名词

高考英语语法复习专题 ------ 名词 (一、考点聚焦 1.可数名词单、复数变化形式 （1） 规则 编码规则下载淘宝规则下载天猫规则下载麻将竞赛规则pdf麻将竞赛规则pdf 变化。 ①单数名词词尾直接加-s。如：boy — boys, pen — pens。 ②以s、x 、ch 、sh结尾的单词一般加-es。如：glass — glasses,box— boxes, watch — watches, brush — brushes。 特例：stomach — stomaches。 ③以“辅音字母 + y”结尾的变“y”为“i”再加“-es”。如： baby — babies, lady — ladies, fly — flies。 ④以“o”结尾的多数加-es。如：tomato — tomatoes, potato — potatoes, hero — heroes。但以两个元音字母结尾的名词和部分外来词中以o结尾的词只加-s。 如：radio — radios, zoo — zoos, photo — photos, piano — pianos, kilo — kilos, tobacco — tobaccos。 ⑤以“f”或“fe”结尾的名词复数形式变“f”或“fe”为“v”，之后再加-es。如：wife — wives, life — lives, knife — knives, wolf— wolves, self — selves, leaf — leaves等。特例：handkerchief— handkerchiefs, roof — roofs, chief — chiefs, gulf — gulfs, belief — beliefs, cliff — cliffs。 ⑥改变元音字母的。如：man — men, mouse — mice, foot — feet, woman — women, tooth — teeth, goose — geese, ox — oxen。特例：child — children。 ⑦复合名词的复数形式。（A）在复合词中最后名词尾加-s。如：armchair — armchairs, bookcase — bookcases, bookstore — book- stores。（B）man和woman作定语修饰另一个名词时，前后两个名词都要变成复数。如：man doctor — men doctors, woman driver — women dri- vers。（C）与介词或副词一起构成的复合名词应在主体名词部分加-s。如：brother-in-law — brothers-in-law, passer-by — passers-by。 ⑧有的名词有两种复数形式。如：zero — zeros 、zeroes, deer — deers 、deer。penny的两种复数形式含义有所不同。如：pence（便士的钱数），pennies(便士的枚数)。 （2）不规则变化。 ①单、复数同形。如：means, aircraft, deer, fish, Chinese, Japanese, sheep, works（工厂）,cattle。 ②合成名词的复数。如：boy-friend — boy-friends, go-between— go-betweens(中间人)，grown-up — grown-ups。 ③有些名词通常只用作复数。如：glasses眼镜，clothes衣服，goods 货物，trousers裤子，belongings所有物,wages工资，riches财富, surroundings环境，ashes灰尘, campasses圆规，cattle家畜，congratulations祝贺，have words with sb. 同某人吵架，in high spirits以很高热情地，give one’s regards to sb.向某人问侯，in rags衣衫破烂，It is good manners to do sth.有礼貌做某事。 ④集体名词的数。有些集体名词通常只用作复数，如：people, cattle, police; 有些名词只用作单数，如：machinery, furniture, mankind, jewellery;有些名词既可用作单数又可用作复数，单数看做整体，复数看做集体的各个成员。如：The crew is large.船员人数很多（指整体）；The crew are all tired.船员们都累坏了（个体）。 2、不可数名词的数 （1）一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词，但当抽象名词 表 关于同志近三年现实表现材料材料类招标技术评分表图表与交易pdf视力表打印pdf用图表说话 pdf 示具体的东西时，可用作可数名词且词义发生变化，主要类型如下： ①抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。如： 抽象名词（不可数） 具体化（个体名词，可数名词） in surprise惊讶地 a surprise一件令人惊讶的事 win success获得成功 a success一个(件)成功的人(事) win honor赢得荣誉 an honor一个(件)引以为荣的(事) Failure(失败)is the mother of success a failure失败者 失败是成功之母。 by experience靠经验 an experience一次经历 youth青春 a youth一个青年人 have pity on sb.怜悯某人 a pity可惜的事情 with pleasure乐意 a pleasure乐事 ②抽象名词与a(an)连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。如： A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. Would you like to have a walk(swim, bath, talk)with me? It is waste of time reading such a novel. She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings. (2)物质名词是不可数名词，但表示数量或种类之多时，可以用作可数名词。如： ①物质名词有形或数的相应物体，有单、复数。如：some coffee一些咖啡，a coffee一杯咖啡，three coffees三杯咖啡，some drink一些饮料, a drink一杯饮料，three drinks三杯饮料，his hair他的头发，a few grey hairs几根白发，glass玻璃，a glass一只玻璃杯。 ②物质名词有前置后置修饰时，前面要使用不定冠词。 have breakfast The road is covered with snow. have a wonderful breakfast They have a heavy snow every year. Time and tide wait for no man. We had a wonderful time last night. (3)有复数形式的不可数名词 ①有些抽象名词往往以复数形式出现，起到一种丰富语言感情色彩或强调某种特殊状态的作用。