美英战术无线电通信装备的发展ThedevelopmentofAmericanandBritishtacticalradiocommunication

美、英战术无线电通信装备的发展（ThedevelopmentofAmericanandBritishtacticalradiocommunicationequipment)DevelopmentoftacticalradiocommunicationequipmentintheUnitedStatesandBritainAuthor:anonymoussource:theoriginalhits:13updatetime:2009-9-21Theuseofmodernmilitarytacticalcommunicationsystemismainlydividedintotwoparts,oneforthemilitaryleveltotheregionalsystemofbattalionofvoiceanddatacommunication,theotherisacombatnetradiosystemusingthelowerechelonuntilclass.Theregionalsystemissemi-automatic,highsecurity,andhastheabilitytowithstanddamage.Theyusuallyhaveshieldingcapability,andoperateatultrahighfrequenciesormicrowavefrequencies,andcanformhighcapacitypointtopointlinksusingdirectionalantennas.Combatnetworkradiosystemadoptsaloosestructure,composedofalargenumberofsinglemobilenetwork.Itusuallyworksinveryhighfrequencybands,encryptedwithpasswords,butinmorecases,itusesfrequencyhopping.TheBritisharmyplanstoreplacetheoutdatedClansmanradiowithnewBowman,andtheUnitedStatesisplanningthefuturecommunicationsystem.thefutureradiosystemstressesweightreductionThecurrentresearchprogramfocusesmoreonreducingtheweightoftheequipment.Small,lightweightradiosmakeitpossibleforasinglesoldiertocarryaradiostation,andonlyprofessionaloperatorsusedtocarryradiostationsinthepast.Ifasmallradiostationischeaper,itispossibletohavearadiostationforeverycombatant.Pasttacticalradioswereaheavyburdenforoperators.BeforethePRC-77/VRC-64(likethefirstdeployment,duringtheVietnamWarisstillinproduction)alargerclassofportablewirelessradioperformancewithPRC-139(C)orLeikacompany(Racal)weighsonly1.36kggoblin(Leprechaun)Theperformanceofaclassofsmallerradiostationsisquitethesame.Reducingtheweightofradiostationshasbecomeagoalpursuedbymanymanufacturers.BritishRacalcompanyhasrecentlydevelopedanewtypeofwirelessstation,onlymorethanacellularphoneofslightlyheavierslightlylarger,theradiostationhasbeenlisted.Tadirancommunicationscompanyrecentlylaunchedahand-heldtypePRC-710weighslessthan700gramsofVHFradio,radiofrequencyhopping,withdigitalpasswordfunctionandwiththehighestrateof16thousandbit/sectosendvoiceanddigitaldatacapabilities.Thearmy'sindividualradiostation(ISR)programchosethePRC-127Aradiostation.Thiskindofradiostationisaportableradiostationwithshortoperatingdistanceandonlysoundtransmission,anditsweightisnotmorethan850grams.TheinfantrycanbeusedforclassCommandandcontrol.Theradioworksoutsidethespectrumoftheexistingbattlenetradiosystem,withaminimumoperatingdistanceof200metersandamaximumoperatingdistanceof700meters,whichispoweredbyadisposablebatteryorrechargeablebattery.ThePLApersonalcommunicationssystemisexploringthenextgenerationofwirelesscommunicationstechnology.Thistechniquemustbeabletoprovidetherelevantindividualsoldiersbattlefieldsituationinformationandthelowprobabilityofintercept,adaptiveradiocommunicationtechnologyistheresearchcanimprovetheabilityofantimultipathdistancecharacteristics,attenuation,blind,andpoorworkingenvironmentcaninterferewithinhibitionofcity,mountainandforestregionsgenerated.Inordertominimizetheprice,commercialcellularandpersonalcommunicationsystemsareneeded.Twofactorslimittheextenttowhichthevolumemaydecrease.Oneisthecontrolknob,switchanddisplayphysicalsizemustbelargeenoughsothatinthewinterandinthenuclear,biologicalandchemicalwarfareenvironmentglovedstaffcanoperatesmoothly;anotherfactoristhebatterymusthaveacertainsize,inordertoprovideenoughpower.Thecurrentperformanceoflithiumionbatteriesistwotimesasmuchasthatofnickelcadmiumbatteriesusedbymanypopularradiostations.Theidealthingforsoldiers,too,isthattheradiohasenoughpowertocommunicatewiththeclass,thebatteryislight,theenergyisenough,andtheradioworksfor24hours.improvesafetyAtpresent,thesimplestapplicationalsorequirestacticalradiostationhastheabilitytoencryptpasswords.Evenifpotentialadversariesdon'thavetheabilitytomonitorunencryptedsignals,Cryptographyisalsoseenasanessentialrequirementforanewlypurchasedradiosystem.Safetyradiorecentlythereisafunctionoffrequencyhoppingpricesdecline,whilethesecurityradiofixedfrequencypricebasicallynochange,whichmakesitwithradiofrequencythepricedifferenceisgreatlyreduced,theprocurementofnonfrequencyhoppingradiocostsavingsareless.Leikacompanyfoundthat,inthepastfewyears,mostofthetraditionalfixedfrequencyradiocustomerstouseradiofrequency,sothecompanyisreadytograduallystopthenonhoppingradioproductioninthenearfuture.built-inGPSfunctionAnothertrendistheradiowirelessradioandsatellitenavigationdevicestogether,thebuilt-inGPSreceiverinstalledontheradio,ortheinstallationofexternalGPSradioreceiverintheinternalorexternalinterface.TheGPSsystemallowsthewirelessstationtodeterminetheirposition,andthepositionoftheradiocommunicationservicetodeterminethemostisautomatic,GPSsignalbeforeeachvoiceanddatainformationcanautomaticallyprovidelocationinformation,whichmakesuserscanconcentratecontentinformationuptothetactical.RadiostationandGPSsystemcombinetoformasingledevice,alsohaverisk.Ifthekeyboardormonitorfails,itwillcausetheradioandGPStwosystemstostopworkingatthesametime.TheU.S.ArmywantstoinstalltheGPSdeviceonallfrontradiostations,whiletheUKonlyinstallstheGPSdeviceonthecommandradio.dualbandradiostationTheideaofdualband(HF/VHForVHF/UHF)radiostationsisnotnew,butinthepast,dualbandswillsignificantlyincreasetheweight.ThePRC-70portableradioproducedbytheCincinnaticompanyisatypicaldualbandradiostationwithaweightofmorethan10kg.Thetraditionalviewoftheperformanceofdualbandradioprovidesisunnecessaryformosttacticalgroundusers,onlyspecialforces,infrontoftheaircrafttoguidestaffandpolicesupporttroopsaremajorusersofmultibandradio.datatransmissionThedevelopmentofdigitaltechnologyandsimulationtechnologyisnothighlysecurepasswordbasedsystemcanpromotethedevelopmentoftheradiotransmissionofdigitaldata,thedigitalinformationprocessingabilityisalsousedinotherformsofdigitalinformationtransmission.VHFradiolinktodayforinformationtransmission,varioustypesoftargetweaponsystemforexample,theBritishArmyusedSIEMENSPulaisaiproducedbigcrow(Raven)2Vradiostationfromharrow(Halo)collectionofremotesensorgunpositioningsystemthedatasenttothecommandcenter.Usingdigitaldatainterfaceisrelativelystandard,forexample,export-orientedcompaniesusetheradioLeikaRS-232serialinterfaceiswidelyusedinthecomputerindustry,itsupportsWindows95informationsystem.ThetribalradiostationcurrentlyusedbytheBritisharmyismainlyconcernedwithvoicetransmission,andlaterithaslimiteddatatransmissioncapability.Thedesignideaofthearcherradiostationisjusttheopposite.Themainconsiderationisthedatatransmissioncapability,andthevoicetransmissionisconsideredasthesecondbit.Theservicetimeofthearcherradiostationhasbeenpostponedfrom1999to2002.Itisveryraretodelaytheservicetimeoftheprojectinordertoimprovethesystem.Accordingtotheoriginalidea,thearcherradiostationshouldhaverelativelymoderatedatatransmissioncapability,upgradeitinthemiddleoflifeandimprovetheoutputofdata,whichinvolveschangingthehardwareandthecostisrelativelylarge.Themainfeaturesofthecurrentdesignaredeterminedbysoftware,soitispossibletoadoptnewmodulationorotherusagecharacteristicswhenthesoftwareisupgraded.Composedofl-carnitnecompanyandITTcompanyafewcompaniessuchasArchercommunicationsystemhaswon20millionpoundsinAugust1997toreducetheriskofthecontract,andofficiallyreleasedthearchersupplyandguaranteethetendercontractbook.Thevalueofthelattercontractisestimatedatabout1billion500millionpounds,AndthensalestotheBritishMinistryofdefenceandoverseaswilleventuallyreach3billionpounds.Thesubsystemsofthearchersystemareselectedbythecompetitionevaluationprocedure.Tworadiostationshavebeenselected.Oneistheenhancedarchersadvanceddigitalradio(ADR+)VHFtransmitterreceiver,whichisimprovedITTdefence,singlechannelgroundandairborneradiosystem(SincgarsSip)avariant,rateditsdatatransferrateis16thousandbit/sec,butbeforetheforwarderrorcorrection,canonlyreach9thousandand200bit/sec.Accordingtothearcherprogram,theUKwillmakeabout30thousandADR+.TheotherisaportableVHFtransmitterandreceiver(VPT),whichisatypeofgoblinLeikaRadioCorporation,willbeabout160thousandsetsofmanufacturinganddeployment.Thenextradiostationtochoosewillbethehighfrequencyradio.About10thousandsetsofhigh-frequencyradio,LeikacompanyandHarriscompanywillbidforthesummerof1998,isscheduledtosignacontract,atthesametime,willalsoannouncethewinnerofthelocalsystemcommandlevel.Archercommunicationssystemswillalsocompetetoselectthesystem'shighcapacitydataradio(HDCR)andsmallersubsystemssuchasantennas,batteriesandbackpacks.TheBritishArmy's25000vehicles,theRoyalNavytype23destroyersandLPD(R)lightaircraftattackship,RoyalMarinesandRoyalAirForceC-130HerculesaircraftandarmyplannedWAH-64Apachehelicopterswillbeequippedwithwirelessradio.ThearcherradiowillprobablybethelasttimetheUKhaspurchasedacompletenewradioseriesduringthesingleprogramtoequipitselfwiththearmy.Infact,theUnitedKingdominadditiontotheimplementationofsuchamassiveplan,havenochoice,thetribalpeopleexistingradiosystemsistheproductin60s,theBritisharmyisnowfacingthewholegenerationneededrepairradiowaitingforreplacement.TheU.S.Armyhastakenthe30~88MHzsymplecticseriesasitsownvoice/dataradiosystem.TheyincludePRC-119AportableandVRC-87A,VRC-88A,VRC-89A,VRC-90A,VRC-91A,andVRC-92Aon-boardradiostations.AseriesofimprovementplanswillkeeptheSingasseriesatthelevelofmodernization.TacticalcommunicationsystemITTAerospace/communicationscompany(TCS)thedataoutputincreasedby3times,from1.2to2thousandand400bitspersecondto9thousandand600bitspersecond,themaximumdistancefrom30kilometersto35kilometers,toimprovetheanti-interferenceability.Thisimprovementmainlyreliesonthenewfrequencyhoppingpacketdatawaveform.TheInternetcontrollerenablesradiostationstobeconnectedtoothersystems,suchasGTE'smobilesubscriberequipmentsystemandHughesCo