.Duringmyacademicyears,Ihaveshownexcellentperformanceandhavebeenawardedfirst-classscholarshipeachyear.Inadditiontomyeducationalbackground,Ihavetherichworkexperienceinthefieldsof______.Therefore,IbelieveIcanbeofvaluetoyourcompany.Enclosedismyresumeforyourreference,andIshallbegladtocallatyourofficeifyoudesireaninterview.Thankyou.Yourssincerely,LiMing邀请信[88words]ALetterofJobInvitationDear______,Iwillbeholding______at______on______inorderto______.Asyouareaclosefriendofourfamily,myparentsandIwouldverymuchlikeyoutojoinusin______andshareourjoy.Theoccasionwillstartat______,andactivitiesinclude______,_______and______.Inaddition,therewillbe______.Iamsureyouwillenjoyagoodtime.Myfamilywouldfeelhonoredbyyourpresence.Wewouldappreciateitverymuchifyoucouldacceptourinvitation.Yourssincerely,LiMing辞职信[94words]ALetterofResignationDear______,IamsureitwillcomeasnosurprisethatIwishtoresignmypositionas______.ThoughIhaveenjoyedworkingwithyouandothercolleaguesinthecompany/organization,thereareafewreasonsthatforcemetogiveupmycurrentwork.Foronething,_______.Foranother,_______.Inaddition,_______.Iappreciatetheplentyofhelpandencouragementfromyouconstantly,andIamverysorryforanyinconveniencethuscaused.IpromisethatIwillstaythroughthenextmonthtohelpyoufindareplacementformyposition.Yourssincerely,LiMing