如： Use your brains, please. They have smoothed away the difficulties. Have you made preparations for tomorrow’s meeting? Many thanks for your kindness. No pains, no gains. After many failures, they finally succeeded. ②有些物质名词以复数形式出现，表示数量之多，范围之广。如： The boy burst into tears at the bad news. The rising waters did a lot of harm to the crops. The stone bridge broke down in heavy rains. 3.名词所有格 （1）“’s”所有格的特殊表示形式有： 1 用于表示时间、距离、价格、重量等的名词后，如：today’s newspaper,five minutes’walk(drive),five pounds’weight, tend ollars’worth of coffee。 ②用于表示国家、世界、城市等地方的名词后。如：the earth’s planet, the word’s population, China’s industry, New York’s parks。 （2）“of”所有格的特殊表示方式有： ①表示“部分”时，一般在所修饰的名词前有一个表示数量的词（a、two、several、some、no、many等），如：Some students of Mister Zhang’s have gone to college.张老师的一些学生已经上大学了。 ②表示“其中之一，其中一部分”的意思时，用：a friend of Tom’s 汤姆的一个朋友（许多朋友中的一位）。 ③表示赞扬、批评或厌恶等感情色彩时，应该用：that/this/these/ those + 名词（单、复数）of Mary’s/yours/his/hers。如： That invention of hers belongs to the world. 她的那项发明是属于全世界的（表赞赏）。 4、名词作定语 英语中有些名词没有其对应的同根形容词，这些名词可以直接用来作定语修饰另一个名词。 （1）分类意义。 air pollution 空气污染 boy friend 男朋友 coffee cup咖啡杯 income tax所得税 tennis ball网球 song writer歌曲作家 body language身体语言 road accident交通事故 Nobel Prize诺贝尔奖 （2）时间、地点、称呼等。 Doctor Jack杰克医生 Professor Li李教授 evening school夜校 winter sleep冬眠 street dance 街舞 country music乡村音乐 village people村民 school education学校教育 China problem中国问题 （3）表目的、手段、来源，所属意义。 reception desk接待台 sports field田径场 stone table石桌 color TV彩电 weather report天气预报 ★二、精典名题导解 选择填空 1. It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science. (NMET 2001) A.an art much as B.much an art as C.as an art much as D.as much an art as 解析： 答案 八年级地理上册填图题岩土工程勘察试题省略号的作用及举例应急救援安全知识车间5s试题及答案 为D。当名词前有what、so、as、too、quite等词修饰时，其形容词被这些词修饰，组成下列结构，如：What a nice book! This is too heavy a box for me to carry. He is not as honest a boy as Mike.等，应采取too/how + 形容词（副词）+ a(an) + 名词的形式。要记住一些类似的特殊结构，并加以 分析 定性数据统计分析pdf销售业绩分析模板建筑结构震害分析销售进度分析表京东商城竞争战略分析 。 2. The police are offering a __________to anyone who can give information about the lost key.（NMET 1999） A.price B.prize C.reward D.money 解析：答案为C。price 价格，价钱；prize奖金。Ｄ项是钱，属不可数名词，题中所要填的是“酬金，报酬”。注意正确理解名词的含义及其搭配是活用语言的基础，在复习备考中要熟练掌握考纲中一些名词的词义、搭配、习惯等，才能更好辨析名词，从而选择最符合句意的选项。 3.You’ll find this map of great _____________in helping you to get round London.（NMET 1998） A.price B.cost C.value D.usefulness 解析：答案为C。本题考查特定语境中名词的词义及“be of + 抽象名词”结构。Price (价格)，cost（价钱，费用，成本）不符合题意，value作“quality of being useful or desirable”解时，常与of搭配，在句中作表语或补语，意为“有用，有价值”。故选择value。注意名词词义辨异及惯用法表达，题中“of + 抽象名词”相当于该名词的形容词形式。 4.If you buy more than ten, they knock 20 pence off . A. a price B. price C. the price D. price 解析：答案为C。本题考冠词和名词。全句合理句意应是：如果你买超过10个，他们从（现在标出的）价格上减价20便士。此处价格是特指的定价，所以C项最佳。 5.The journey around the world took the old sailor nine moths, the sailing time was 226 days. A. of which B. during which C. from which D. for which 解析：答案为B。辨析名词语义, a distance of +数字“……距离”。 6.I keep medicines on the top shelf, out of the children’s . A. reach B. hand C. hold D. place 解析：答案为A。“out of reach”是“超出某人够得着的范围”，即“够不着”的意思，药品应放到孩子够不到的地方。 