'senhancedlocationreportingsystem(EPLRS).TheradioandpositioningdataprovidedbytheuseridentificationcodeandtheexternallyconnectedGPSreceiverareembeddedintothespeechanddatatransmissionautomatically.Duringthetwenty-firstCenturytaskforcedigitalbattlefieldtest,inordertocompletethetaskofdatatransmission,theU.S.ArmyestablishedacommunicationstructureofTacticalInternetthroughexistingInternetcommunicationequipment,theequipmentincludingSingas,mobileuserequipmentsystemfortacticalpacketnetworkandEPLRS.Severalnewtypesofexperimentalradiostationsaretested,includingproxydigitalradio(SDR)andbroadbandhighfrequency(WBHF)radiostations.Theagentdigitalradiostationtriestoapplythemostcomplextechnology,andtheindustrialsectormustprovidethistechnologyaccordingtotheschedulethatmatchestheneedsofthetwenty-firstCenturytaskforce.AsafetytypePRC-118lowpricepacketradiowillactasa"databearer"(i.e.,amobiledatahighcapacityradio),knownasthematchingisasecurepacketradio,itprovidesdataorvoicecapabilitiesthroughthesecurityofembeddedcommunicationability.TheUnitedStatesArmyTacticalRadiobandwidthlimited,butatthesametime,SDR/SPRcanprovidefastcommunicationabilitytomultiplenetworkusers,embeddednetworkpasswordKIV-14machinehasrecognizedbytheU.S.NationalSecurityBureau,toensurethesafetyofconfidentialinformation.AlthoughonlyasmallamountofSDR/SPRwaspurchased,Butthepreliminaryreportofthetaskforcetestintwenty-firstCenturyhasbeenhighlypraisedbytheradiostation.Itseffectivenesshasneverbeenlessthan95%duringtheexercise.TacticalInternetIntheWBHFradioprogram,highfrequencyequipmenthaveanexistingpackageandciviltechnologytocombinetogether,willbeextendedtotheTacticalInternetinhighfrequencyband,sothatitcanbeusedinlong-rangereconnaissancetroopsthatasahighlymobileforces.Agoalin1997istodemonstrateadvancedcombattestto2400/secondpacketsendrateofnarrow-bandhighfrequencydatacommunicationviaInternetProtocol(IP)tacticalmultinetworkgatewayintothecapabilityoftheAX.25protocoloftacticalinternet.ThesymplecticsystemofgazSIPdevelopedbyITTcompanyandGeneralDynamicCorpwillcarryoutseveralspecialimprovements,includingincreaseddatatransmissioncapacity.TheadditionofReedSolomon(ReedSolomon)positivecorrection,anti-interferenceabilitysoastoincreasethedistanceandimprove,increaseoutput;anewfrequencyhoppingwaveformisused,increasestheprobabilityofsynchronization,reducetransmissionoverlap;improvedalgorithmallowsthechannelintothemixedvoiceandpacketdatatransmissioninathecommonnetworkinhighratepacketdataoutput,andvoicetransmissionisminimum.TheUnitedStatesArmypurchasedalightweightsystemcalledtheadvancedSIParchitecture.SeniorSIPandearlyXingazseriesproductsfullyinterchangeablecomponents,installationisfullycompatiblewiththeoldcaradapter,allfunctionsofthefullsizedRT-1523C/DSipradiostation,butthesizeisonlyhalfofit,includingtheBA-5590battery,alltheweightis3.4kg.EPLRSalsousesasimilarsystemimprovementprogram.Somecannotpurchaseorunreliablepoweramplifiermodule,radiofrequencymoduleandapressuresensor,hasbeenreplacedbyanewHiHatinterfacemoduleprovidesstoragecapacity,greaterandfasterinterface.HighdatarateoftheGeneralDynamicCorpgroundsystemsdivision(HDR)radioisdesignedasthesuccessorXinradio'scurrentgazSip.HDRcanprovideanincreasedinformationbandwidth,inthefrequencyhoppingmode,theworkingrateis48thousandbits/sec,singlechannelmodeis60thousandbits/sec.Italsomaintainsthesensitivity,distanceandanti-interferenceabilityoftheearly9thousandand600bit/secondenhanceddatamode.IntendtouseHDRtofillthegapsbetweentoday'ssystemsandplansforfuturedigitalradiostations(FDR)thatwillbeusedafter2005.Morethan7BandmultimoderadiostationSpeakeasymultibandmulti-moderadiostationisajointservicesproject,Motorolaisresponsibleforthedevelopmentofthework,thedevelopmentteamalsoincludesSandersandITTAerospaceCorp.Thesecondphaseoftheproject,whichbeganinJuly1995,willcreateahighlyflexible,opensystemarchitectureforadvanceddevelopmentofradiostations.Thisisthefrequencyrangeof2to2000MHzradiostation,allowingworkinhighfrequency,VHFandUHFband,itsmainfeatureistherapidreestablishmentofwaveformprocedures,inordertomeetthechangeofcommunicationtraffic,frequencyallocation,workmode,interactionandelectronicZhanweithreatetc..Speakeasywillexploremanynewtechnologyareas,includingadvanceddigitalsignalprocessing,multichipmodule,programmable4channelCyprischip,informationsecuritymoduleandnewmultiband/broadbandantennadesign.Byexchangingsoftwareorgeneralmodules,SpeakeasyshouldbeabletousetheenhancementsofexistingwaveformssuchasSingasandEPLRS,ortosimulatenewwaveforms.Speakeasywillbeabletocommunicatewithmorethan15radiostationsusedbytheUnitedStatesanditsallies,andwillalsobeabletodealwiththedatawaveformsofshort-rangedigitalradiostationsusedbytheUSarmy.Intwenty-firstCentury,theTaskForceconductedalimitedtrialoftheoriginalprototypein1997andfinalizedtheworkinfiscalyear1999.Futuredigitalcommunicationsinformationfromthecommandandcontrolsystems,sensorplatformsandembeddedcomputers,andimagingandreal-timevideorequirementsinadditiontovoiceanddata,ItislikelytoexceedthesumofthetraditionalsystemcommunicationscapabilitiesoftheSingasseries,theEPLRSandtheMSETPN,andtheU.S.Armyisworkingonabattlefieldinformationtransmissionsystem(Bits)program.Shortrangedigitalradiostation(NTDR)isanintegralpartofBitssystem.NTDRwillusehighdataratewaveforms.AccordingtotheideaofaddingEPLRSwithanintermediatebroadbanddatacapability,NTDRhastheabilitytoreplacetheexternalinterfacesanddatacapabilitiesrequiredbytheELPRSofthetwenty-firstCenturyarmydivision.NTDRwilladoptanopenarchitecturedesignthatcanaccommodatemodularhardwareandsoftware.In1996,ITTAerospaceCorp,LockheedMartin,Sanderscompany,BBNandMotorolahaswona$23million400thousandtodesign,developmentandproductionof200setsofNTDRprototypeofthecontract,toconducttheexperiment,thesecondbatchofproductionalsoneed950radiostations.NTDRwillalsoprovidebasicbuildingblocksforfuturedigitalradiostations.Thefutureofdigitalradioisanenhancedmultibanddigitalradio,multiwaveinteractionsystemandprotectionofexistingandplanned,canprovidefromtheclosetothedistant,atthesametime,thesafetyofvoiceandhigh-speeddatalinks,canbeusedforavarietyofnetworks,includinglowcapacityvoiceordatanetworkhighcapacityvideolinks,orcoveringalargeareaofwideareanetwork,willalsoopenastructuredesignhasenoughprogrammingcapabilityandwithavarietyofnewgenerationradiotechnologycoordination.Thefutureofdigitalradiowilldevelopintoahand-held,portable,groundvehicleandairborneradioseries,theywillmaximizetheuseofinterchangeableparts,specialhardwareandsoftwarewillreducetoaminimum.