基础训练 1. The ____ of the room were covered with ____. A. roofs, leafs B. roofs, leaves C. rooves, leafs D. rooves, leaves 2. There are three ____ in our factory. A. woman doctors B. women doctors C. woman doctor D. women doctor 3. Which do you prefer ____ or ____? A. potatos, tomatos B. potatos, tomatoes C. potatoes, tomatos D. potatoes, tomatoes 4. They are ____ of different presses(出版社). Now they are having a meeting in one of the ____ office. A. editor-in-chiefs, editors-in-chief’s B. editors-in-chief, editor-in-chief’s C. editors-in-chiefs, editor’s-in-chief’s D. editors-in-chief, editors-in-chief’s 5. The ant has two ____. A. stomaches B. stomacks C. stomach D. stomachs 6. He doesn’t like ____ for supper. A. chick B. chicken C. chickens D. chicks 7. It was ____ hot weather that many of us went swimming. A. so B. such C. so as D. such a 8. ____ wonderful space they saw on the room! A. How B. How a C. What D. What a 9. We know ____ travels not so fast as light. A. sound B. sounds C. the sounds D. a sound 10. My family raise a lot of ____, including two ____. A. cattle, cows B. cows, cattle C. cattles, cows D. cow, cattles 11. A number of soldiers ____ at he camp gate（军营门口）. A. have gathered B. has gathered C. is D. was 12. The Browns have spent a large ____ of money on their new car. A. deal B. amount C. number D. size 13. ____ work has been done to improve the people’s living standard. A. Many B. A great many C. A great deal of D. A number of 14. Mr Li shook ____ warmly with a friend. A. hand B. a hand C. hands D. the hands 15. Two ____, please. A. coffee B. coffees C. cup of coffee D. cups coffee 16. I can’t pay as ____ as he asked for. A. high price a B. high price C. a high price D. high a price 17. ____ knowledge of space develops rapidly. A. Man’s B. Men’s C. Mens’ D. Person’s 18.I stayed at ____. A. Xiao Wang’s B. Wang’s home C. the Wangs D. home of Wang 19. Sister Carrie works in a ____ factory. A. shoes B. shoses C. shoe D. shoe’s 20. Have you ever read ____? A. today newspaper B. newspaper today C. newspaper of today D. today’s newspaper 强化训练 1. Enough of it! Nobody here thinks what you are saying should make any______ . 　　A. excuse　 B. sense　 C. use 　 D. value 2. -How dare you play on such thin ice? -Playing on ice is not my ______of spare time. 　　A. idea　 B. thought 　 C. mind 　 D. intention 3. Helen said she would like to go to Atlanta by air, but I wonder if she has enough money to pay for the______ . 　　A. travel 　 B. tourism 　 C. journey 　 D. course 4. One splendid mountain______ followed another during our journey from Mieheel more to Rurunz. 　　A. view 　 B. glance 　 C. screen　 D. scene 5.The new law will come into ___on the day it is passed. 　　A. effect　　 B. use　　 C. service 　　 D. existence 6. When you play' football, what ______do you play? 　　A. situation　 B. place　 C. part 　 D. position 7. It's important for us to employ a word or a phrase according to the______in language studies. 　　A. situation 　 B. expression 　 C. condition 　 D. translation 8. I wrote him a letter to show my ______of his thoughtfulness. 　　A. achievement 　 B. agreement 　 C. view　 D. appreciation 9. One of the advantages of living on the top floor of a high-rise is that you can get a good______ . 　　A. sight 　 B. scene　 C. view 　 D. look 10. Nowadays natural gas, wind and other forms of ______are widely used in the country. 　　A. energy 　 B. force 　 C. power 　 D. materials 11. ______with foreign countries can bring us much information about the world. 　　A. Contrast　 B. Competition 　 C. Contact 　 D. Combination 12. We all know that______speak louder than words. A. movements 　 B. performances 　 C. operations　 D. actions 13.We have worked out the plan and now we must put it into ___. A. fact　　 B. reality 　　 C. practice 　　 D. deed 14.We've missed the last bus. I'm afraid we have no ____but to take a taxi. 　　A. way 　　 B. choice　　 C. possibility 　　 D. selection 15.He dropped the ___and broke it . 　　A. cup of coffee 　　 B. coffee's cup 　　 C. cup for coffee　　 D. coffee cup 16.Here's my card. Let's keep in ____. 　　A. touch 　　 B. relation　　 C. connection 　　 D. friendship 17.He gained his ___by printing ___of famous writers. 　　A. wealth; work 　 B. wealths ; works 　 C. wealths; work 　 D. wealth; works 18.I'll look into the matter as soon as possible , just have a little ___. 　　A. wait 　　 B. time 　　 C. patience D. rest 19.If by any chance someone comes to see me, ask them to leave a ____. 　　A. message 　　 B. letter 　　 C. sentence 　　 D. notice 20.These football players had no strict ___until they joined our club. A. practice 　　 B. education 　　 C. exercise 　　 D. training 高考训练 01、(08上海春卷’ 43) Every ton of this recycled paper uses 90 liters of water in its ________ A. structure B. manufacture C. construction D. organization 02、(08天津卷’ 11)Most air pollution is caused by the burning of ____ like coal, gas and oil. A. fuels B. articles C. goods D. products 03、(08山东卷’ 34)I bought a dress for only 10 dollars in a sale; it was a real ______. A. exchange B. bargain C. trade D. business 04、(08江西卷’27)---Shall we go out for a walk? --- Sorry. This is not the right ___ to invite me. I am too tired to walk. A. moment B. situation C. place D. chance 05、(08安徽卷’24) To save some of the human languages before they are forgotten, the students in our school started a discussion “Save Our _____” A. Sky B. Life C. Arts D. Voices 06、(08浙江卷’15)Dogs have a very good ____ of smell and are often used to search for survivors in an earthquake. A. sense B. view C. means D. idea 07、(08湖北卷’21)The young man made a ______ to his parents that he would try to earn his own living after graduation. A. prediction B. promise C. plan D. contribution 08、(08湖北卷’22)The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a friendly______ A. atmosphere B. state C. situation D. phenomenon 09、(08福建卷’32) What’s the _____ of having a public open space where you can’t eat, drink or even simply hang out for a while? A. sense B. matter C. case D. opinion 10、(08陕西卷’15)–Did you go to the show last night?–Yeah. Every boy and girl in the area invited A. were B. have been C. has been D. was 参考答案 基础训练 1~5 BBDDD 6~10 BBCAA 11~15 ABCCB 16~20 DAACD 强化训练 1~5 BACAA 6~10 DADCA 11~15 CDCBD 16~20 ADCAD 高考训练 1—5BABAD 6—10ABAAD